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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

Impairments in reflective cognitive functions in alcoholics: a neuropharmacological model.

The ability to make use of reflective cognitive operations in monitoring and evaluating remembered events is impaired in subgroups of nominally cognitively unimpaired, detoxified alcoholics. Alcoholics, relative to controls, make more errors in identifying the source of remembered information (i.e. whether a remembered word was self-generated or was a stimulus word presented by the experimenter), and are impaired in their ability to inhibit confabulatory errors (intrusions). The cognitive-memory impairment expressed in benzodiazepine-treated normal volunteers mimics this impairment in alcoholics. Disturbances in prefrontal and frontal lobe functions may be involved in this selective impairment in cognition in many alcoholics and may also contribute to what accounts for the failures in reflective cognitive operations observed in amnestic patients.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1997

Impulsive-reflective cognitive style, metacognition, and emotion in adolescence.

The study investigated the relationship between reflective or impulsive cognitive style, metacognitive functioning, and depression in young adolescents. Metacognitive functioning (metacognitive knowledge about reading and memory, monitoring of text comprehension) and self-reported depressive feelings were analyzed in a group of subjects who showed a Reflective or Impulsive cognitive style. The sample consisted of 56 junior high-school students (Grades 6, 7, and 8) selected from a larger original group of 61 subjects. We excluded from the original group those with an IQ below 75 on both the Verbal and Performance subscales on the short form of the WISC-R, those reported by teachers to have a severe learning disability, and those that did not complete the test battery due to long absences from school. The reflective-impulsive cognitive style was identified with the Matching Familiar Figures Test-20. Using the median of the distribution for both Latency (17 sec. per item) and Errors (9 errors) on this task, the sample was divided in four partially overlapping subgroups: 16 with Impulsive cognitive style (Latency below the median, Errors above the median), 13 with Reflective cognitive style (Latency above the median, Error below the median), 4 fast and accurate (both scores below the median), and 11 slow and inaccurate (both scores above the median). Twelve subjects with one or both scores coinciding with the critical value (median) were excluded. Analysis showed that subjects with Impulsive cognitive style had significantly lower scores than those with Reflective cognitive style in monitoring of comprehension of text. No differences were found on monitoring by eighth graders, irrespective of cognitive style. No differences between the two groups were found in metacognitive knowledge. Subjects with Impulsive cognitive style had significantly higher scores than subjects with Reflective cognitive style on a self-rating scale for childhood depression, the Children's Depression Inventory. The implications of these data are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis.

Evidence is presented that EEG oscillations in the alpha and theta band reflect cognitive and memory performance in particular. Good performance is related to two types of EEG phenomena (i) a tonic increase in alpha but a decrease in theta power, and (ii) a large phasic (event-related) decrease in alpha but increase in theta, depending on the type of memory demands. Because alpha frequency shows large interindividual differences which are related to age and memory performance, this double dissociation between alpha vs. theta and tonic vs. phasic changes can be observed only if fixed frequency bands are abandoned. It is suggested to adjust the frequency windows of alpha and theta for each subject by using individual alpha frequency as an anchor point. Based on this procedure, a consistent interpretation of a variety of findings is made possible. As an example, in a similar way as brain volume does, upper alpha power increases (but theta power decreases) from early childhood to adulthood, whereas the opposite holds true for the late part of the lifespan. Alpha power is lowered and theta power enhanced in subjects with a variety of different neurological disorders. Furthermore, after sustained wakefulness and during the transition from waking to sleeping when the ability to respond to external stimuli ceases, upper alpha power decreases, whereas theta increases. Event-related changes indicate that the extent of upper alpha desynchronization is positively correlated with (semantic) long-term memory performance, whereas theta synchronization is positively correlated with the ability to encode new information. The reviewed findings are interpreted on the basis of brain oscillations. It is suggested that the encoding of new information is reflected by theta oscillations in hippocampo-cortical feedback loops, whereas search and retrieval processes in (semantic) long-term memory are reflected by upper alpha oscillations in thalamo-cortical feedback loops.

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed2000

Do blood concentrations of neurone specific enolase and S-100 beta protein reflect cognitive dysfunction after abdominal surgery?ISPOCD Group.

Neurone specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 beta protein have been used as markers of brain damage. We hypothesized that blood concentrations of NSE and S-100 beta protein reflect cognitive dysfunction after abdominal surgery. We studied 65 elderly patients in whom neuropsychological testing was performed before abdominal surgery, at discharge from hospital and after 3 months. Serum concentrations of NSE and S-100 beta protein were measured before surgery and after 24, 48 and 72 h. Serum concentrations of S-100 beta protein increased significantly while NSE concentrations decreased significantly. The increase in S-100 beta protein concentration after 48 h was significantly greater in patients with delirium. No correlation was found between cognitive dysfunction and S-100 beta protein or NSE concentration. We conclude that blood concentrations of S-100 beta protein increase after abdominal surgery and may be related to postoperative delirium.

Abdomen↗
PubMed2004

Event-related potential correlates selectively reflect cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenics.

UNLABELLED: Schizophrenics show event-related potential (ERP) and particularly P3 abnormalities. To study the more detailed relationships between these ERP alterations and cognitive dysfunction we recorded and analyzed ERPs using a particular experimental approach. In 34 schizophrenics and 25 controls ERPs were obtained by a visual Go/Nogo task requiring response inhibition and were decomposed into temporally independent topographical components using Independent Component Analysis (ICA). ICA disentangled different subcomponents of P3. Subcomponent P3b with a parietal maximum amplitude was significantly reduced in the schizophrenics, probably reflecting their attentional deficits. Subcomponent P3ng with a frontal maximum amplitude and enhanced during Nogo condition appeared as an electrophysiological index of response inhibition. A significantly reduced P3ng enhancement, found in schizophrenics, probably reflects their impaired response control. CONCLUSIONS: ICA can successfully identify ERP subcomponents with distinct scalp topographies representing significant differential indices of normal and abnormal cognitive processing. Involvement of frontal brain areas in disturbed executive control in schizophrenics is supported by our ICA findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Do 'evaluation potentials' reflect cognitive assessment?

Event-related potentials were recorded when a subject evaluated the outcome of a simple 'TV game' as successful/unsuccessful, where the 'goal' was specified randomly as one of two areas on the screen. The 'evaluation potential' elicited by the outcome was consistently larger for unsuccessful outcomes, regardless of the location of the goal.

Cerebral Cortex↗
PubMed1999

Do blood levels of neuron-specific enolase and S-100 protein reflect cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass?

BACKGROUND: Neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein have been used as markers for major brain damage. Cognitive dysfunction after cardiac surgery represents subtle brain damage that is detected by neuropsychological testing. We hypothesised that blood levels of NSE and S-100 protein would increase after coronary artery bypass surgery and that the change in blood level would correlate with the change in cognitive function. METHODS: We included 35 elderly patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery. Neuropsychological testing was performed before surgery and postoperatively at discharge from hospital and after 3 months using a neuropsychological test battery. Serum levels of NSE and S-100 protein were measured before surgery and postoperatively after 24 h and 48 h. RESULTS: Serum level of both NSE and S-100 protein increased significantly 24 and 48 h after coronary artery bypass. Only the increase in NSE after 24 h was found to correlate with the degree of cognitive dysfunction at discharge from hospital. The increase in S-100 protein after 24 h correlated significantly with the duration of cardiopulmonary bypass. CONCLUSION: NSE seems to be a useful blood marker for early cognitive dysfunction after coronary artery bypass surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed1984

Use of rating scales to reflect cognitive and mental functioning in multiple sclerosis.

46 patients with clinically definite multiple sclerosis were studied to compare intellectual function (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) with other clinical expressions of the disease. Estimated premorbid I.Q. was compared to actual I.Q. 35% had I.Q. decrease of 0-14 points (clinically insignificant); 56% had mild to moderate I.Q. decrease of 15-29 points and 8% had more serious I.Q. decrease of 30 or more points. Decrease in I.Q. did not correlate with any other neurological deficit.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats.

Aged rats (22 to 24 months) and young control rats (3 months) were tested in a battery of behavioral tests which included tests of learning, place navigation, sensorimotor integration, motor coordination, activity, and exploration. Following testing all animals were analyzed in an unanesthetized state for their local glucose utilization. Significant differences in glucose utilization were found between the aged and young groups on some behaviors and in some brain regions. There was considerable variability in the aged group in both their behavioral performance and their glucose utilization scores; thus, attempts were made to determine whether the variability in the degree of impairment within any particular behavioral test was correlated to the regional glucose utilization scores in any of the 45 brain regions analyzed. In two of the behavioral tests employed (i.e., one for learning and one for place navigation), the decline in performance correlated significantly with the decrement in regional glucose utilization. Moreover, the performance in these two tests showed significant correlation with glucose use in only five regions (dentate gyrus, medial septum-diagonal band area, hippocampal CA1, hippocampal CA3, and prefrontal cortex). These results show that the learning impairments in the aged rats are related to the extent of decrease in glucose utilization in restricted areas of the limbic system. In addition, the results show that the individual rats within an aged rat population develop cognitive impairments to a variable degree and that the aged rats with the most pronounced learning impairments are the ones exhibiting the most severe functional decrements, in terms of glucose utilization, in the septohippocampal system and the prefrontal cortex. This suggests that aging rats may be interesting not only for the study of the normal aging process, but also as a model of dementia.

Aging↗
PubMed1997

Do cognitive complaints either predict future cognitive decline or reflect past cognitive decline? A longitudinal study of an elderly community sample.

Data from a two-wave longitudinal study of an elderly community sample were used to assess whether cognitive complaints either predict subsequent cognitive decline or reflect past cognitive decline. Cognitive complaints and cognitive functioning were assessed on two occasions three and a half years apart. Cognitive complaints at Wave 1 were found not to predict future cognitive change on the Mini-Mental State Examination, an episodic memory test or a test of mental speed. Similarly, cognitive complaints at Wave 2 were unrelated to past cognitive changes on these tests after statistically controlling for the effects of anxiety and depression. Furthermore, cognitive complaints did not predict either mortality (after controlling for anxiety and depression) or future dementia. These results are evidence against the inclusion of cognitive complaints in diagnostic criteria for proposed disorders such as age-associated memory impairment, mild cognitive disorder and ageing-associated cognitive decline.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Cognitive processes in the reflective-impulsive cognitive style.

In this study, the authors improved the understanding of the cognitive processes underlying the reflective-impulsive cognitive style (RI), which was initially measured by J. Kagan, B. L. Rosman, D. Day, J. Albert, and W. Phillips (1964) on the Matching Familiar Figures Test (MFFT). The authors determined the relationships between the RI style and the cognitive factors, which would be likely to explain different MFFT solving modes-field dependence or independence as a cognitive style, the g factor, the spatial factor, and a metacognitive control index, which the authors developed for this study. The hypotheses were largely based on various studies (J. P. Ancillotti, 1984, 1985; J. Kagan, B. L. Rosman, D. Day, J. Albert, & W. Phillips, 1964; T. Zelniker & W. E. Jeffrey, 1976; T. Zelniker, A. Renan, I. Sorer, & Y. Shavit, 1977). The results are presented separately for each of four groups: (a) reflective individuals, who implement an analytic process and are cognitively mature; (b) impulsive individuals, who use a holistic process and are cognitively immature; (c) fast-accurate individuals, who are capable of implementing both analytic and holistic processes and exhibit cognitive maturity; and (d) slow-inaccurate individuals, who exhibit good metacognitive control but have trouble implementing both types of processing.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Program to improve cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia: reflections.

Cognitive dysfunction in patients who suffer from schizophrenia is a major clinical problem. For such patients, the neurobiological cause(s) for the cognition deficits are not clear. Treatments with high doses of compounds that work at the coagonist site of the NMDA receptor have demonstrated that some degree of improvement can be elicited in patients. Thus, the NIMH effort to delineate the clinical responses that would allow new drugs to be registered for this use is very timely. Significant credit is due Dr. Steven Hyman and his colleagues for stimulating this bold initiative. Many problems remain to be solved to accomplish the goal. This article articulates a few such problems.

Antipsychotic Agents↗
PubMed2005

What do subjective cognitive complaints in persons with aging-associated cognitive decline reflect?

BACKGROUND: Subjective cognitive complaints have been included in diagnostic concepts such as Aging-Associated Cognitive Decline (AACD) aiming to identify older adults with cognitive impairments at high risk of developing dementia. Although several studies in normal aging have found that subjective cognitive complaints are related to depressive affect and personality factors, little is known as to whether this is also true for older adults with AACD. METHODS: In 123 older adults diagnosed with AACD and 291 controls, the role of actual cognitive performance, depressive affect, neuroticism and conscientiousness in predicting subjective cognitive complaints was investigated. In separate ordinary least squares regression analyses for both groups with gender, age, years of schooling, cognitive performance, depressive affect, neuroticism and conscientiousness as predicting variables, in the control participants, gender, age, depressive affect and neuroticism were related to subjective cognitive complaints, whereas in the AACD participants only gender and neuroticism accounted for variance in subjective cognitive complaints. Testing for group differences in predictive power, revealed differential effects for gender, depressive affect and neuroticism. CONCLUSIONS: As subjective cognitive complaints in the AACD group were related to neuroticism and gender rather than to cognitive performance, their inclusion in diagnostic concepts such as AACD should be revaluated. However, the nature of subjective cognitive complaints might be qualitatively different in persons diagnosed with AACD compared to those stated by normal older adults.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Do cognitive complaints in euthymic bipolar patients reflect objective cognitive impairment?

BACKGROUND: In clinical practice, bipolar patients complain of cognitive deficits such as attentional or memory disturbances. The main aim of this study was to determine whether subjective cognitive complaints were associated with objective neuropsychological impairments. METHOD: Sixty euthymic bipolar patients were assessed through a neuropsychological battery. A structured clinical interview was used to determine subjective cognitive complaints in patients. Thirty healthy controls were also included in the study in order to compare the neuropsychological performance among groups. RESULTS: Bipolar patients with a higher number of episodes, especially the number of mixed episodes, longer duration of the illness and the onset of the illness at an earlier age showed more subjective complaints. Furthermore, bipolar patients with subjective complaints showed lower scores in several cognitive measures related to attention, memory and executive function compared with the control group. Nevertheless, patients without complaints also performed less well than controls in some neuropsychological measures. CONCLUSION: Bipolar patients who were aware of cognitive deficits were more chronic, had presented more previous episodes, especially mixed type, and their illness had started at an earlier age compared with patients who did not complain about cognitive problems. Moreover, patients with good cognitive insight also had a poorer social and occupational functioning as well as a poorer neuropsychological performance. However, the bipolar group without complaints also obtained lower scores in several tests compared with healthy controls. Cognitive status of bipolar patients should be routinely assessed, regardless of the patients awareness about their cognitive deficits.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

[Type A behavior and cognitive processings reflected in event-related brain potentials to concurrent tasks].

Type A-B differences were assessed measuring the P300 component of the event-related brain potentials that could reflect the resource demands of cognitive processings. Type A (9 females) and Type B (3 males and 6 females) students performed concurrently the reaction time (RT) and mental counting tasks. The dual task consisted of four conditions differing in task difficulty. The main results were as follows: Type A subjects performed no better on either task of the dual workload than type B subjects. However, Type A subjects showed higher subjective evaluation with NASA-Task Load Index than Type B subjects for each of the experimental conditions. Moreover, Type A subjects demonstrated greater amplitude of the P300 component for the RT targets all through the conditions than Type B subjects. Type A people's use of many resources in task performance seems to be associated with their hyperresponsivity in autonomic activities during mental workload that is known as a characteristic of Type A person.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1999

Relationship of arithmetic problem solving and reflective-impulsive cognitive styles in third-grade students.

Different individuals approach mathematical problems in a variety of ways, with these different approaches also reflected in over-all cognitive styles. This investigation had two purposes, first, to determine whether good and poor arithmetic problem solvers differ substantially in cognitive style, and second, to determine whether the students, after training in techniques of solving arithmetic problems, improve their performance with no significant change in cognitive style. A total of 98 third graders participated (mean age 8.1 yr.; 50 boys, 48 girls). The Matching Familiar Figure Test was used to classify the students by cognitive style as either Reflective or Impulsive. Students also were given training with different problem-solving exercises for different arithmetic problems. The training program in problem-solving strategies did not improve performance on arithmetic problems for Reflective students; however, Impulsive students' performance did improve after training.

Child↗