Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Coccidiostats”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Studies of the mitochondria from Eimeria tenella and inhibition of the electron transport by quinolone coccidiostats.

Intact but fragile mitochondria were isolated from unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella. The mitochondria respired in response to succinate, malate plus pyruvate, and L-ascorbate at rates of 1.00, 0.40, and 0.25 mu1 O2/min/mg protein, respectively. Spectrophotometric analyses of the cytochromes in mitochondria and whole oocysts revealed b-type and o-type cytochromes, at roughly similar levels, but no cytochrome c could be detected. The mitochondrial respiration was inhibited by cyanide, azide, carbon monoxide, antimycin A, and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, but was relatively resistant to rotenone and amytal. The quinolone coccidiostats buquinolate, amquinate, methyl benzoquate, and decoquinate were identified as very powerful inhibitiors of succinate and malate plus pyruvate supported respiration in E. tenella mitochondria. None of these four drugs exhibited any inhibitory effect on chicken liver mitochondria. Only 3 pmol of the quinolones per mg mitochondrial protein was needed to achieve 50% inhibition. The inhibition could not be reversed by coenzymes Q6 or Q10. Since the quinolones did not affect L-ascorbate-supported respiration or the activities of submitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase, the site of action of the quinolone coccidiostats was tentatively identified as probably near cytochrome b in E. tenella mitochondria. Mitochondria isolated from an E. tenella amquinate-resistant mutant were much less susceptible to quinolone coccidiostats; 50% inhibition was attained by 300 pmol of the drugs/mg mitochondrial protein. The results suggest that the mechanisms of action of quinolone coccidiostats is by inhibiting the cytochrome-mediated electron transport in the mitochondria of coccidia. 2-Hydroxynaphthoquinone coccidiostats were identified as inhibitors of mitochondrial respiration of both E. tenella and chicken liver. They inhibited submitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase of E. tenella, and remained equally active against the mitochondrial function of E. tenella amquinolate-resistant mutant.

Amobarbital↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Screening tests for sulfa drugs and/or dinitrobenzamide coccidiostats and their monoamino metabolites in chicken livers.

Two procedures were developed for the simultaneous determination of 0.1 ppm sulfaquinoxaline and sulfadimethoxine, 1.0 ppm Zoalene and nitromide, and/or 0.1 ppm of their reduced coccidiostat metabolites from the same sample of chicken liver. Both methods include blender extraction of 5 g liver with chloroform-ethyl acetate (1 + 1), adsorption of the drugs and metabolites on neutral alumina, and subsequent elution with 0.2M carbonate buffer (pH 11.0). In Method A, all parent drugs and coccidiostat metabolites were partitioned into dichloromethane, following the addition of a small amount of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH). The presence of the dinitrobenzamides was confirmed by the formation of a color with TBAH, which occurs when the solvent is concentrated (Zoalene = green; nitromide = red). Sulfa drugs and coccidiostat metabolites were detected by the Bratton-Marshall reaction after thin layer chromatographic (TLC) separation. Method B separates the individual classes by selective extraction techniques. The coccidiostats and their metabolites were extracted from the buffer eluate by ethyl acetate-dichloromethane (3 + 1) before ion pairing: sulfa drugs were extracted with dichloromethane after ion pairing with TBAH. The detection techniques were similar to those described for Method A.

Amines↗
PubMed2000

MALDI-TOF MS quantification of coccidiostats in poultry feeds.

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) is a relatively new technique that is having a great impact on analyses. This study is the first to demonstrate the use of linear MALDI-TOF MS to identify and quantify coccidiostats in poultry feeds. 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) was found to be the best matrix. In MALDI-TOF MS, coccidiostats form predominantly [M + Na](+) ions, with additional small amounts of [M + K](+) and [M - H + 2Na](+) ions, and no obvious fragment ions. Salinomycin and narasin were unstable in the concentrated DHB matrix solution but were stable when dried on the MALDI-TOF MS probe. A simple fast Sep-pak C18 cartridge purification procedure was developed for the MALDI-TOF MS quantification of coccidiostats in poultry feeds. The MALDI-TOF MS limit of detection for lasalocid, monensin, salinomycin, and narasin standards was 251, 22, 24, and 24 fmol, respectively. The method detection limit for salinomycin and narasin in poultry feeds was 2.4 microgram/g.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2006

Simultaneous determination of four coccidiostats in eggs and broiler meat: validation of an LC-MS/MS method.

A published confirmatory method for the quantitative determination of four ionophoric coccidiostats (lasalocid, monensin, salinomycin and narasin) in eggs and broiler meat has been further developed. It is proposed for replacement of liquid chromatography methods previously used in analysis of ionophoric coccidiostats. The samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified on a silica solid phase extraction column. Purified samples were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and the method, was validated according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The validation parameters selectivity, linearity, specificity, precision, recovery, decision limit (CCalpha) and detection capability (CCbeta) were determined. The recoveries of coccidiostats analysed ranged from 64-99% in eggs and 62-100% in broiler meat. CCalpha varied from 0.8-1.4 microg/kg in eggs and from 1.5-2.5 microg/kg in broiler meat. CCbeta varied from 0.9 microg/kg to 2.0 microg/kg in eggs and from 1.7-3.2 microg/kg in broiler meat.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Final-week performance of straight-run broilers as affected by early coccidiostat withdrawal followed by increased dietary salt.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate elevated dietary NaCl levels as a means of offsetting industry-observed reductions of growth, feed intake, and feed efficiency associated with early (35-d) coccidiostat withdrawal. In the first experiment, monensin (100 ppm) was withdrawn and dietary salt levels of 0.33, 0.48, 0.63, 0.78, or 0.93% provided from 35 to 42 d of age. Experiments 2 and 3 involved lasalocid (110 ppm) withdrawal and slat amounts of 0.33, 0.53, 0.73, or 0.93%. In all studies, a positive control of 0.33% salt and the coccidiostat was also given. Monensin withdrawal reduced body weight gain, which was not overcome by slat addition. Feed efficiency during the 1-wk period was improved to the level of the group receiving continued medication by salt amounts of 0.78% or above. In contrast to industry field observations, removal of lasalocid did not reduce body weight gain, feed intake, or water consumption, and elevation of salt levels resulted in no consistent improvements of weight gain, feed intake, or feed conversion. Water intake increased proportionally as salt concentration increased. Elevated salt levels do not appear to be a reliable means of offsetting reduced performance related to early coccidiostat withdrawal, nor were such performance problems demonstrable for lasalocid in these trials.

Aging↗
PubMed1985

Effects of coccidiostats and dietary protein on performance and water consumption in broiler chickens.

Two, 7-week floor pen experiments were conducted consecutively with male broilers and then female broilers to determine the effects of feeding salinomycin (60 ppm), monensin (99 ppm), or lasalocid (125 ppm) at the following three levels of dietary protein: 1) that which meets National Research Council specifications (NRC, 1977), 2) that level deficient in sulfur amino acids (SAA), or 3) that deficient in protein. Group body weights, feed intake, and water consumption were noted at 28 and 49 days of age with feed efficiency and overall mortalities determined. Reducing SAA resulted in depressed (P less than .05) body weights at 7 weeks in both experiments, whereas deficient protein reduced (P less than .05) growth, feed efficiency, and water consumption. Generally, inclusion of coccidiostats in the diet did not significantly hinder growth or feed efficiency. Feeding of coccidiostats in combination with the low protein diet did not produce additional anorexigenic effects. Although a significant lasalocid SAA-sparing effect was not observed, diet X coccidiostat interactions (P less than .05) were apparent and attributable to an apparent "protein-sparing" effect upon body weight gain when salinomycin was fed in combination with the low protein diet. Lasalocid increased water consumption (P less than .05) relative to monensin in the female broilers.

Amino Acids, Sulfur↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sequential use of coccidiostats: effect on development by Eimeria tenella of resistance to amprolium, nicarbazin, Unistat, and zoalene.

A strain of the cecal coccidian of chickens, Eimeria tenella, was propagated serially in chickens fed mash containing amprolium, nicarbazin, Unistat, or zoalene. Each group of chickens received a different coccidiostat on a rotating basis. The strain was propagated through 40 groups of chickens; thus, the strain was intermittently exposed 10 times to each coccidiostat. The end product of this simulated shuttle program of prophylactic anticoccidial medication was a strain resistant to three of the four coccidiostats involved. Resistance to nicarbazin was not evident.

Amprolium↗
PubMed2001

Production, characterization, and cross-reactivity studies of monoclonal antibodies against the coccidiostat nicarbazin.

A cELISA was developed for the coccidiostat nicarbazin. On the basis of previous computer-assisted molecular modeling studies, p-nitrosuccinanilic acid (PNA-S) was selected as a hapten to produce antibodies to 4,4'-dinitrocarbanilide (DNC), the active component of the coccidiostat nicarbazin. Synthesis is described for the hapten [p-nitro-cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxanilic acid (PNA-C)] used in a BSA conjugate as a plate coating antigen. Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) were isolated that compete with nicarbazin, having IgM(kappa) isotype. Because of the lack of water solubility of nicarbazin, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) (3%, v/v) and acetonitrile (ACN) (10%, v/v) were added to the assay buffer to achieve solubility of nicarbazin and related compounds. The Nic 6 Mabs had an IC(35) value for nicarbazin of 0.92 nmol/mL, with a limit of detection of 0.33 nmol/mL. Nic 6 exhibited high cross-reactivity for PNA-S and PNA-C, and 3-nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, and 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl) urea. However, Nic 6 had little or no cross-reactivity with 15 other related compounds.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The production and characterisation of an antibody to detect the coccidiostat toltrazuril and its metabolite ponazuril.

The production of an antibody to detect toltrazuril or its metabolite ponazuril is complicated due to structural constraints of conjugating these coccidiostats to a carrier protein. Therefore a search was carried out for a compound that shared a common substructure to use as an antigen mimic. The chosen compound, trifluoraminoether, was conjugated to two carrier proteins (HSA and BTG) and used in the immunisation of six rabbits. Two immunogen doses (1 mg and 0.1 mg) were also used. All six rabbits produced an immunological response to the hapten regardless of the carrier protein or immunogen dose used. The most sensitive polyclonal antibody produced, designated R609, was subsequently characterised. This antiserum exhibited an IC50 of 18 ng ml(-1) using a competitive ELISA format. Cross reactivity studies show that this serum is specific for toltrazuril and its metabolites (toltrazuril sulfoxide and toltrazuril sulfone) but does not cross-react with other coccidiostats such as halofuginone, nitroimidazoles or nicarbazin. This is the first reported production of an antibody capable of specifically binding toltrazuril and ponazuril.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

The relationship of maximum or intermediate coccidiostat levels to broiler chick water intake.

Two experiments, each consisting of duplicate battery trials, were conducted utilizing day-old broiler chicks for a 21-d experimental period to study the effects of maximum or intermediate levels of several coccidiostats on water consumption and other performance variables. Drug levels given in Experiment 1 were: halofuginone, 2.97 mg/kg; amprolium and ethopabate, .025%; salinomycin, 66 mg/kg; monensin, 121 mg/kg; and lasalocid, 124 mg/kg. In Experiment 2, levels were: amprolium and ethopabate, .02%; salinomycin, 55 mg/kg; monensin, 99 mg/kg; and lasalocid, 110 mg/kg. Both experiments employed unmedicated control groups. Average final body weights, daily feed intake, and feed:body weight were not affected by treatment in either experiment. In Experiment 1, daily water consumption of birds receiving 124 mg/kg lasalocid was elevated significantly (P < .05) over consumption of control birds and those that received halofuginone. Water consumption to body weight and feed ratios were significantly greater for birds fed lasalocid than for any group other than those receiving amprolium. In Experiment 2, daily water intake of groups receiving 110 mg/kg lasalocid was significantly elevated over that of other coccidiostats and controls. This relationship was also present in calculations of water:body weight and water:feed ratios.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Simultaneous liquid chromatographic screening of five coccidiostats in chicken liver.

A reverse-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for simultaneously determining 5 coccidiostats--aklomide, dinsed, ethopabate, nitromide, and zoalene in chicken liver. The method entails blender extraction of 10 g liver with ethyl acetate, column chromatography through Sephadex LH-20 and neutral alumina, and LC analysis on a C18 column with UV detection at 260 nm. The drugs were eluted from Sephadex with methanol-benzene (10 + 90), from alumina with methanol-dichloromethane (10 + 90), and from C18 with acetonitrile-water (linear gradient: 25% acetonitrile for 10 min, increasing to 55% over 15 min; flow rate 1 mL/min). Liquid chromatography was completed in 40 min and calculations were based on peak height measurements. Average recoveries of the coccidiostats from fortified liver ranged from 72 to 97%, except for dinsed, which showed a relatively constant average recovery of 57%. The detection limit for the standards was 2.5 ng on column. Levels as low as 50 ng/g were detected in fortified liver samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of the temperature-humidity regimen on broiler resistance and on the efficacy of coccidiostats in experimental coccidial infection].

Experiments are carried out to elucidate the effect of the temperature and Moisture Regime on the resistance of broiler chickens to an experimental infection with coccidia and how far the prophylactic, anti-coccidial activity of coccidiostatics may be raised or reduced on this basis. During the experiment, prior to and after the infection of the chicken, investigations have been carried out on the morphological and biochemical composition of the blood, determining the contents of hemoglobin, total protein, vitamin A and vitamin E. It is established that the hematological and biochemical indices correlate with the course followed by the coccidiosis process and are related to the temperature and moisture regime in tending the broilers. If all other conditions are similar, the coccidiostatic activity of the Pankoksin Plus preparation is reduced both at lower temperatures and at higher degrees of infection with coccidia in broilers, and at a higher temperature and a lower relative, air moisture. The resistance of broiler chickens, grown at a temperature of 32 degrees C and air moisture of 70--75%, to coccidia infection is higher as compared with that of broiler chickens, kept at a higher temperature and a lower air moisture.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Determination of the ionophoric coccidiostats narasin, monensin, lasalocid and salinomycin in eggs by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

A sensitive and selective liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric method (LC/MS/MS) for the simultaneous detection of the ionophoric coccidiostats narasin, monensin, lasalocid and salinomycin in whole eggs has been developed. A very simple sample preparation consisting of an extraction with an organic solvent was carried out. Sample extracts were injected into the LC/MS/MS system on a C18 column and an isocratic elution was performed. Nigericin was used as internal standard. The precursor ions produced by electrospray positive ionisation were selected for collisional dissociation with argon into product ions. Validation of the methods was performed based on Commission Decision 2002/657/EC.1 CC(alpha) was found to be 1 microg/kg for all four compounds. Monitoring of Belgian egg samples in 2004 revealed that residues of salinomycin, lasalocid and monensin could be found.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma growth in mice by the alkaloid coccidiostat halofuginone.

Halofuginone, a widely used alkaloid coccidiostat, is a potent inhibitor of collagen alpha 1 (I) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 gene expression. Halofuginone also suppresses extracellular matrix deposition and fibroblast proliferation. It was recently shown to be effective in suppression of bladder carcinoma and glioma. This study sought to evaluate the effect of treatment with halofuginone on growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in mice. Athymic Balb/c mice were injected subcutaneously with 10(7) human hepatoma cells (Hep3B), followed by treatment with halofuginone administered in the diet (750 microg/kg) starting on day 3, before tumour innoculation. The control group was received a normal diet. Mice were followed for survival, tumour volume and serum alpha-fetoprotein (alpha FP). The mechanism of the anti-tumour effect of halofuginone was determined in vitro by assessing tumour cell growth, and by measuring the serum concentrations of interferon-gamma (IFN gamma) and interleukin 2 (IL2). Halofuginone treatment induced almost complete tumour suppression in treated mice. Mortality rates were 10% and 50%, in halofuginone-treated and control mice, respectively (P<0.001). No visible tumour was observed in treated mice, as compared with a 364 mm3 tumour in control mice. Serum alpha FP were 0.1 and 212 ng/ml in treated and control mice, respectively (P<0.005). Halofuginone significantly inhibited HCC proliferation in vitro. Maximal inhibition of 64% of tumour cell growth was observed at a concentration of 10(-8) M. The anti-tumour effect was mediated via a significant increase in IFN gamma and IL2 (90 vs. 35, and 210 vs. 34 pg/ml in treated and control groups, respectively, P<0.005). Treatment with halofuginone effectively suppressed the progression of HCC in mice. This effect may be associated with a direct anti-tumour effect, and/or enhancement of a systemic immune response.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effect of the quinolone coccidiostat decoquinate on the rearrangement of chromosomes of Eimeria tenella.

The present report concerns our attempts to further study the effect of quinolone coccidiostats on the sporulation of Eimeria tenella oocysts by analyzing the meiotic behaviour of the chromosomes. To that end, synaptonemal complexes were analyzed by TEM applied to intact meiotic chromosomes. These were isolated after disruption of oocysts, which were harvested from decoquinate-medicated and non-medicated (control) birds. In oocysts from control birds, synaptonemal complexes appeared as the 14 bivalents of the normal karyotype. However, in oocysts from medicated birds, our synaptonemal complex analysis revealed a reciprocal translocation, which was observed as an irregular pairing of chromosome axes 5 and 12 resulting in quadrivalent and trivalent configurations. This finding suggests breakage points in chromosomes 5 and 12 and exchange of chromosomal segments. Furthermore, breakpoints in chromosome 12 resulted in telomere deletion. The chromosomal aberrations described in the present study may result in reduced sporulation since chromosomes involved in translocations segregate abnormally during meiosis. In addition, the results reported provide new evidence of the inhibitory effect of quinolones on the sporulation of E. tenella oocysts, since sporocysts were not formed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Efficient and sensitive detection of residues of nine coccidiostats in egg and muscle by liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

We present a method based on electrospray liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for determining in muscle and eggs the following nine coccidiostats: halofuginone, diclazuril, dinitrocarbanilide (the main metabolite of nicarbazin), robenidine, monensin, lasalocid, narasin, salinomycin, and maduramicin. Dinitrocarbanilide-d8, nigericin, and diclazuril-bis were used as internal standards. The method uses extraction in acetonitrile followed by a clean-up on an SiOH solid-phase extraction column. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation was performed on a Purospher C(18) column (125 mm x 3 mm i.d.) protected by a guard column, the mobile phase being a water-acetonitrile gradient (each gradient component containing 0.1% formic acid) at a flow rate of 1 ml min(-1). For unequivocal identification of each analyte, two ions were detected and chosen for multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Validation was carried out on spiked muscle and egg samples. The method described meets all the criteria of Decision 2002/657/EC and is easy to use in routine analysis. Validation results are presented with the measured CCalpha and CCbeta values. This whole method allows extraction and analysis of up to 24 samples per day.

Chromatography, Liquid↗
PubMed2005

Liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric determination of five coccidiostats in poultry eggs and feed.

A method is described which permits the quantitative detection of the chemical coccidiostats halofuginone, robenidine, diclazuril, nicarbazin and dimetridazole and its main metabolite 2-hydroxydimetridazole in poultry eggs and feed. Sample preparations were kept very simple and are based upon extraction with an organic solvent. Sample extracts were injected into the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) system on a C18 column and a gradient elution was performed. Dimetridazole-D3 and diclazuril-bis, a structural analogue of diclazuril, were used as internal standards. Detection was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in the selected reaction monitoring mode after ionisation in the positive or negative electrospray ionisation mode. Argon was applied as collision gas for collision induced dissociation. Validation of the methods was performed based on Commission Decision 2002/657/EC [Official Journal of the European Communities L221 (2002) 8].

Animal Feed↗