[Cytochemical studies on the fine structure of Klossia helicina (Coccidia, Adeleidea). 3. Electron microscopical evidence of mucopolysaccharides and "Coccidia-glykogen"].
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[Comparative study of the morphological and immunological relationship of coccidia of mice: Eimeria falciformes and Eimeria pragensis (Coccidia, Eimeriidae)].
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Animals↗
Concurrent infections with reoviruses and coccidia in broilers.
These experiments investigated the interaction among two species of coccidia (Eimeria acervulina and E. mitis) and three strains of reovirus (virus 2035, a weak to moderate pathogen; and viruses 2408 and 1733, severe pathogens). When reoviruses were not present, high inoculation dosages (10(6) sporulated oocysts/bird) of both E. acervulina and E. mitis depressed weight gain, plasma pigment, and plasma protein. Low doses of coccidia (10(4) oocysts) in the absence of virus had no such effect on weight gain. When high doses of coccidia were present at the same time as virus 2035 or 2408, they resulted in a significantly greater depression of weight gain than when either virus or coccidia were present alone. With virus 2035, this greater depression was seen even when low doses of coccidia were used. Lesion scores due to coccidiosis and the number of oocysts produced were not affected by previous exposure to reovirus. Both coccidiosis and reovirus infections increased the frequency of some leg problems and other abnormal conditions. The most obvious interaction between coccidia and reovirus was the marked increase in swollen hocks seen when coccidia and virus 2035 were present together (20-27%) compared with either the virus or coccidia alone (0-10%). Virus 2408 interfered slightly with the development of immunity to coccidia. There was some indication that early coccidiosis could increase the ability of some virus isolates to infect various tissues of the host.
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Evaluation of interspecific hybrids of the chicken, guinea fowl, and Japanese quail for innate resistance to coccidia.
Experimental chicken/guinea fowl hybrids, guinea fowl, and chickens were orally inoculated with Eimeria acervulina or E. tenella, which are specific for chickens, or with E. grenieri, which is specific for guinea fowl. No intact oocysts were found in feces within 24 hr of inoculation, suggesting that excystation occurred in the normal and abnormal hosts. No oocysts were found in the feces of hybrids during a 9-day postinoculation period. The guinea fowl passed oocysts of guinea fowl coccidia (E. grenieri) but not those of chicken coccidia, and the chickens passed oocysts of chicken coccidia (E. acervulina and E. tenella) but not those of guinea fowl coccidia. Some asexual development (schizogony) occurred in hybrids inoculated with E. tenella, but sexual development (gametogony) did not. In contrast, quail/chicken hybrids became infected with oocysts of chicken coccidia (E. acervulina, E. tenella, and E. maxima) and quail coccidia (E. bateri) and passed a few oocysts during the normal patent period; control chickens and quails became heavily infected with oocysts of chicken and quail coccidia, respectively.
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A plea for improved presentation of type material for coccidia.
The "true" coccidia (phylum Apicomplexa, suborder Eimeriina) constitute a large and heterogeneous group of parasitic protozoa. Despite the large number of described species (ca. 1,650) and the medical and veterinary importance of some (e.g., Toxoplasma), 2 facts are clear: (1) the majority of coccidia species are probably yet undescribed, and (2) the phylogenetic relationships of those described species are poorly known. Contributing to the latter dilemma is the lack of a tradition to provide type specimens by those who describe new species, even though the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature specifically recommends the designation of a type specimen with the description of a new species. With the publication of a new edition of the Code (1985), explicit provisions are made for the unique concerns of taxonomists working with Protozoa. Here we remind those interested in the taxonomy of coccidia of an already established method for preserving oocysts in resin and, as an alternative, suggest the standardization of a photographic procedure through which type specimens of coccidia oocysts might also be submitted to and maintained in accredited museums. Thus, coccidia taxonomists should no longer have an excuse for their failure to designate types.
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Porcine coccidia in Papua New Guinea.
Faecal samples from 232 domestic pigs raised on concrete, 98 free-ranging village pigs, and five wild boar showed 46.6 (108/232), 54 (53/98) and 80% (4/5) prevalence of coccidian oocysts, respectively. Eight species of Eimeria, and Isospora suis, were recovered. In their descending order of predominance in the pigs raised on concrete, the species of coccidia were E. debliecki (26.7%), E. scabra (22.4%), E. neodebliecki (19.8%), E. porci (15.5%), E. suis (11.6%), E. polita (8.6%), E. perminuta (7%), E. spinosa (5.6%) and I. suis (3.9%). The first five species listed above predominated in the village pigs as well. E. polita, E. spinosa and I. suis were not found in the wild boar. I. suis oocysts prevailed in 8.3% of the 36 sows on concrete, and in 11.1% (3/27) of those which were positive for coccidia. Isosporoid oocysts were absent in the village sows. Of the 125 less than 24-day-old piglets, 29.6% were diarrhoeic, and of these, 43.2% were positive for coccidia. Four of the 16 (25%) coccidia-positive, diarrhoeic piglets, and four of the 37 (10.8%) coccidia-positive non-diarrhoeic piglets shed I. suis oocysts, an observation which seems to weaken the present contention that I. suis is the primary causative agent of neonatal porcine coccidiosis. The highest mean number of oocysts per gram faeces (23,550) was recorded from the diarrhoeic farm piglets on concrete, and the lowest of 6,100 from the gestating farm sows. Mean opg data revealed very little significant quantitative variation between the corresponding age groups of the free-ranging village pigs and the commercially-farmed ones. One of the most interesting findings in the study was that the sows were more frequently infected than all other age groups.
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Prevalence and identity of coccidia in pen-raised wild turkeys.
One hundred nineteen pen-raised wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) from 12 locations in nine states in the United States were examined for coccidia by sugar flotation of intestinal contents and mucosa or by subinoculating the contents into uninfected domestic turkeys. Seventy-eight (66%) of the turkeys were positive for coccidia. There were no differences in the frequency of coccidia among adult, sub-adult or juvenile turkeys. More females (75%) were infected than males (48%). The species of coccidia from 30 of the turkeys were identified based on microscopic examination of oocysts, fresh scrapings, stained sections and inoculations of bobwhites (Colinus virginianus). The frequency of each species was Eimeria meleagrimitis (97%), E. gallopavonis (47%), E. meleagridis (27%), E. dispersa (17%), E. innocua-E. subrotunda (13%), E. adenoeides (7%) and an undescribed species (3%). Of the 30 turkeys in which the species of coccidia was determined, 30% had a single species infection, 40% had two species, 20% had three species and 10% had four species.
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Attempted cross-transmission of coccidia between sheep and goats and description of Eimeria ovinoidalis sp. n.
Attempted infection of 2 young lambs with oocysts of Eimeria christenseni from a goat was unsuccessful. Negative results were obtained also when young kids were fed oocysts of Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae from sheep. There was no difficulty in infecting lambs with the sheep coccidium resembling E. ninakohlyakimovae nor goats with the goat coccidium E. christenseni. Oocysts from the goat measured 38.4 X 26.7 microns, but were easily distinguished from Eimeria ahsata from the sheep by sporocyst size and shape, and from Eimeria ovina by oocyst size. Eimeria ninakohlyakimovae-like oocysts from sheep averaged 23.0 X 18.2 microns and were morphologically indistinguishable from previously reported goat coccidia. Since no cross infections of sheep and goats could be accomplished with oocysts of Eimeria sp. characteristic of one or the other host, I concluded that sheep coccidia previously known as E. ninakohlykimovae are distinct from morphologically similar goat coccidia and therefore constitute a separate species. Since the name E. ninakohlyakimovae was first used for coccidia from the goat, the sheep coccidium is renamed Eimeria ovinoidalis with oocyst structure and endogenous stages similar to those previously described from the sheep.
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Some problems of host and parasite interactions in the coccidia.
The current status of some concepts of host and parasite interactions in the coccidia are discussed and evaluated. It is suggested that winter coccidiosis of cattle caused by Eimeria zuernii results from activation of arrested endogenous stages in the tissues of the host. A second aspect of clinical coccidiosis is that infections are seldom monospecific, but little work has been done on infections in animals with multiple species of coccidia. Information in the literature indicates that there are interactions between species of Eimeria in concurrent infections, and it is hoped that investigators will undertake studies to define more clearly what interactions there may be. Finally, the finding that there is a genetic basis for successful transmission of Eimeria separata from rats to mice provides a tool for studying the basis of host-specificity in the coccidia.
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[Amino acid makeup of the oocyst proteins of some species of coccidia of hens].
The composition of amino acids of sporocysts, membranes of oocysts and oocysts of four species of Coccidia from hens is reported. A considerable figgerence was found to exist in the quantitative composition of amino acids in oocysts of different Coccidia species and in different structures of oocysts. It is necessary to carry out a search of preparations breaking the inclusions of some amino acids into the protein molecule of oocysts of Coccidia from hens.
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[Coccidia and coccidiosis in the rock partridge, Alectoris graeca cypriates. I. Coccidian species, systematics and morphological characteristics and the seasonal and age-related dynamics].
A total of 6,375 samples were taken from rock partridges of the Alektoris graeca cypriates species. Coccidia were found in 1,437 of them. In forty-three per cent of the cases the parasites belonged to Eimeria kofoidi, in 29.2 per cent--to E. procera, in 12 per cent--to E. cotornicis, in 6.9 per cent--to E. phasiani, and in 9.7 per cent--to E. tenella. Most often a mixed infection of several species was established. Most pathogenic and most widely occurring proved the E. kofoidi species. Highest per cent of infection and greatest parasite burden were found in the young birds up to two months of age, chiefly in the spring and summer seasons, (May-June). Most susceptible to the infection were those aged 14 days to 2 months. The carriers of coccidia among the adult specimens constituted 4 to 6 per cent, and during the spring these became more numerous--up to 35 per cent. This makes it reasonable to believe that improper hygiene in rock partridge breeding could bring about mass coccidia infection and thus interfere with the reproduction process.
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Immune responses in infections with coccidia: macrophage activity.
Peritoneal exudate cells from chickens immunized with two species of coccidia, Eimeria tenella or Eimeria maxima, were examined for their capacity to phagocytose stages of the parasite in vitro. True phagocytosis of the sporozoite stage is difficult to estimate because of its ability to invade cells, but may be evaluated by comparison with control suspensions. Peak activity (compared with cells from coccidia-free chickens) was found 3 to 5 weeks after the first inoulum of oocysts of E. tenella, and 1 week after the first inoculum of E. maxima- times which correspond to the onset of complete immunity to infection. Cells from coccidia-free chickens, in the presence of serum from birds immunized with E. tenella, phagocytosed sporozoites of E. tenella in a similar manner to cells from immunized birds. The immune serum had both cytophilic and opsonic adherence properties and the latter was species specific (for the two species tested).
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Interaction between coccidia and Nematodirus battus in lambs on pasture.
Five thousand oocysts of each of two species of coccidia, Eimeria crandallis and E ovinoidalis or 30,000 infective larvae of Nematodirus battus, given as single infections to three- to five-week-old lambs, caused only transient diarrhoea and had no effect on growth. Lambs infected first with coccidia and two weeks later with N battus suffered severe diarrhoea, weight loss and some deaths. Simultaneous administration of the coccidia and the nematodes increased the clinical severity of the syndrome and increased the numbers of nematode eggs produced.
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[The survival ability of salmonella, coccidia oocysts and ascarid eggs in laying hen feces from different housing systems].
The time of survival of Salmonella typhimurium, coccidia oocysts and ascaris eggs in manure of layer was determined in 5 different housing systems and 2 storing places for litter. The experiments were carried out in a stable of experimental station Frankenforst of the university of Bonn with a flock of 2200 hens. The effects of the environment conditions temperature, dry matter content, pH-value and intestinal microflora of the manure have also been studied. The time of survival was different depending on the housing system. A recovery of viable coccidia oocysts was possible after 13-370 days, ascaris eggs 53-347 days and Salmonella typhimurium 2-175 days. The tenacity of the investigated test organism mainly depend on the dry matter content of the manure. The longest period of survival of salmonellas was found in dry environment conditions, were as coccidia oocysts and ascaris eggs have been observed with the shortest period of survival. The possibility of the examined resistant parasite stages to develop was disturbed. Only few of them were able to develop and with a longer development time than those examined in the control suspension. The results of this study indicate that chicken manure, before using it in plant production, should be stored long enough to prevent men or animals from possible infections.
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Development of a model ribosomal RNA hybridization assay for the detection of Sarcocystis and other coccidia.
Two regions of the primary structure of the small subunit rRNA of Sarcocystis muris bradyzoites were compared with nucleotide sequences of S. gigantea, Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium berghei and Mus musculus and used to design genus- and species-specific probes for the detection and identification of coccidia. Total cellular RNA of purified S. muris, S. cruzi, T. gondii and Eimeria nieschulzi and coccidia-infected tissues of mouse, ox, sheep and pig, were assayed using twenty-base oligomers labelled with 32P. Hybridization occurred at temperatures ranging from 21 degrees C to 41 degrees C or 51 degrees C. One probe detected only S. muris and another successfully hybridized to several members of coccidia, including S. muris, S. cruzi, T. gondii and E. nieschulzi. One ng of total cellular RNA was sufficient to yield detectable hybrids in slot blot assays. The excellent sensitivity suggests that rRNA-based probes are capable of detecting individual parasites, and can assay low levels of coccidial infections not detectable by other methods. The results of this study show that it is possible to customize the specificity of rRNA-based probes for diagnostic, epidemiological or taxonomic purposes.
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[Biosynthesis of folic acid in Eimeria tenella (Coccidia)].
The inhibitory analysis has shown that E. tenella does not include ready folic acid into metabolic process but synthesizes its metabolite, 7:8-dihydrofolic acid (DHFA), from its precursor, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which enters the host's organism. PABA can be fully substituted in the process of metabolism by sulphadimesin (SD) at the molar ratio PABA: SD=1: 16.7. As a concurrent antagonist of PABA SD is 6 times stronger in the parasite-host system of Coccidia than in bacteria in cultural medium. The increase in PABA content in relation to SD more than 1: 16.7 intensifies the viability of Coccidia that is expressed in higher lethality of chicks, which reaches its maximum at PABA : SD=1 : 1.25. A further increase in the content of PABA does not affect the host's lethality. The decrease in PABA in relation to SD lower than 1 : 16.7 reduces the viability of Coccidia. Nucleic bases G, A transforming in the organism into corresponding nucleotids and aminoacids, 1-metionin and glycine, which are the products of biosynthesis with a participation of DHFA, do not stimulate the viability of E. tenella that apparently is associated with the non-capability of the host to assimilate timidin.
4-Aminobenzoic Acid↗
[Isolation and description of a new species of Eimeria in rabbits (Orychtolagus cuniculus) : Eimeria pellerdyi P. Coudert, 1977 (Sporozoa, Coccidia)].
Several pure isolates of Coccidia have been obtained in coccidia-free Rabbits by methods taking advantage of differences in the duration of their life-cycle and their site of development, as well as by the inoculation of experimentally immunized animals. Among these isolates one has been shown to represent a new species for which we propose the name: Eimeria pellerdyi P. Coudert, 1977. The oocysts of this species are of medium size (21 x 30 mu), without oocystic residual body. The endogenous life-cycle is completed in 10 days. Schizogony takes place in the superficial epithelial cells of the caecum and the colon, and gamogony in the depth of the Lieberkühn's crypts of the same organs. E. perllerdyi seems to be one of the most pathogenic coccidia species in Rabbits.
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A review of Sarcocystis of domestic animals and of other coccidia of cats and dogs.
The nomenclature, life cycles, and pathogenicity of Sarcocystis of domestic animals are reviewed. Sarcocystis had a 2-host life cycle, with carnivores as definitive hosts and herbivores as intermediate hosts. The following species are found in domestic animals (with the definitive hosts given in parentheses): 3 species in the ox: S cruzi (dog, wolf, coyote, raccoon, fox), S hirsuta (cat), S hominis (man, monkey); 2 species in the sheep: S ovicanis (dog), S tenella (cat); 3 species in the pig: S miescheriana (dog), S porcifelis n sp (cat), S porcihominis n sp (man); and 1 species in the horse: S bertrami (dog). Sarcocystis cruzi, S ovicanis, and S porcifelis are highly pathogenic to the ox, the sheep, and the pig, respectively. Clinical signs of acute bovine sarcocystosis are: anorexia, pyrexia (42 C, or more), anemia, cachexia, enlarged palpable lymph nodes, excessive salivation, and loss of hair at the tip of the tail. Anemia, anorexia, ataxia, and abortions are the chief clinical signs of acute ovine sarcocystosis. These signs are evident at the time of vascular endothelium is parasitized by schizonts. The schizonts disappear in about 1 month, and cysts are formed in the muscles. The cystic phase of sarcocystosis is virtually nonpathogenic. Carnivores shed sporocysts in their feces after ingesting the intramuscular cysts from the herbivores. Sarcocystis is nonpathogenic to the definitive host. Feline and canine coccidia are also reviewed. The following 11 species are found in cats: Toxoplasma gondii, Hammondia hammondi, Isospora felis, Isosporarivolta, Besnoitia besnoiti, Besnoitia sp, and 5 types of Sarcocystis (S hirsuta from the ox, S tenella from the sheep, S muris from the mouse, S porcifelis from the pig, and Sarcocystis sp from Grant's gazelle). The following 10 species are found in canine feces (Isospora canis, Isospora ohioensis, Isospora wallacei n sp; and 7 types of Sarcocystis (S cruzi from the ox, S ovicanis from the sheep, S bertrami and Sarcocystis sp from the horse, S miescheriana from the pig, S hemionilatrantis from mule deer, and Sarcocystis sp from Grant's gazelle). The history of Isospora begemina in dogs is reviewed; life cycles of feline and canine coccidia are given; oocysts of common feline and canine coccidia are compared and illustrated; and public health significance of Toxoplasma gondii oocysts is discussed, especially in relation to cats in the household of pregnant women.
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