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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1990

Effects of clothing values on perceived clothing deprivation among adolescents.

The present purpose was to investigate the relationship between clothing values and perceived clothing deprivation among adolescents. From previous studies a questionnaire was developed to measure perceived clothing deprivation (the dependent variable) and clothing values (the independent variable). Items were measured on a 5-point Likert scale. The sample was comprised of 338 high school students enrolled in Grades 9 to 12 home economics courses at six high schools. The effects of values (aesthetic, economic, exploratory, political, religious, sensory, social, and theoretical) on perceived clothing deprivation were tested. Pearson correlations and multiple regression indicated positive relationships between perceived clothing deprivation and the economic and social clothing values. Also, these values accounted for significant proportions of the variance of perceived clothing deprivation. Negative relationships between aesthetic and political clothing values and perceived clothing deprivation were noted; however, they did not contribute significantly to the variance of perceived clothing deprivation. No relationships were found between the remaining clothing values and perceived clothing deprivation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Aortic valve replacement: a ten-year follow-up of non-cloth-covered vs cloth-covered caged-ball prostheses.

From 1965 to 1976, 721 isolated aortic valve replacements were performed at the University of Oregon hospitals, utilizing Starr-Edwards caged-ball prostheses. Three models of aortic prostheses were introduced during this period: a non-cloth-covered model has been in continuous use since 1965; a cloth-covered model was begun in 1968 and has been supplanted by the modified composite-strut or "track" model since 1972. The 5-year actuarial survival rate for operative survivors is about 80% for both non-cloth-covered and cloth-covered valves, while the 10-year survival is 61%, based on the older model only. The actuarially-determined percentages of patients experiencing significant thromboembolic episodes (i.e., all except transient ischemic episodes) at 5 years are 7% for the cloth-covered and 9% for the non-cloth-covered model. If transient ischemic attacks are included, the cloth-covered model has only an 8% incidence at 5 years compared to a 22% incidence for the older model. However, the cloth-covered valves are subject to a higher risk of reoperation because of the possibility of cloth injury. The "track" valve, therefore, was designed with exposed metal on the inner surface of each strut to prevent ball-cloth contact. In 107 patients (mean follow-up period 1 year) receiving anticoagulation, this prosthesis has maintained the same low incidence of thromboembolism as the previous cloth-covered model, with no reoperations for valve failure.

Aortic Valve↗
PubMed2006

3D quantification of microclimate volume in layered clothing for the prediction of clothing insulation.

Garment fit and resultant air volume is a crucial factor in thermal insulation, and yet, it has been difficult to quantify the air volume of clothing microclimate and relate it to the thermal insulation value just using the information on the size of clothing pattern without actual 3D volume measurement in wear condition. As earlier methods for the computation of air volume in clothing microclimate, vacuum over suit and circumference model have been used. However, these methods have inevitable disadvantages in terms of cost or accuracy due to the limitations of measurement equipment. In this paper, the phase-shifting moiré topography was introduced as one of the 3D scanning tools to measure the air volume of clothing microclimate quantitatively. The purpose of this research is to adopt a non-contact image scanning technology, phase-shifting moiré topography, to ascertain relationship between air volume and insulation value of layered clothing systems in wear situations where the 2D fabric creates new conditions in 3D spaces. The insulation of vests over shirts as a layered clothing system was measured with a thermal manikin in the environmental condition of 20 degrees C, 65% RH and air velocity of 0.79 m/s. As the pattern size increased, the insulation of the clothing system was increased. But beyond a certain limit, the insulation started to decrease due to convection and ventilation, which is more apparent when only the vest was worn over the torso of manikin. The relationship between clothing air volume and insulation was difficult to predict with a single vest due to the extreme openings which induced active ventilation. But when the vest was worn over the shirt, the effects of thickness of the fabrics on insulation were less pronounced compared with that of air volume. In conclusion, phase-shifting moiré topography was one of the efficient and accurate ways of quantifying air volume and its distribution across the clothing microclimate. It is also noted that air volume becomes more crucial factor in predicting thermal insulation when clothing is layered.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1994

Clothing and exercise. II. Influence of clothing during exercise/work in environmental extremes.

Thermoregulatory studies often investigate thermal responses without considering the influences of clothing. These studies have expanded our understanding of basic human responses to various environmental conditions. However, human thermoregulation is variable and modified by heat transfer interactions between skin surface area, clothing and environment. Much of the original work on the influence of clothing on work performance was the result of ergonomic concerns. Currently, the importance of clothing and the influence of new clothing technology aimed at minimising thermal stress has spawned a new interest. For hot climates, new fabrics have been developed with improved wicking properties to keep the wearer cooler and drier, and to enhance heat transfer from the body while providing greater comfort. In contrast, the challenge of cold environments requires a different approach to clothing, which tries to minimise the free movement of air and water along the skin surface of the body. The materials used should also be able to absorb radiant heat from the environment and be nonconductive. In a cold climate, the wearer needs to balance the need for a clothing barrier for warmth with the potential for accumulating too much heat as the result of metabolic heat production from exercise. To counteract this potential problem, it is suggested that cold-weather clothing be worn in layers that can be removed during exercise and replaced during less active periods. Protective clothing for firefighters, hazardous waste workers and astronauts, and athletic protective gear, have specialised design requirements which may be influenced by considerations, for example, of environmental conditions, garment weight, the need for durability, impact forces.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed2004

Cardiovascular and thermal consequences of protective clothing: a comparison of clothed and unclothed states.

We have undertaken a laboratory-based examination of the cardiovascular and thermal impact of wearing thermal (heat) protective clothing during fatiguing exercise in the heat. Seven males completed semi-recumbent, intermittent cycling (39.6 degrees C, 45% relative humidity) wearing either protective clothing or shorts (control). Mean core and skin temperatures, cardiac frequency (f(c)), stroke volume (Q), cardiac output (Q), arterial pressure, forearm blood flow (Q(f)), plasma volume change, and sweat rates were measured. In the clothed trials, subjects experienced significantly shorter times to fatigue (52.5 vs. 58.9 min), at lower peak work rates (204.3 vs. 277.4 W), and with higher core (37.9 degrees vs. 37.5 degrees C) and mean skin temperatures (37.3 degrees vs. 36.9 degrees C). There was a significant interaction between time and clothing on f(c), such that, over time, the clothing effect became more powerful. Clothing had a significant main affect on Q, but not Q, indicating the higher Q was chronotropically driven. Despite a greater sweat loss when clothed (923.0 vs. 547.1 g.m(-2) x h(-1); P<0.05), Q(f) and plasma volume change remained equivalent. Protective clothing reduced exercise tolerance, but did not affect overall cardiovascular function, at the point of volitional fatigue. It was concluded that, during moderately heavy, semi-recumbent exercise under hot, dry conditions, the strain on the unclothed body was already high, such that the additional stress imparted by the clothing ensemble represented a negligible, further impact upon cardiovascular stability.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Complications due to cloth wear in cloth-covered Starr-Edwards aortic and mitral valve prostheses--and their management.

Five cases of complications due to cloth wear in cloth-covered composite-seat Starr-Edwards aortic and mitral valvular prostheses are described. The complications of cloth wear were recurrent systemic emboli in three patients, two with aortic and one with mitral prosthesis, and severe hemolytic anemia in two patients with aortic prosthesis. The over-all incidence of clinically significant complications due to cloth wear in aortic and mitral valve prosthesis was 2.5 per cent. The diagnosis of cloth wear is impossible before reoperation and it was made by exclusion of other causes of recurrent transient cerebral ischemic attacks or systemic emboli and by exclusion of other causes of hemolytic anemia. Clinical and laboratory findings suggestive of cloth wear are described. Aggressive management of complications of cloth wear by reoperation is likely to prevent disabling or lethal consequences. Porcine xenograft aortic and mitral bioprostheses were used in these patients to replace the cloth-covered valvular prostheses. The symptoms due to cloth wear were abolished in all patients by reoperation, and all patients are off anticoagulants postoperatively. The operative mortality rate for reoperation in this small group of patients was zero.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Individualized adaptation of clothes for impaired persons. A comparison of two groups with and without experience of adapted clothes.

Impaired persons often have difficulties in obtaining suitable clothing. Questionnaires on this subject were sent to a consecutive series of impaired persons. Group 1 (n = 50) had received adapted clothes and group 2 (n = 81) had not. Questionnaire A (both groups) contained general questions on clothes and questionnaire B (Group 1) contained questions on adapted clothes. The result of the study shows a significant difference (p less than 0.01) between the need for adapted clothing in group 1 and group 2. No significant difference was found between the groups regarding the reason for obtaining and using adapted clothes. It was difficult for 94% in group 1 and 85% in group 2 to obtain clothes which were suitable for the individual's impairment and which made their daily activities easier. In group 1 the adapted garments were of most value when dressing and undressing (86%). They also reduced the time needed, by 31% for the individual, by 43% for a helper; and by 62% when going to the toilet. The adapted garments were considered smarter and more comfortable by 64%. Eighteen per cent considered that wearing them had increased their self-confidence.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1987

Clothing surface area as related to body volume and clothing microenvironment volume.

The evaluation of clothing surface area becomes important in analyses of heat exchange between the clothed body and its environment. The evidence accumulated in the studies of radiation area has led to the conclusion that the ratio of clothing surface area to body surface area (fcl) may be defined as a function of clothing insulation. However, the effects of clothing fit have been disregarded. Radiation area factors (Ar/AD) were derived from pictures of five subjects wearing four different helicopter pilot suits. While sitting on a seat suspended in the center of a box-shaped frame, photographs were taken of the subjects with a fish-eye lens at 90 equidistant points on the six sides of the frame. The derived Ar/AD of 0.7 +/- 0.18 for the unclothed subjects closely agreed with that reported by Fanger, while it scattered in a relatively wide range for a given suit. The present study proposes a new approach for predicting fcl as related to body volume and the clothing microenvironment volume. The predictions show a good correlation with the values derived from the photographs. It is, therefore, suggested that improvement in the prediction of fcl has been achieved by incorporating clothing fit.

Anthropometry↗
PubMed1977

Studies on water vapor pressure gradient from external air through clothing to the skin in relation to external humidity and clothing conditions.

Using a hygrometric capsule method developed by the authors, water vapor pressure was measured at each layer of clothing as well as at the skin surface on a human subject under actual wearing conditions. The pattern of vapor pressure gradient from the skin surface through clothing to the external air was examined in relation to the ambient vapor pressure and ths sort of textiles worn. The following findings were obtained. 1) Water vapor pressure gradient was greater between coat and external air than that between coat and underwear. The gradient became steeper again between underwear and the skin. 2) Under given clothing conditions, vapor pressure at each layer of clothing as well as at the skin varied according to the ambient humidity. However, the pattern of vapor pressure gradient from the skin through clothing to the external air was not greatly influenced by the external humidity. 3) The pattern of vapor pressure gradient from the skin through clothing to the external air was not greatly influenced by the external humidity. 3) The pattern of vapor pressure gradient through the clothing as a whole differed according to the kinds of textiles used for coat and underwear.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

The effects of two kinds of mask (with or without exhaust valve) on clothing microclimates inside the mask in participants wearing protective clothing for spraying pesticides.

AIM: The study aimed at discovering the effects of wearing two types of protective mask on the clothing microclimate (temperature, humidity) inside the mask, physiological parameters and subjective sensations. METHOD: Five healthy female students performed intermittent step exercise while wearing the protective clothing in a climate chamber at 28 degrees C and 60% relative humidity (RH). One mask was made of non-woven fabric and had no exhaust valve (mask A), and the other had an exhaust valve (mask B). RESULTS: (1) Clothing microclimate temperature inside the mask was significantly lower in mask B than in mask A. The final values were 35.5 +/- 0.3 degrees C in mask A and 34.6 +/- 0.8 degrees C in mask B. (2) Clothing microclimate humidity inside the mask was significantly lower in mask B than in mask A. The final values were 37.9 +/- 0.9 g/m3 in mask A and 35.7 +/- 2.0 g/m3 in mask B. (3) Cheek skin temperature inside the mask was kept significantly lower in mask B than in mask A. (4) Clothing microclimate humidity at trunk level increased more slowly with mask B than with mask A for four participants. (5) Rectal temperature increased more slowly with mask B than with mask A for three participants. (6) Tympanic temperature increased more slowly with mask B than with mask A for two out of four participants. DISCUSSION: We discussed these findings from the viewpoint that the dry and wet heat loss was accelerated through the nose under the influence of a reduced level of clothing microclimate inside mask B, having probably helped selective brain cooling by cooling more effectively the vein circulating blood through the nose.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed2006

Prediction of clothing thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance of the clothed body walking in wind.

Clothing thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance are the two most important parameters in thermal environmental engineering, functional clothing design and end use of clothing ensembles. In this study, clothing thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance of various types of clothing ensembles were measured using the walking-able sweating manikin, Walter, under various environmental conditions and walking speeds. Based on an extensive experimental investigation and an improved understanding of the effects of body activities and environmental conditions, a simple but effective direct regression model has been established, for predicting the clothing thermal insulation and moisture vapour resistance under wind and walking motion, from those when the manikin was standing in still air. The model has been validated by using experimental data reported in the previous literature. It has shown that the new models have advantages and provide very accurate prediction.

Equipment Design↗
PubMed1977

Attempts to control clothes-borne infection in a burn unit. I. Experimental investigations of some clothes for barrier nursing.

Clothes-borne transmission is an important way of spread of infection from patient to patient which is not interrupted by common cotton gowns. New barrier garments were designed from spun-bonded olefin that, in particle penetration tests, was 100 times better as a filter than cotton cloth. Three designs, a gown, a loose coverall and a close overall, were compared with each other and with conventional cotton gowns in experimental exercise and nursing procedures. Staphylococcus aureus from burned patients were used as markers. The close coverall was 4-7 times better than the loose coverall or gown in preventing the soiling of clothes worn underneath it, but appeared to permit substantially more transfer from garments underneath it to a mock 'patient' and to the air than did the looser garments. A cotton gown reduced the soiling of clothes underneath it by more than 10 times and the contamination of a mock patient by more than 30 times as compared with no barrier garment. The close coverall further diminished the contamination of clothes but not the transfer to the patient. The possible mechanisms for the discrepancy between particle transmission tests annd experimental porcedures are discussed.

Aerosols↗
PubMed2005

WBGT clothing adjustments for four clothing ensembles under three relative humidity levels.

Threshold limit values for heat stress and strain are based on an upper limit wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) for ordinary work clothes, with clothing adjustment factors (CAF) for other clothing ensembles. The purpose of this study was to determine the CAF for four clothing ensembles (Cotton Coveralls, Tyvek 1424 Coveralls, NexGen Coveralls, and Tychem QC Coveralls) against a baseline of cotton work clothes and to determine what effect relative humidity may have. A climatic chamber was used to slowly increase the level of heat stress by increasing air temperature at three levels of relative humidity (20%, 50%, and 70%). Study participants wore one of the five ensembles while walking on a treadmill at a moderate metabolic rate of 155 W m-2 (about 300 W). Physiological data and environmental data were collected. When the participant's core temperature reached a steady state, the dry bulb temperature was increased at constant relative humidity. The point at which the core temperature began to increase was defined as the inflection point. The environmental temperature recorded 5 min before the inflection point was used to calculate the critical WBGT for each ensemble. A three-way analysis of variance with ensemble by humidity protocol interactions and a multiple comparison test were used to make comparisons among the mean values. Only the vapor-barrier ensemble (Tychem QC) demonstrated an interaction with humidity level. The following CAFs are proposed: Cotton Coveralls (0 degrees C-WBGT), Tyvek 1424 Coveralls (+1), NexGen Coveralls (+2), and Tychem QC Coveralls (+10).

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Clothing and exercise. I: Biophysics of heat transfer between the individual, clothing and environment.

Despite large environmental variations, the human body maintains a tightly regulated core temperature. Effective thermoregulation must balance the interaction between skin surface, clothing and ambient air. Indices of thermal stress (wet bulb globe temperature, heat stress index, maximum evaporation rate, required evaporative rate and wind chill) provide valuable information concerning the heat exchange between the individual and the environment, and serve as protective guidelines while working in environmental extremes. The role of clothing, as an interactive barrier, greatly affects thermal balance. Clothing is varied according to prevailing environmental conditions, metabolic heat production, gender and age differences, fabric thermal properties, garment design and intended use. Models (static, dynamic and human) have investigated the biophysical transfer of heat between the skin surface area, clothing and ambient air. Additionally, the role of metabolic heat production during exercise can greatly influence tolerance to thermal stress during a variety of environmental conditions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Clothing adaptations: the occupational therapist and the clothing designer collaborate.

An occupational therapist and a clothing designer collaborated in solving the dressing problem of a child with multiple amputations. The dressing problems were identified and solutions for clothing adaptations relating to sleeves, closures, fasteners, fit, and design were incorporated into two test garments. Evaluation of the garments was based on ease in dressing and undressing, the effect on movement and mobility, the construction techniques, and their appearance. A description is given of the pattern adjustments, and considerations for clothing adaptations or selection or both are discussed. These clothing adaptations can be generalized to a wider population of handicapped persons.

Amputees↗
PubMed1996

Systems approach to clothing for disabled users. Why is it difficult for disabled users to find suitable clothing.

Today's clothing market is not adapted for people with unusual body dimensions and/or different kinds of functional impairments. They will be referred to as disabled users. The method of user-oriented product development combined with the soft systems methodology has been applied in order to understand and possibly solve their problem. Sixty five disabled users were interviewed. The results show that the disabled users must be divided into subgroups. Their requirements are very much dependent on their impairment not only regarding the fit and function of the clothing, but also regarding shopping and service in the stores. The symbolic values of clothing are just as important as the functional values. However, it is essential not to focus on the end product only, but to look at the problem as a system consisting of: manufacturing, marketing and end use. A new method of taking three dimensional measurements from range images of the human body has been developed. In combination with other developments in information technology it will be possible to synthesise a new system where the manufacturers and retailers of clothing can co-operate in order to give service to disabled users.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1979

Attempts to control clothes-borne infection in a burn unit, 2. Clothing routines in clinical use and the epidemiology of cross-colonization.

Previous investigations have shown that cross-contamination in a burn unit is mainly clothes-borne. New barrier garments have been designed and tried experimentally. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of different clothing routines on cross-contamination. In a long-term study, the rates and routes of colonizations with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus groups A, B, C, F, and G and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined. The exogenous colonization rates were, with S. aureus 77%, with Streptococcus species 52% and with Ps. aeruginosa 32%. The colonization rate with Ps. aeruginosa was higher in patients with larger burns. Patients dispersed Streptococcus and Ps. aeruginosa as well as S. aureus into the air of their rooms in considerable amounts, but dispersers were not more important as sources of cross-colonization than non-dispersers. In comparison of clothing routines, there was no difference in overall colonization rates. The newly designed barrier garment that was made from apparently particle-tight material did not reduce the transfer of bacteria from patient to patient. A less rigid routine than that previously used did not increase the risk of cross-contamination. A thorough change of barrier dress after close contact nursing delayed the first exogenous S. aureus colonization from day 6 to day 14 after admission. This routine might be recommended for clinical use. Otherwise, methods must be developed for adequate selection of materials intended for barrier garments.

Air Microbiology↗