[Civil defense and its importance in the uniform system of civil defense training of Czechoslovak citizens].
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Civil Defense↗
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[Psychology of war (civilization as Thanatos or civilization as Eros)].
Freud saw war as the prevailing of death over love, this being a metapsychological concept whose roots lie in the dynamics of urges within the individual and civilisation in general. In his opinion, this dialectic tension could not be overcome. Reich noted that the analytic theory was in conflict with practice. Freud's premisses concerning the philosophy of civilisation and their implications have been taken up by Marcuse, who solves the conflict between the love-death urges by treating work as reduced to love or a game, in which death is merely the negative to be overcome.
Adolescent↗
[The integral civil and military health care system].
The problem of the organization of the army health care system in the Republic of Croatia is very actual. At the beginning of the war, the all fighting formations were covered by the civil health organization. After the Croatian army was organized, the differentiation between civil and army health system has been established. The characteristic of that differentiation was integral system with primary health care and transporting of the wounded persons organized by the army, while the specialistic and hospital care were organized by the civil institutions. In the peaceful future the integral health system must be kept. There is no need for the army hospitals, because only one hundred beds for a year will be enough for the army consisted of about 50,000 persons. The civil hospitals can provide the high quality service with a short-term transporting of the patients. The Government of the Republic of Croatia has decided to establish such integral system which includes the civil hospital care and the civil specialistic out-patient care, while the primary and specific health care are in the organization of the army. This system is less expensive than the full army health system, but is of better quality and includes an easy approach to all health institutions.
Croatia↗
Preventive outpatient civil commitment and the right to refuse treatment: can pragmatic realities and constitutional requirements be reconciled?
This article examines the concept of preventive outpatient civil commitment as a mechanism for controlling the behaviour of the chronically mentally ill. The goal of preventive outpatient civil commitment is to intervene at an early stage to prevent further deterioration of a mentally ill person's state. In the jurisdictions in the United States which have enacted preventive outpatient civil commitment statutes, there is a lesser standard required for outpatient commitment than for inpatient commitment. For outpatient commitment, there generally only needs to be a finding of mental illness and a conclusion that without treatment a person's mental illness will further deteriorate. This standard often clashes with the civil liberties of those being committed, particularly with the right to refuse treatment. This article explores preventive outpatient civil commitment in relation to the historic right to refuse treatment by examining the antithetical positions of the state's authority to treat and the mental health client's interest in liberty. The article concludes that both of these positions ignore the possibility that, through the development of an adequate community care service system, the reality of the mentally ill in the community may be reconciled with a civil liberties perspective. '[The] [c]onstitutional right to privacy...is an expression of the sanctity of individual free choice and self-determination as fundamental constituents of life. The value of life as so perceived is lessened not by a decision to refuse treatment, but by the failure to allow a competent human being the right of choice.'
Ambulatory Care↗
The effects of location, experiences with the civil disturbances and religion on death anxiety and manifest anxiety in a sample of Northern Ireland university students.
A total of 315 Northern Ireland university students were compared to 302 Republic of Ireland university students in terms of death anxiety, manifest anxiety, and perception of dangerousness of aspects of their environment and attitudes toward the civil disturbances in Northern Ireland. Also using these variables in the Northern Ireland sample, Protestants were compared to Catholics, those having had experiences with the disturbances were compared to those not having had such experiences, and those living in nominally dangerous areas of Belfast were compared to those living in nominally safer areas of Belfast. Students living in Northern Ireland had higher death anxiety and stronger fears than students living in the Republic. Those having had experiences with the civil violence had higher manifest anxiety and stronger fears than those not having has such experiences. Persons living in safe environments thought the disturbances to be more serious than those living in more dangerous environments, a result which is discussed in terms of the media and cognitive dissonance. Finally, an argument is made that the influence of religious denomination is an overemphasized variable in the understanding of the civil disturbances.
Adult↗
The relationship of assumption and knowledge of the homosexual orientation to the abridgment of civil liberties.
This article is concerned with the relationship of assumption or knowledge of departure from the heterosexual orientation to the abridgment of civil liberties. The methodology for obtaining data on sexual orientation is described. The definitions for assumption and knowledge of sexual orientation is described. The definitions for assumption and knowledge of sexual orientation are provided. The results indicated that: (a) the most frequently violated civil liberties were equality and procedural due process; (b) there was more assumption than knowledge of sexual orientation; (c) patterns of violations of civil liberties were similar whether sexual orientation was known or assumed; and (d) there was much more use of avoidance than any other mode of resolution, both when the sexual orientation was known and when it was assumed.
Adult↗
Psychiatric screening of civil service candidates with particular reference to police applicants.
This prelimary report has reviewed the activities of a Medical Review Board for a Civil Service Commission. The responsibility of the Board is to review conflicting data in cases where the hiring authority has attempted to exclude a candidate, particularly a police candidate, on the grounds that the applicant is mentally unfit to perform the duties of the position. This rule has been applied primarily to police applicants, secondarily to fireman applicants, and rarely to other. Psychiatrists who participate must be aware of the underlying conflicts within civil service systems, the possibility of manipulation, and the rigidity of the system which is designed to protect the greatest number. Civil service systems have limited discretion on personnel policies. Therefore, psychiatrists must be careful not to act as arbiters for social institutions without a sound and meticulous basis for their participation. For those psychiatrists who participate in the process, the urgent need to do so in accord with professional standards is stressed, recognizing that standards change and that the nature of participation will be scrutinized by many in society outside the profession.
Civil Rights↗
The impact of civil disturbances on the migration of physicians: the case of Lebanon.
This report examines the impact of war on the migratory patterns of physicians in Lebanon, a country with ever-raging civil disturbances for the past 15 years. The data base included two cohorts of medical graduates of the American University of Beirut: the 1960 through 1969 cohort, whose education and training were completed before the onset of the civil war, and the 1970 through 1979 cohort, who was exposed to the turmoil in Lebanon during either their study or their residency training. Between- and within-cohort comparison of their locations 5 years after graduation was made. Findings suggest that there is an association between civil instability and migration. This relationship could not be explained by possible confounders like nationality, training abroad, and board certification. On the contrary, factors that potentiated migration in the earlier cohort before the onset of the war were less frequent in the latter cohort with the increased tendency to migrate.
Career Choice↗
Image processing by computer analysis--potential use and application in civil and criminal litigation.
The image processing by computer analysis has established a data base for applications in the industrial world. Testing has proved that the same system can provide documentation and evidence in all facets of modern day life. The medicolegal aspects in civil and criminal litigation are no exception. The primary function of the image processing system is to derive all of the information available from the image being processed. The process will extract this information in an unbiased manner, based solely on the physics of reflected light energy. The computer will analyze this information and present it in pictorial form, with mathematical data to support the form presented. This information can be presented in the courtroom with full credibility as an unbiased, reliable witness. New scientific techniques shown in the courtroom are subject to their validity being proven. Past imaging techniques shown in the courtroom have made the conventional rules of evidence more difficult because of the different informational content and format required for presentation of these data. I believe the manner in which the evidence can now be presented in pictorial form will simplify the acceptance. Everyone, including the layman, the judge, and the jury, will be able to identify and understand the implications of the before and after changes to the image being presented. In this article, I have mentioned just some of the ways in which image processing by computer analysis can be useful in civil and criminal litigation areas: existing photographic evidence; forensic reconstruction; correlation of effect evidence with cause of evidence; medical records as legal protection; providing evidence of circumstance of death; child abuse, with tracking over time to prevent death; investigation of operating room associated deaths; detection of blood at the scene of the crime and on suspected objects; use of scales at the scene of the crime; providing medicolegal evidence beyond today's technology; and a new theory and technique on using polygraph information in litigation. I am sure that the professionals in the forensic field will be able to think of many more applications where the image processing by computer analysis tool will be able to provide solutions to complex problems. The next time you say to yourself, "I wish they would have preserved this," or, "It's too bad they didn't do an autopsy," think of this new tool that is available to help you get the documentation and answers that will stand up to the scrutiny of the civil and criminal litigation system.
Accidents, Traffic↗
Organization and operation of civil aviation medicine in the Soviet Union.
The United States of America and the Soviet Union formalized an agreement in 1973 wherein periodic exchanges of information in civil aviation take place. During the period Aug. 21-Sept. 9, 1976, the author and an associate visited the Soviet Union as part of the exchange agreement. During the visit, the following information was covered. The civil ceviation medicine program in the Soviet Union involves preflight physical examinations for aircrew members, including flight attendants, quarterly physical examinations on pilots and flight engineers, and a special central hospital for diagnosis and treatment of problem medical cases occurring in aviation personnel. In addition, prophylactoria (special rest facilities) for flight crew are maintained at major airports. Certain other aspects of Soviet civil aviation medicine include preflight examinations on all children, and the provision at each airport of a designated medical emergency facility.
Aerospace Medicine↗
Federal civil-service annuitants and social security, December 1975.
This article examines personal and work-related characteristics of a sample of the nearly 1 million Federal civil-service retirees who were receiving annuities based on their own wage records as of December 31, 1975. Employment patterns and subsequent annuities in civil-service careers have been related to corresponding experience in jobs covered under the old-age, survivors, disability, and health insurance (OASDIHI) program. With some exceptions, the review uncovered patterns generally similar to those found in a study of 1967 annuitants. About 2 out of 5 annuitants were entitled to OASDHI cash benefits in 1975. Most of these dual beneficiaries received benefits on the basis of their own OASDHI-covered earnings, but 11 percent were entitled as dependents or survivors of other workers. About two-thirds of the annuitants not currently receiving benefits had some OASDHI-covered employment during their work careers. In general, those with the shortest civil-service careers and lowest annuities were most likely to be entitled to OASDHI cash benefits.
Aged↗
Urbanization and de-urbanization of the black population before the Civil War.
Pre-Civil War black urbanization is examined using data from federal census records, 1790 to 1860. The black population is found to be as urban as the white population initially, but its urbanization underwent relative decline in the last two decades before the Civil War. Foreshadowing current patterns, the northern black population was heavily concentrated in the largest cities, and the free black population was the most urban of all groups. The timing of black urban decline in the North, as well as regional and size of place differences in that decline, suggest that both competition with immigrants in major eastern seaboard cities and the passage of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850 contributed to black de-urbanization. For the South, the explanations of black urban decline proposed by Wade, Conrad and Meyer, Goldin, and Bonacich are evaluated, and Bonacich's split labor market theory is judged to be most consistent with the demographic trends.
Black or African American↗
The relationship of departures in social sex-role to the abridgment of civil liberties.
This article examines the relationship of departures from the feminine stereotype for women and the masculine stereotype for men to the abridgment of civil liberties. The methodology is described for determining conformity to and departures from social sex-role stereotypes. Results show that: (a) there was more conformity than departure from social sex-role stereotypes; (b) there were proportionately more violations of the right of equality for those who departed; (c) sexual orientation was more often known for those who departed; (d) biological sex was not related to the violations of particular civil liberties for those who departed; and (e) for modes of conflict resolution, there was proportionately more use of avoidance by those who departed.
Adult↗
Factors associated with hypertension in Nigerian civil servants.
BACKGROUND: Study of hypertension in segments of West African populations in transition toward Westernization may lead to better understanding of the high risk for hypertension among Westernized blacks. METHODS: Five hundred fifty-nine urban civil servants, ages 25-54, were recruited from six ministries of Bendel State, Nigeria. Blood pressure, physical measurements, urinary protein and glucose, fasting blood glucose, and demographic data were collected at the workplace. Subjects were classified as senior staff (professionals or administrators) or junior staff (non-administrators). RESULTS: Among 172 male senior staff, the age-adjusted rate of hypertension (diastolic blood pressure > or = 90 mm Hg, systolic blood pressure > or = 140 mm Hg, or on an antihypertensive medication) was 43% and occurrence rose dramatically from 21 to 63% across age groups 25-34 to 45-54, respectively. Among 266 male junior staff, the age-adjusted rate of hypertension was 23%, and occurrence did not rise with age. Logistic regression showed that body mass index (kg/m2), age, alcohol drinking, and being senior staff were all independently related to hypertension in men. On the other hand, the age-adjusted rate of hypertension in 121 women was 20% and was significantly related only to body mass index. CONCLUSION: Male urban civil servants appeared to have a risk for hypertension similar to that of U.S. black males. Age, body mass index, alcohol drinking, and other unidentified factors related to higher socioeconomic status were strong determinants of hypertension in this population.
Adult↗
Health inequalities among British civil servants: the Whitehall II study.
The Whitehall study of British civil servants begun in 1967, showed a steep inverse association between social class, as assessed by grade of employment, and mortality from a wide range of diseases. Between 1985 and 1988 we investigated the degree and causes of the social gradient in morbidity in a new cohort of 10,314 civil servants (6900 men, 3414 women) aged 35-55 (the Whitehall II study). Participants were asked to answer a self-administered questionnaire and attend a screening examination. In the 20 years separating the two studies there has been no diminution in social class difference in morbidity: we found an inverse association between employment grade and prevalence of angina, electrocardiogram evidence of ischaemia, and symptoms of chronic bronchitis. Self-perceived health status and symptoms were worse in subjects in lower status jobs. There were clear employment-grade differences in health-risk behaviours including smoking, diet, and exercise, in economic circumstances, in possible effects of early-life environment as reflected by height, in social circumstances at work (eg, monotonous work characterised by low control and low satisfaction), and in social supports. Healthy behaviours should be encouraged across the whole of society; more attention should be paid to the social environments, job design, and the consequences of income inequality.
Adult↗
Why the gap? Practice and policy in civil commitment hearings.
The failure of civil commitment procedures to meet statutory requirements is one of the more reliable findings in the applied social sciences. Most states now require specific legal procedures and behavioral standards for involuntary hospitalization. Nonetheless, empirical studies have demonstrated that commitment hearings are rarely adversarial and clinical concerns continue to take precedence over legal issues. These findings are analyzed in the context of three related issues: the grounds for commitment that are used in civil commitment hearings, the particular difficulties of recommitment hearings, and the shortcomings of the national policy of deinstitutionalization. The authors conclude that a primary cause of the gap between legal standards and actual practice is the absence of viable, less restrictive alternatives to inpatient treatment.
Commitment of Persons with Psychiatric Disorders↗
Civil commitment and arrests. An investigation of the criminalization thesis.
This study examined one part of the criminalization thesis, which holds that the dangerousness standard of reform civil commitment law has led to the frequent arrest of mentally ill persons. It followed a large statewide sample of civil commitment candidates for 6 months through arrest records to observe their number and type of arrests. It found that: ex-candidates were seldom arrested; over half of arrests were accounted for by a few with multiple arrests; the nonviolent and those released were no more likely to be arrested than the violent and those committed; and charges were more often for the less serious offenses, but not predominantly for nuisance offenses [corrected].
Adult↗
Occupational aspects of epilepsy in the civil service.
Eighty five civil servants with epilepsy who were referred to the Civil Service Occupational Health Service over an 18 month period formed the study population. The reasons for these referrals and their outcomes have been analysed. The main reasons for referral were prolonged or frequent sickness absence, unsatisfactory work performance, epilepsy starting during employment, the discovery of undisclosed epilepsy, and for advice on working conditions. In 30 the outcome was medical retirement, although in only 15 was this due to epilepsy alone. Of the other 15, medical retirement was necessary in four because of the combination of epilepsy with another medical disorder, and in 11 because of a coincidental condition unrelated to their epilepsy. Only six out of 15 referred on account of epilepsy related sickness absence, and none of the 14 referrals due to epilepsy related unsatisfactory work performance resulted in early retirement. This reflected the invaluable role that the occupational physicians had in recognising where problems were due to poor control of the epilepsy or to the side effects of the antiepileptic medication and in arranging through general practitioners or hospital doctors for appropriate adjustment of the drug regimen. Nine of the 22 subjects who developed epilepsy during employment, however, were retired on medical grounds.
Absenteeism↗