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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

The third generation of therapeutic communities: the early development of the TC for addictions in Europe.

AIMS: It is the goal of this study to investigate the first development of the drug-free therapeutic community (TC) in Europe. The paper aims at systemizing information, scattered all over Europe and is the first stage in an ongoing study to record the development of the European TC movement and its influences. DESIGN: After a study of the grey (hidden) literature, TC pioneers and experts per country were contacted to further elaborate the first findings. Subsequently, a preliminary summary of our findings was published in the Newsletter of the European Federation of Therapeutic Communities (EFTC), inviting additional information and corrections. The authors completed the results for this article with relevant first-hand information, obtained through interviews with European pioneers. FINDINGS: The findings are summarized under three topics: chronology, interconnections and European identity. It was found that from 1968 until 1989, a new therapeutic approach arose all over Europe, modeled after Synanon, Daytop and Phoenix House, New York, through Phoenix House, London and Emiliehoeve in the Netherlands. Therapeutic communities were established in Belgium, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland as well. These communities were closely-knit and interconnected in their reaction against psychiatric and methadone treatment. The European TCs developed an own identity compared to the American ones. CONCLUSIONS: The European TCs adapted the model of their American predecessors to their own culture, influenced more by milieu-therapy and social learning. Instead of harsh behaviorism, more emphasis was placed on dialogue and understanding. Professionals occupied a more pivotal role and took over the dominant position of ex-addicts. Research, executed by TC professionals gradually entered the TC. A generic network of TC connections, through which the development evolved, was uncovered, and clear regional trends can be observed.

Europe↗
PubMed1981

[Various aspects of occupational medicine].

Miscellaneous remarks about present and future state of occupational medicine and industrial hygiene in Switzerland. Historical recall, present structures, need of a multidisciplinary approach. Problems set by long-term effects, misleading security given by statistics, difficulty of interpreting subnormal biological values. Requirements, needs and limits of the legislation. Considerations about the medical services in factories and the debatable state of the occupational physician. Necessity of a training. Primordial role of the institutes, answerable for formation, teaching, research, experts and advisers for all who practice occupational health and industrial hygiene.

Bibliographies as Topic↗
PubMed1982

National social data series: a compendium of brief descriptions.

This is a compilation of brief descriptions of 101 data bases that together are a large portion of the national body of data as of December 31, 1981, for the study of U.S. social conditions and social change. Most of these data bases were generated by national samples, have substantial social content, and contain observations for more than one time period. The descriptions include information on sponsors, sampling procedures, cycles of data collection, magnetic tapes or other forms of output, and substantive content. Linkages to other data bases are often indicated. Topical and chronological indexes are provided, and key words are supplied for each description. An address and telephone number are provided for persons seeking further information.

Directories as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The discovery of the principles of reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and differentiation of conditional reflexes in Pavlov's laboratories.

The discovery of reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and differentiation with the conditional reflex method in Pavlov's laboratories is described. Modern American introductory texts show that contemporary understanding of the experimental work on conditioning in Pavlov's laboratories is derived from a 1927 English translation of Pavlov's lectures on the conditional reflexes. The lectures present the discoveries topically, not chronologically. In contrast, this article presents a chronological account of the contributions of S.G. Vul'fson, I.F. Tolochinov, and B.P. Babkin, which led to the conceptualization of reinforcement and extinction, and the work of V.N. Boldyrev and N.A. Kashereninova, which led to the formulation of the concepts of generalization and differentiation. This historical approach avoids giving the impression that the development of the Pavlovian paradigm was a highly systematic pursuit.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Optimal ratios of topical stratum corneum lipids improve barrier recovery in chronologically aged skin.

BACKGROUND: Chronologically aged skin exhibits delayed recovery rates after defined barrier insults, with decreased epidermal lipid synthesis, and particularly a reduction in cholesterol synthesis. Prior studies in young mice (< 10 weeks) and humans (20 to 30 years of age) have shown that application of a mixture of cholesterol, ceramides, and essential/nonessential free fatty acids (FFAs) in an equimolar ratio allows normal barrier recovery, whereas any 3:1:1:1 ratio of these four ingredients accelerates barrier recovery. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Our purpose was to compare the ability of equimolar and cholesterol- and FFA-dominant molar lipid mixtures (2% in propylene glycol/n-propanol, 7:3) versus vehicle alone on barrier recovery rates at 0, 3, 6, 24, 48 hours, and 1 week after tape stripping of aged hairless mouse (> 18 months) and chronologically aged human skin (80 +/- 5 years). RESULTS: Whereas a single topical application of the equimolar mixture only allows normal recovery in young mice, it appeared to improve barrier recovery in chronologically aged mice (p < 0.06). Moreover, a 3:1:1:1 mixture with cholesterol as the dominant lipid further accelerated barrier recovery at 3 and 6 hours (p < 0.01 and p < 0.03, respectively, vs 1:1:1:1). Likewise, the cholesterol-dominant, optimal molar ratio mixture significantly accelerated barrier recovery in chronologically aged human skin at 6 hours (p < 0.005; n = 6). In contrast, in aged mice, an FFA-dominant mixture significantly delayed barrier recovery at 3, 6, and 24 hours (p < 0.005, 0.05, and 0.001, respectively), Finally, ultrastructural studies showed that lipid-induced, accelerated recovery in chronologically aged mice is associated with the accelerated replenishment of the stratum corneum interstices with lamellar unit structures. CONCLUSION: These findings show that barrier recovery is accelerated in chronologically aged murine epidermis with optimized ratios of physiologic lipids, provided that cholesterol is the dominant lipid and that the same mixture also accelerates barrier recovery in chronologically aged human skin.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1996

[The history of urologic journalism in Spain (II). Chronology of Spanish publications specialized in urologic topics].

The history of Spanish urological periodicals, like that of the surgical specialties, encompasses several periods as the specialties emerge, are then defined and finally established. It is difficult to determine precisely when the urological specialty began in Spain, since there were surgeons with some dedication to Urology early in the 19th century. Perhaps it began in 1884, when the first service dedicated to the diseases of the urinary tract was created at the Instituto de Terapéutica Operatoria (Institute of Surgical Therapeutics) of the Hospital de la Princesa in Madrid. Although some periodicals with urological descriptions that date back to an earlier period (1800-1850) can be found, it is widely recognized that regular publication of literature and periodicals on the urinary tract started in the mid-19th century, when 'El Especialista' (The Specialist) first appeared in Madrid in 1859. This was the first non monographic specialized periodical where the section 'Genitourinary Disorders' appeared for the first time together with three other specialties. During this second period, journal names were nonspecific or too comprehensive to the point that other medical fields became indiscernible, but they became more explicit as the specialties became more defined. In 1887, the first issue of 'Gaceta de Enfermedades de los Organos Génito-Urinarios' (Gazette of Diseases of the Genitourinary Organs) was published in Madrid. It was the first Spanish journal dedicated exclusively to urological topics. It ushered in a third period, which can be defined as the period of specialized monographic publications, that concluded in 1911 with the founding of the Asociación Española de Urología (Spanish Urological Society). The present article reviews the historical and bibliographical data concerning the six periodicals that were established during these two latter periods.

History, 18th Century↗
PubMed1996

[The history of urologic journalism in Spain (III). Chronology of Spanish specialized publications in urologic topics (continuation)].

The fourth period, which can be defined as the period of specialized publications, commenced with the founding of the Asociación Española de Urología (Spanish Urological Society) in 1911. As in other European countries, the expressions 'Genitourinary Disorders' or 'Genitourinary Organs' were replaced and all publications dealing with the genitourinary tract, its disorders or their surgical management, adopted the generic term 'Urology', although the terms relating to other specialties were retained. From 1924 until the Spanish Civil War in 1936, there was always a representative and official journal of the Asociación Española de Urología. Fifteen new journals, which are analyzed in the present article, were published during this long and fruitful period abruptly broken by the Spanish Civil War. This period culminated in 1977, when Actas Urológicas Españolas, the official journal of the Society, was established. Most of the journals of this last period have disappeared, but some have endured, like Archivos Españoles de Urología, which is now in its 50th year. Despite the formidable and sustained competition of the foreign specialized journals, their activity continues with the same vigour that denotes the perseverance, thrust and intellectual vitality of Spanish urologists who have unfalteringly supported these publications. In my view, Spanish urological publications have a brilliant and enduring future.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2003

Topical vitamins, minerals and botanical ingredients as modulators of environmental and chronological skin damage.

Ageing skin is characterized by fine lines, wrinkles, lentigines, dyspigmentation and increased coarseness. Topical preparations alleged to combat these changes abound in the over-the-counter market. Some of the most popular ingredients used in these products are vitamins, minerals and botanical extracts. Proposed mechanisms for antiageing effects on skin range from antioxidant properties to improved collagen synthesis or protection from collagen breakdown. Despite the media attention and consumer popularity that these ingredients have generated, there have been few scientific studies to support these claims. In this report, we review recent published studies on the most common of these ingredients for the topical photoprotection and the treatment of ageing skin.

Cosmetics↗
PubMed1999

No hospital is an island when it comes to Y2K bug.

If a recent meeting on the millennium bug is any indication, Canada's health care facilities have plenty to worry about as the year 2,000 approaches. Topics discussed included the state of readiness within the health care sector and potential legal issues that may arise.

Canada↗
PubMed1999

R U E 4 Y2K?

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, U.S.↗
PubMed2005

Relationship between time of day, day of week, timeliness of reperfusion, and in-hospital mortality for patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction.

CONTEXT: Understanding how door-to-drug and door-to-balloon times vary by time of day and day of week can inform the design of interventions to improve the timeliness of reperfusion therapy. OBJECTIVE: To determine the pattern of door-to-drug and door-to-balloon times by time of day and day of week and whether this pattern may affect mortality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Cohort study of 68,439 patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) treated with fibrinolytic therapy and 33,647 treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) from 1999 through 2002. We classified patient hospital arrival period into regular hours (weekdays, 7 am-5 pm) and off-hours (weekdays 5 pm-7 am and weekends). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Geometric mean door-to-drug time for fibrinolytic therapy and door-to-balloon time for PCI and all-cause in-hospital mortality. All outcomes were adjusted for patient and hospital characteristics. RESULTS: Most fibrinolytic therapy (67.9%) and PCI patients (54.2%) were treated during off-hours. Door-to-drug times were slightly longer during off-hours (34.3 minutes) than regular hours (33.2 minutes; difference, 1.0 minute; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.7-1.4; P<.001). In contrast, door-to-balloon times were substantially longer during off-hours (116.1 minutes) than regular hours (94.8 minutes; difference, 21.3 minutes; 95% CI, 20.5-22.2; P<.001). A lower percentage of patients met guideline recommended times for door-to-balloon during off-hours (25.7%) than regular hours (47%; P<.001). Door-to-balloon times exceeding 120 minutes occurred much more commonly during off-hours (41.5%) than regular hours (27.7%; P<.001). Longer off-hours door-to-balloon times were primarily due to a longer interval between obtaining the electrocardiogram and patient arrival at the catheterization laboratory (off-hours, 69.8 minutes vs regular hours, 49.1 minutes; P<.001). This pattern was consistent across all hospital subgroups examined. Furthermore, patients presenting during off-hours had significantly higher adjusted in-hospital mortality than patients presenting during regular hours (odds ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.01-1.14; P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: Presentation during off-hours was common and was associated with substantially longer times to treatment for PCI but not for fibrinolytic therapy. To achieve the best outcomes, hospitals providing PCI during off-hours should commit to doing so in a timely manner.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The onset of generalized osteoarthritis in older women: a qualitative approach.

OBJECTIVE: This qualitative study aims to investigate which factors are possibly associated with the onset of generalized osteoarthritis (OA) in older women. METHODS: The study population was recruited from participants of a group course, "Coping With Osteoarthritis of the Hip or Knee." Twenty-three women with generalized OA were identified, 20 of whom participated in a semistructured interview at home. All data were self-reported by the subjects. RESULTS: Hereditary factors were present in 17 women. Metabolic factors (such as impairments in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, diabetes, etc.) were not prevalent. Twelve women thought that certain diets influenced their pain symptoms. Five women spontaneously mentioned their health status during the Second World War as a cause of their OA. Four considered too much stress as being a cause, and in 13 women symptoms started after a period of stressful life events or depression. CONCLUSION: According to the respondents, depression, stress, and diets are associated with the onset and worsening of their generalized OA. Heredity and a low health status at a vulnerable age may also be important. These findings could generate new hypotheses that can be tested in future quantitative studies.

Age of Onset↗
PubMed1996

The limits of palaeontological knowledge: finding the gold among the dross.

Palaeontological interpretation rests on two interwoven sets of comparisons with the modern world. Palaeobiological interpretation relies on the placement of fossils within a phylogenetic and functional framework based primarily on the comparative biology of living organisms. Analogy to currently observable chemical, physical and taphonomic processes enables palaeoenvironmental inferences to be drawn from geological data. In older rocks, comparisons with the modern Earth can become tenuous, limiting palaeontological interpretation. The problem reaches its apogee in Archaean successions, yet pursuit of multiple lines of evidence establishes that complex microbial communities, fuelled by autotrophy and, likely, photoautotrophy, existed 3500 million years ago. Although Archaean palaeontology has to date focused on silicified coastal sediments, improved understanding of Earth's earliest biosphere may depend on the development of alternative environmental and taphonomic analogies. Spring precipitates and hydrothermal metal deposits are promising candidates. Terrestrial organisms may be of limited value in interpreting such fossils as may be found on Mars, although some points of comparison could prove general. Given limited opportunities for exploration, proper choice of environmental analogy is critical. Spring precipitates constitute excellent deposits for addressing questions of biology on another planet.

Archaea↗