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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2003

Does quality of child care affect child outcomes at age 4(1/2)?

Research reveals associations between child-care quality and child outcomes. But are these associations causal? Data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care. a longitudinal study of children from birth to age 4(1/2), were used to explore 5 propositions that would support a causal argument. Three propositions received support. principally in the cognitive domain: (a) Associations between quality and outcomes remained even with child and family factors controlled; (b) associations between care and outcomes were domain specific; and (c) outcomes were predicted by quality of earlier care with concurrent care controlled. The 4th proposition, that associations between quality and outcomes would be significant with earlier abilities controlled, received limited support. There was no support for the 5th proposition, that quality and outcomes would exhibit dose-response relations.

Caregivers↗
PubMed1999

Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage in children attending 59 Canadian child care centers. Toronto Child Care Centre Study Group.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage, antibiotic resistance patterns, and serotypes; to examine the variability of microbiological findings between child care centers; and to determine risk factors for antibiotic resistance. DESIGN: Point prevalence survey. SETTING: Licensed child care centers in Toronto, Ontario. PARTICIPANTS: Healthy children attending the centers. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence (simple and adjusted for clustering) of carriage, antibiotic resistance, and serotypes; multivariate analysis of risk factors for resistance. RESULTS: Of 1322 children from 59 centers, 586 (44.3%) carried 599 S. pneumoniae isolates. On the day of study, 129 (10.7%) of 1203 children for whom a questionnaire was completed were taking antibiotics and 336 (227.9%) had taken them in the previous month. Decreased susceptibility to penicillin was found in 102 isolates (17.0%) and 82 (13.7%) were resistant to multiple antibiotics. The most common serotypes, in order, were 6B, 23F, 6A, 19F, 14, 11A, and 19A, composing 78% of all isolates. Microbiological results from individual centers were variable, but the overall prevalence of carriage, antibiotic resistance, and serotypes was not significantly different when adjusted for effects of clustering within centers. Multiple logistic regression determined that age younger than 24 months and antibiotic use within the previous month were significant risk factors for carriage of S. pneumoniae resistant to penicillin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, and erythromycin. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to reduce antibiotic use in children should be particularly directed toward young children attending child care centers. Studies of infectious diseases in child care centers should consider clustering of pathogens or factors promoting transmission within centers that may result in variability between centers.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1998

Relations between family predictors and child outcomes: are they weaker for children in child care? NICHD Early Child Care Research Network.

Studies suggesting that family factors predict developmental outcomes more strongly for children reared principally by their parents than those with extensive early child-care experience stimulated the examination of the differential prediction of child outcomes using a subsample of families participating in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care. A variety of factors were used to predict development of children who averaged 30 hr of nonparental care per week for each month of their lives and for those who never experienced more than 10 hr of care per week by someone other than their mothers. Multivariate analyses provided no evidence that family factors predicted outcomes differentially for these 2 groups, though exploratory analyses revealed several instances of differential prediction.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Child care and mother-child interaction in the first 3 years of life. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network.

Relations between nonmaternal child care and ratings of maternal sensitivity and child positive engagement during mother-child interaction at 6, 15, 24, and 36 months were examined for 1,274 mothers and their children participating in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care. In longitudinal analyses that controlled for selection, child, and family predictors, child care was a small but significant predictor of maternal sensitivity and child engagement. For the whole sample, including families who did and did not use child care, more hours of child care predicted less maternal sensitivity and less positive child engagement. For children who were observed in child care, higher quality child care predicted greater maternal sensitivity, and more child-care hours predicted less child engagement. The effects of child care on mother-child interaction were much smaller in the analytical models than the effects of maternal education but were similar in size to the effects of maternal depression and child difficult temperament. Patterns of association with child care did not differ significantly across ages of assessment.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Examination of state regulations regarding infants and sleep in licensed child care centers and family child care settings.

BACKGROUND: Twenty percent of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occurs in child care settings. Although the incidence of SIDS in the United States has decreased with increased awareness of the risks of prone infant sleeping, smoke exposure, soft bedding, and unsafe sleep environments, avoidance of these risk factors is not universally practiced in child care settings. Advocacy through state child care regulatory agencies and legislative bodies may be effective in more widespread awareness and avoidance of risk factors. OBJECTIVE: To determine what individual state regulations for licensed child care centers and family child care settings exist regarding: 1) sleep positions for infants under 6 months old, 2) crib safety, 3) bedding safety, and 4) smoking in the facilities. DESIGN: A descriptive survey of regulations for licensed child care centers and family child care settings in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. RESULTS: Fifteen states use regulations adopted before publication of the first policy statement of the American Academy of Pediatrics on infant sleep position and SIDS in 1992. Six states require child care centers to place infants nonprone. Sixty-three percent of states require cribs in child care centers to meet at least 1 safety standard, and 45.1% require this in family child care homes. Six states have provisions limiting the use of soft bedding in child care centers, and 4 have such bans for family child care homes. Seventy-one percent of states prohibit smoking in child care centers during hours of operation; 17% of states have similar requirements for family child care homes. CONCLUSIONS: Many states use child care regulations that were written before the initial policy statements of the American Academy of Pediatrics regarding safe sleep environments for infants. Even those more recently adopted regulations do not adequately address sleep safety for infants. Pediatricians need to become more proactive in promoting safety regulations in child care. Adoption of new regulations can aid in education of child care providers and, thus, improve the safety for infants in child care.

Bedding and Linens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Rescuing the baby from the bathwater: how gender and temperament (may) influence how child care affects child development.

Children's temperament and gender, combined with type, quality, and amount of care, likely influence differences in development and should not be overlooked in studies of child care effects. Research is consistent with this view, although definitive studies have not been carried out. Most notable, children's stress responses to full-time, center-based child care differ, and these differences are associated with emotional tendencies that may precede their entry into care. Changes in full time, center-based child care are needed to reduce stress experienced by some children and their providers, using information about what is happening at home and in family day care settings, where typically cortisol-linked stress does not increase during the day, to guide efforts.

Child Care↗
PubMed2000

First-time mothers and child care when the child is 8 months old.

The aim of the present study was to examine those resources and strengths that mothers find helpful for coping with child care when the child was 8 months old. This study is part of a more extensive longitudinal study project in which the growth into motherhood of first-time mothers was followed for 8 months postpartum. Data were collected by using structured questionnaires between August 1995 and March 1996. The sample comprised 254 first-time mothers and 248 mothers returned the questionnaires by mail. The multivariate method used was a stepwise regression analysis. Predictors included in the multivariate method to explain coping with child care were as follows: the mother's competence, mother's attachment to the child, mother's self-concept, relation to the spouse, breastfeeding, decision-making support from the public health nurse and activity of the child. The strongest predictor was competence as a mother. The more competent the mother felt and the more attached the mother was to her child, the better her coping. The better the mother's self-concept and relationship with the spouse were, the better she succeeded in taking care of the child. If the mother still breastfed her child and received decision-making support from public health nurses, she coped better in child care. Finally the more active the child was, the more the risk for unsuccessful child care increased. The results indicate that the first-time mother's successful coping with child care when the child is 8 months old is associated with her own resources and attachment to the child as well as activity of the child and breastfeeding. A good relationship between the spouses and support for decision making from the public health nurse also contribute to coping with child care.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1996

Effects of nonparental child care on child development: an update.

OBJECTIVE: To review the published literature on the effects of nonparental and out-of-home care on infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. METHOD: Narrative literature review. RESULTS: Although substantial controversy persists, the accumulated evidence suggests that nonparental care does not necessarily have either beneficial or detrimental effects on infants and children, although it can have such effects. In some circumstances, careproviders establish relationships with children that have significant effects on development, and this increases the importance of ensuring that careproviders are well trained, behave sensitively, and are stable rather than ephemeral figures in children's lives. Nonparental care is associated with behaviour problems (including aggression and noncompliance) when the care is of poor quality and opportunities for meaningful relationships with stable careproviders are not available, however. CONCLUSION: The effects of out-of-home care vary depending on the quality of care as well as the characteristics of individual children, including their age, temperaments, and individual backgrounds.

Caregivers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Selected outcomes of technology dependent children receiving home care and prescribed child care services.

Traditionally, parents of technology dependent children have had two child care choices: prolonged hospitalization or home care. Prescribed child care centers have emerged to provide parents another care alternative. Prescribed child care parents reported fewer communicable diseases for children, and a coping level equal to or better than home care parents as well as lower monthly nursing costs.

Child Health Services↗