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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

The Chicago AIDS autopsy study: opportunistic infections, neoplasms, and findings from selected organ systems with a comparison to national data. Chicago Associated Pathologists.

The Chicago acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) autopsy study evaluated the first 38 AIDS autopsies through January 1, 1985 from 14 participating institutions in the Chicago area. A complete analysis of neoplasms and opportunistic infections from this material as well as a discussion of pathologic features that may be associated only with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is presented and compared with national data. Among the neoplasms nodular Kaposi's sarcoma was present post-mortem in only 15.8% of cases as compared with a national autopsy incidence of approximately 50%. This figure was highly significant (Z = -5.439 where significance occurs at more than +/- 1.96) and indicates that the Chicago AIDS population is distinct from the national AIDS population in terms of Kaposi's sarcoma. There were no parallel differences in possible cofactors to account for this lower incidence in Chicago. Inflammatory Kaposi's sarcoma was present in 3 cases but did not approach the near 100% figure reported by others. A discussion of this entity and possible reasons for confusion in its diagnosis are discussed. Chicago continues to have a low incidence of AIDS for a large metropolitan area (308 cases/million population) and a continuing low incidence of nodular Kaposi's sarcoma reported clinically. We hypothesize that either some as yet unidentified agent, not generally present in the Chicago population at risk for AIDS, is responsible for the initiation of Kaposi's sarcoma or that the particular HIV-1 isolate in Chicago is not associated with this malignancy.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1991

The incidence and distribution of Mycoplasma fermentans (incognitus strain) in the Chicago AIDS autopsy series: an immunohistochemical study. Chicago Associated Pathologists.

Mycoplasma incognitus is a recently described organism that was originally isolated by Shyh-Ching Lo from spleen and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) tissue of patients with AIDS. The mycoplasm has since been found in selected AIDS autopsy cases in which there were tissues with unexplained areas of necrosis. Mycoplasma incognitus is now known to be closely related to Mycoplasma fermentans. In order to determine the incidence and distribution of M. fermentans/M. incognitus in an unselected series, we performed a retrospective immunohistochemical study of 42 HIV-positive autopsies from the Chicago AIDS autopsy series. One case (2.4%) was found to be positive. The patient was a 27-year-old white male homosexual who had no evidence of Kaposi's sarcoma nor of any other neoplastic disorder and who died of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Antigen was present in the macrophages of the patient's spleen, liver, and bone marrow but was not associated with areas of necrosis. All other tissues sampled from this case (brain, heart, testis, lymph nodes) were negative. In the remaining autopsies, organs of the reticuloendothelial system as well as other randomly selected tissues (e.g., lung, heart, testis, pancreas) were screened and found to be negative. Tissues from several non-AIDS autopsies were also found to be nonreactive for M. fermentans/M. incognitus. We conclude that M. fermentans/M. incognitus is not a common agent found in the Chicago AIDS population; that it may be identified in tissue without morphologic abnormality; and that it is not randomly present in non-AIDS autopsies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Recruiting young adults in an urban setting: the Chicago CARDIA experience.

The recruitment goal of Chicago Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) was 1,100 randomly selected young adults, in equal proportions for men and women, blacks and whites, two age groups, and two education groups. CARDIA is an ongoing multicenter study of the health and lifestyles of young adults designed to trace the development of risk factors for coronary heart disease over time. Participants completed a four-and-one-half hour exam and agreed to return two years later. In Chicago CARDIA, one of the four centers in the national collaborative study, random digit dialing of computer-generated telephone lists was the initial recruitment technique. Initial recruitment efforts resulted in too few low-socioeconomic status (SES) white participants and too few blacks. In response the sampling procedure was modified to focus on census tracts with a high density of blacks, more low-SES whites, and convenient public transportation. By being flexible, Chicago CARDIA improved recruitment in certain hard-to-fill cells and achieved the overall goals: 1,109 participants, 50% black and 50% white, near equal proportions by sex and age, and close to the recommended 40%/60% spread on education. The Chicago experience should benefit others conducting research in an urban setting.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Cancer profiles from several high-risk Chicago communities.

A descriptive epidemiologic study of Chicago's cancer rates during the present decade reveals that the worst cancer mortality rates occur among Chicago's black population.Blacks represent a large percentage of Chicago's total population and a disproportionately high segment of the low socioeconomic group. The excess black cancer mortality rates are directly linked to the multiple problems of the socioeconomically disadvantaged, who are unable to purchase or gain access to state-of-the-art medical services. This same trend is being observed nationally; however, only a few studies have been documented.The Chicago Department of Health recognized the magnitude of this problem in 1980 and initiated this ongoing study of cancer deaths in the city in an attempt to improve these rates in this decade.

Black People↗
PubMed1989

Development of a teaching program in clinical medical ethics at the University of Chicago.

The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine has developed and evaluated an extensive teaching program in clinical ethics coordinated primarily through the Center for Clinical Medical Ethics. The program provides medical students with a foundation in medical ethics during the four years of medical school and augments the clinical ethics knowledge and teaching skills of the housestaff and clinical faculty at the University of Chicago. Together, medical student teaching and clinical faculty development have made clinical ethics an integral part of medical education at the University of Chicago. Through these efforts, the teaching program aims to incorporate clinical ethics considerations into medical decisions and in this way contribute to improving patient care. (A detailed overview of all clinical ethics instruction at the school is provided.)

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed1989

Molecular defects of factor IX Chicago-2 (Arg 145----His) and prothrombin Madrid (Arg 271----cys): arginine mutations that preclude zymogen activation.

Factor IX Chicago-2 and prothrombin Madrid were purified from patients with hemophilia B and congenital dysprothrombinemia, respectively. Each protein displays defects in zymogen activation secondary to the failure to cleave one of the sessile bonds whose cleavage is necessary for full coagulant activity. These proteins were isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography using conformation-specific antibodies directed at either factor IX or prothrombin. Factor IX Chicago-2 is cleaved abnormally by factor XIa, yielding a pattern consistent with the failure to cleave the sessile bond between Arg 145 and Ala 146. Prothrombin Madrid is cleaved abnormally by factor Xa, yielding a pattern consistent with the failure to cleave the sessile bond between Arg 271 and Thr 272. Peptide mapping was performed on reduced and alkylated factor IX, factor IX Chicago-2, prothrombin, and prothrombin Madrid, and the hydrolysates were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. The mutant peptide in factor IX Chicago-2 was identified by automated Edman degradation as residues 143 through 188 of factor IX, and had a histidine substituted for arginine at residue 145. The mutant peptide identified in prothrombin Madrid corresponds to residues 267 through 285 of prothrombin and has the substitution of cysteine for arginine at residue 271. These mutations, each occurring at arginines, are identical to those in factor IX Chapel Hill and prothrombin Barcelona. These results suggest that a limited repertoire of point mutations, many affecting arginine residues, may be responsible for hereditary defects of the vitamin K-dependent proteins in patients with normal antigen levels.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serum cholesterol and mortality from coronary heart disease in young, middle-aged, and older men and women from three Chicago epidemiologic studies.

The association of total serum cholesterol with mortality from coronary heart disease was examined in 1210 white men aged 42 to 60 in 1959 to 1963 and 1008 white men aged 45 to 64 in 1959 to 1969, followed up to 25 years from the Chicago Peoples Gas Company Study; in 1903 white men aged 41 to 57 in 1959, followed up to 24 years from the Chicago Western Electric Company Study; and in 17,880 white men aged 25 to 74 and 8327 white women aged 40 to 74 in 1967 to 1973, followed up to 18 years from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. In these studies total cholesterol level was related positively to coronary mortality in young men and in middle-aged and older men and women. Relative risks of mortality were generally higher in young and middle-aged persons compared to older persons, whereas absolute excess risks were generally greater in older than in younger persons.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Carboxyhemoglobin trend in Chicago blood donors, 1970-1974.

An 18% reduction in the carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) saturation in nonsmoking Chicago blood donors occurred between 1970 and 1974, indicating that current donors are being exposed to a lower average carbon monoxide (CO) concentration than had been experienced by 1970 donors. In contrast to the situation in 1970, when it was discovered that 74% of the nonsmokers in Chicago were being exposed to CO in excess of the amount permitted by the federal air quality standards, in 1974 only 41% of the nonsmokers were being overexposed. The observed reduction in HbCO correlates well with both the ambient CO levels recorded at the air monitoring stations and the reduction in CO emission from automobiles. If the current trend continues, Chicago should reach compliance with air quality standards for CO by 1985. The measurement of HbCO in a representative urban population is an accurate index of actual CO exposure and supplements the air pollution data provided by air monitoring stations.

Air Pollutants↗
PubMed1988

Education, smoking and non-cardiovascular mortality: findings in three Chicago epidemiological studies.

The interrelationships among education, smoking, and non-cardiovascular (non-CVD) mortality were examined in middle-aged white males from the Chicago Peoples Gas Company Study (PG), the Chicago Western Electric Company Study (WE), and the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry (CHA). In each study, college graduates had the lowest prevalence of current smokers and the highest prevalence of former smokers. The associations between education and smoking were strongest in CHA, a study with baseline measurements 10-14 years after those of PG and WE and 3-8 years after the US Surgeon General's report on smoking and health in 1964. In PG and WE, the relative risks of non-CVD death for those who did not attend college compared to those who did were 1.50 and 1.38 (95% limits, 1.04 to 2.18 and 0.95 to 2.02). In CHA, the relative risk for those who did not graduate from college compared to those who did was 1.55 (1.17, 2.05). Differences in baseline cigarette smoking could account for only 23-29% of these increased risks. Because the associations between education and non-CVD mortality may have been confounded by changes in smoking status over the course of follow-up in these studies, non-CVD deaths were subdivided into those from causes related to smoking and causes not related to smoking. For smoking-related causes, the relative risk of death for those who did not attend/graduate from college was 1.95 (0.96, 3.95) in WE, 2.13 (1.18, 3.87) in PG, and 2.34 (1.47, 3.84) in CHA, while the relative risks for causes not related to smoking were 1.17, 1.12 and 1.16, respectively. These findings suggest that education is related inversely to non-CVD mortality primarily through smoking and smoking-related causes of death. With smoking becoming increasingly a habit of the less well-educated, these findings underscore the need for smoking prevention and cessation programmes targeted at the lower end of the socioeconomic scale.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

The course and prognosis of different types of chronic airflow limitation in a general population sample from Arizona: comparison with the Chicago "COPD" series.

Recently reported data from a general population study in Tucson, Arizona have shown that subjects who have an "asthmatic bronchitic" type of chronic airways obstruction have a much more benign course than equally impaired subjects who have the typical smoking-induced, and presumably emphysematous, form of disease. These data are reviewed briefly. Findings in these subjects are then compared with those in "COPD" patients enrolled in an "emphysema clinic" in Chicago many years ago; patients with asthmatic features had been systematically excluded from the Chicago series. The rate of decline in FEV1 and mortality of Arizona subjects considered to have "typical COPD" were remarkably similar to those in the Chicago series after accounting for age and initial FEV1, but Arizona subjects with features suggesting "chronic asthmatic bronchitis" had a much more favorable prognosis than either of the "COPD" groups. These different forms of chronic airways obstruction should be distinguished in clinical or epidemiologic studies of airways obstructive disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Inherited heat-stable variant thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG-Chicago).

The five known types of inherited variant T4-binding globulin (TBG) have in common increased sensitivity to heat denaturation compared to the common type TBG (TBG-C). In the course of studies to screen for and characterize variant TBGs in population groups, we detected a unique TBG with marked resistance to heat denaturation. The propositus was a 22-year-old black man without personal or family history of thyroid disease. His native TBG (nTBG) in serum had a t1/2 of denaturation at 56 C of 90 min compared to a mean value of 6.8 +/- 1.1 (+/- SD) min for TBG-C. This variant TBG, termed TBG-Chicago, was also resistant to acid denaturation, but was indistinguishable from TBG-C in terms of immunoreactivity, microheterogeneity on isoelectric focusing, and affinity for T4. It had a single T4-binding site and a normal concentration in serum associated with iodothyronine levels within the normal range. The mode of inheritance of TBG-Chicago appears to be X-chromosome linked. The mother of the propositus was heterozygous; her serum contained approximately 40% TBG-Chicago and 60% of another variant TBG common in blacks, TBG-S. The father had TBG-C, a trait that was not transmitted to his son. The exact nature of this variant TBG is not known. It most likely represents a mutation in the polypeptide chain of the molecule with formation of stronger intramolecular bonds.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Hemoglobin North Chicago (beta 36 [C2] proline----serine): a new high affinity hemoglobin.

Hemoglobin North Chicago, beta 36 [C2] Pro----Ser is a new high oxygen affinity hemoglobin variant. It was discovered in a 52-year-old male with erythrocytosis since age 20 who had been treated with different regimens for polycythemia vera including several courses of 32P. The variant is electrophoretically silent with normal stability and increased oxygen affinity (P50 16.6 mm Hg at 37 degrees C, pH 7.4). Characterization of the structure of hemoglobin North Chicago involved the use of HPLC, secondary ion mass spectral analysis of the tryptic peptides and conventional fingerprinting. Hemoglobin North Chicago manifested bizarre hydrophobicity of its beta-chains, as demonstrated by reverse phase HPLC and Triton X-100 electrophoresis. This behavior is not expected from the substitution of proline to serine. Proline residue beta 36 [C2] is one of the invariant residues of the beta-chains of all known mammals and most vertebrates. This residue is involved in the alpha 1 beta 2 contacts of hemoglobin molecule and its substitution to serine is possibly associated with conformational changes and alteration of hemoglobin function.

Amino Acid Sequence↗