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PubMedDate not supplied

On the pollen morphology and frequency of allergic sensitization in Sicily of the genus Salsola L. (Chenopodiaceae).

The pollen morphology of the genus Salsola L. (Chenopodiaceae) and the distribution of the plant in Italy was described and the frequency of sensitization in a population of allergic patients was studied. Sensitization to Salsola was present in 13.7% of 343 allergic patients. This sensitization has always been observed in association with other pollens except for one case. The importance of this sensitization in the Mediterranean areas was emphasized considering the common frequency of Chenopodiaceae sensitization and the very frequent cross-reactivity within the same family and between Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae.

Cross Reactions↗
PubMed2005

Morphology, anatomy and histochemistry of Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae) fruits and seeds.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The subfamily Salicornioideae (Chenopodiaceae) are a taxonomically difficult group largely due to the lack of diagnostic characters available to delineate tribal- and generic-level boundaries; a consequence of their reduced floral and vegetative features. This study examined the variation in fruits and seeds across both tribes of the Salicornioideae to assess if characters support traditional taxonomic sections. METHODS: Light microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscopy and anatomical ultra-thin sectioning were employed to examine variation in fruits and seeds. Sixty-eight representatives across 14 of the 15 genera currently recognized within the tribes Halopeplideae and Salicornieae were examined to determine whether characters support current taxonomic groups. KEY RESULTS: Characters such as seed coat structure, embryo shape, seed orientation, the forms of seed storage proteins and carbohydrates show variation within the Salicornioideae and may be phylogenetically useful. The campylotropous ovule typical of the Chenopodiaceae generally results in a curved embryo; however, many Halosarcia and Sclerostegia species have straight embryos and in Salicornia and Sarcocornia the large peripheral embryo appears bent rather than curved. Seed coat ornamentation of Microcnemum and Arthrocnemum is distinct from other Salicornioideae as the elongated epidermal cells of the exotesta have convex walls. Histochemical stains of anatomical sections of cotyledon cells showed protein bodies were variable in shape, and starch grains were present in some species, namely Salicornia bigelovii, S. europaea and Allenrolfea occidentalis. CONCLUSIONS: While fruits and seeds were found to be variable within the subfamily, no synapomorphic characters support the tribe Halopeplideae as these genera have crustaceous seed coats, curved embryos and abundant perisperm; features characteristic of many of the tribe Salicornieae. The endemic Australian genera are closely related and few seed and fruit characters are diagnostic at the generic level. Nineteen characters identified as being potentially informative will be included in future phylogenetic analyses of the subfamily.

Chenopodiaceae↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Aerobiological study of Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae in the Mediterranean area of southwestern Spain.

The study area is characterized by a maritime Mediterranean climate, abundant presence of Chenopodiaceae in the vegetation, and a high incidence of pollinosis caused by the pollen of this family. A Hirst-type sampler was used to determine pollen concentrations in the air of the city of Huelva during 3 consecutive years (1995-1997). The total annual amount of Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae pollen was between 10.59% and 6.28% of the pollen spectrum of the city, depending on the year. The annual pattern of variation in pollen concentration (5-day means) was very similar in the 3 years, and no statistically significant differences were found between years. This pattern is characterized by concentrations not exceeding 20 grains/m3 between April and the beginning of August, with an obvious seasonal variation in the second half of August and September, when the 5-day mean concentrations exceeded 40 grains/m3 and the daily maxima exceeded 100 grains/m3. This coincided with the flowering of most of the species in the group. The meteorological parameters with a statistically significant effect on daily pollen concentration during the pollen season (August 15 to September 20) included mean temperature and south wind (positive correlations) and relative humidity of the air (negative correlation). The highest intradiurnal concentrations were found between 10:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m.

Allergens↗
PubMed2000

Occurrence of C(3) and C(4) photosynthesis in cotyledons and leaves of Salsola species (Chenopodiaceae).

Most species of the genus Salsola (Chenopodiaceae) that have been examined exhibit C(4) photosynthesis in leaves. Four Salsola species from Central Asia were investigated in this study to determine the structural and functional relationships in photosynthesis of cotyledons compared to leaves, using anatomical (Kranz versus non-Kranz anatomy, chloroplast ultrastructure) and biochemical (activities of photosynthetic enzymes of the C(3) and C(4) pathways, (14)C labeling of primary photosynthesis products and (13)C/(12)C carbon isotope fractionation) criteria. The species included S. paulsenii from section Salsola, S. richteri from section Coccosalsola, S. laricina from section Caroxylon, and S. gemmascens from section Malpigipila. The results show that all four species have a C(4) type of photosynthesis in leaves with a Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, whereas both C(3) and C(4) types of photosynthesis were found in cotyledons. S. paulsenii and S. richteri have NADP- (NADP-ME) C(4) type biochemistry with Salsoloid Kranz anatomy in both leaves and cotyledons. In S. laricina, both cotyledons and leaves have NAD-malic enzyme (NAD-ME) C(4) type photosynthesis; however, while the leaves have Salsoloid type Kranz anatomy, cotyledons have Atriplicoid type Kranz anatomy. In S. gemmascens, cotyledons exhibit C(3) type photosynthesis, while leaves perform NAD-ME type photosynthesis. Since the four species studied belong to different Salsola sections, this suggests that differences in photosynthetic types of leaves and cotyledons may be used as a basis or studies of the origin and evolution of C(4) photosynthesis in the family Chenopodiaceae.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Phylogenetic analysis of tribe Salsoleae (Chenopodiaceae) based on ribosomal ITS sequences: implications for the evolution of photosynthesis types.

Diversity in photosynthetic pathways in the angiosperm family Chenopodiaceae is expressed in both biochemical and anatomical characters. To understand the evolution of photosynthetic diversity, we reconstructed the phylogeny of representative species of tribe Salsoleae of subfamily Salsoloideae, a group that exhibits in microcosm the patterns of photosynthetic variation present in the family as a whole, and examined the distribution of photosynthetic characters on the resulting phylogenetic tree. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred from parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences of the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) of the 18S-26S nuclear ribosomal DNA of 34 species of Salsola and related genera (Halothamnus, Climacoptera, Girgensohnia, Halocharis, and Haloxylon) and representative outgroups from tribes Camphorosmeae (Camphorosma lessingii, Kochia prostrata, and K. scoparia) and Atripliceae (Atriplex spongiosa). A highly resolved strict consensus tree largely agrees with photosynthetic type and anatomy of leaves and cotyledons. The sequence data provide strong support for the origin and evolution of two main lineages of plants in tribe Salsoleae, with NAD-ME and NADP-ME C(4) photosynthesis, respectively. These groups have different C(4) photosynthetic types in leaves and different structural and photosynthetic characteristics in cotyledons. Phylogenetic relationships inferred from ITS sequences generally agree with classifications based on morphological data, but deviations from the existing taxonomy were also observed. The NAD-ME C(4) lineage contains species classified in sections Caroxylon, Malpigipila, Cardiandra, Belanthera, and Coccosalsola, and the NADP-ME lineage comprises species from sections Coccosalsola and Salsola. Reconstruction of photosynthetic characters on the ITS phylogeny indicates separate NAD-ME and NADP-ME lineages and suggests two reversions to C(3) photosynthesis. Reconstruction of geographic distributions suggests Salsoleae originated and diversified in central Asia and subsequently dispersed to Africa, Europe, and Mongolia. Inferred patterns and processes of photosynthetic evolution in Salsoleae should further our understanding of biochemical and anatomical evolution in Chenopodiaceae as a whole.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Long-chain (C19-C29) 1-chloro-n-alkanes in leaf waxes of halophytes of the Chenopodiaceae.

The hydrocarbon fraction of leaf waxes of three halophytes of the Chenopodiaceae common to Mediterranean salt marshes (Suaeda vera, Sarcocornia fruticosa and Halimione portulacoides) revealed the presence of a minor series of odd and even chains 1-chloro-n-alkanes ranging from C(19) to C(29). The identification of these new chlorinated plant constituents was based on a combination of mass spectrometry data with selective chlorine detection (CPG-AED) and was confirmed by comparison with authentic standards. The qualitative and quantitative distributions of these 1-chloro-n-alkanes varied inter-specifically. Homologues with an odd carbon-chain were predominant in all species but maximised at C(25) and C(27) in S. vera and S. fruticosa, and at C(27) and C(29) in H. portulacoides. Remarkably, 1-chloro-nonacosane was an abundant homologue only in this latter species. Leaves of S. vera contained 4 to 7 times more of total chloroalkanes than leaves of the other two species. These compounds accounted for 10, 4 and 1% of the hydrocarbon fraction of leaf waxes of S. vera, S. fruticosa and H. portulacoides, respectively. Attempts to link the occurrence of these chloroalkanes with other classes of leaf waxes (n-alkenes, n-aldehydes and n-alcohols) did not allowed a clear precursor-product relationship to be established. The biological functions as well as the mode of synthesis of alkylchlorides in (halophyte) plants remain unknown but undoubtedly deserve further attention.

Alkanes↗
PubMed1999

Production of (5R,6S)-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide, the mosquito oviposition pheromone, from the seed oil of the summer cypress plant, Kochia scoparia (Chenopodiaceae).

The oviposition pheromone for the pathogen-vectoring mosquitoes in the genus Culex (Diptera: Culicidae), that is, (5R, 6S)-6-acetoxy-5-hexadecanolide, is efficiently synthesized, in admixture with the inactive (5S,6R) enantiomer ( approximately 33% w/w), from the fixed oil extracted from the seeds of the summer cypress plant, Kochia scoparia (Chenopodiaceae), cultivated on an industrial scale. Oviposition bioassays using gravid females of Culex quinquefasciatus, a vector of filariasis in human beings, showed that the product was attractive, with activity comparable to that of a pure synthetic sample containing the same amount of the active enantiomer. Production of the pheromone in the form of a biologically active crude material via a cheap and renewable plant suitable for development as a new industrial crop provides the basis for control of Cx. quinquefasciatus and other congeneric vectors of pathogens in resource-poor areas of the world.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Genetic diversity in natural and anthropogenic inland populations of salt-tolerant plants: random amplified polymorphic DNA analyses of Aster tripolium L. (Compositae) and Salicornia ramosissima Woods (Chenopodiaceae).

Eight populations of Aster tripolium (Compositae) and six of Salicornia ramosissima (Chenopodiaceae) from inland, naturally salt-contaminated habitats and anthropogenic salt-polluted sites in central Germany (Thuringia, Anhalt-Saxony) were analysed using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers to investigate the patterns of genetic variation. In both species, the genetic diversity observed in the younger, anthropogenic sites caused by potash mines during the last century was found to be not significantly lower than in the older, naturally salt-contaminated habitats. Therefore, it is speculated that the loss of genetic diversity caused by founder effects on the anthropogenic habitats was balanced by successive colonization events, actual gene flow between populations, or the rapid growth of populations on the secondary habitats after colonization. Analyses of molecular variance (amova) of the RAPD markers, neighbour-joining clustering of populations based on Reynolds' co-ancestry distances, and Mantel tests indicate that: (i) anthropogenic habitats were colonized independently; (ii) genetic differentiation among populations of S. ramosissima is more pronounced than in A. tripolium, which is considered to be mainly due to biological differences between the two species; and (iii) the geographical pattern of genetic diversity was considerably modulated by historical events and/or population genetic effects.

Asteraceae↗
PubMed2002

Proof of C4 photosynthesis without Kranz anatomy in Bienertia cycloptera (Chenopodiaceae).

Kranz anatomy, with its separation of elements of the C4 pathway between two cells, has been an accepted criterion for function of C4 photosynthesis in terrestrial plants. However, Bienertia cycloptera (Chenopodiaceae), which grows in salty depressions of Central Asian semi-deserts, has unusual chlorenchyma, lacks Kranz anatomy, but has photosynthetic features of C4 plants. Its photosynthetic response to varying CO2 and O2 is typical of C4 plants having Kranz anatomy. Lack of night-time CO2 fixation indicates it is not acquiring carbon by Crassulacean acid metabolism. This species exhibits an independent, novel solution to function of the C4 mechanism through spatial compartmentation of dimorphic chloroplasts, other organelles and photosynthetic enzymes in distinct positions within a single chlorenchyma cell. The chlorenchyma cells have a large, spherical central cytoplasmic compartment interconnected by cytoplasmic channels through the vacuole to the peripheral cytoplasm. This compartment is filled with mitochondria and granal chloroplasts, while the peripheral cytoplasm apparently lacks mitochondria and has grana-deficient chloroplasts. Immunolocalization studies show enzymes compartmentalized selectively in the CC compartment, including Rubisco in chloroplasts, and NAD-malic enzyme and glycine decarboxylase in mitochondria, whereas pyruvate, Pi dikinase of the C4 cycle is localized selectively in peripheral chloroplasts. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, a cytosolic C4 cycle enzyme, is enriched in the peripheral cytoplasm. Our results show Bienertia utilizes strict compartmentation of organelles and enzymes within a single cell to effectively mimic the spatial separation of Kranz anatomy, allowing it to function as a C4 plant having suppressed photorespiration; this raises interesting questions about evolution of C4 mechanisms.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed2004

Light-dependent development of single cell C4 photosynthesis in cotyledons of Borszczowia aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae) during transformation from a storage to a photosynthetic organ.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Previous work has shown that Borszczowia aralocaspica (Chenopodiaceae) accomplishes C4 photosynthesis in a unique, polarized single-cell system in leaves. Mature cotyledons have the same structure as leaves, with chlorenchyma cells having biochemical polarization of dimorphic chloroplasts and C4 functions at opposite ends of the cell. KEY RESULTS: Development of the single-celled C4 syndrome in cotyledons was characterized. In mature seeds, all cell layers are already present in the cotyledons, which contain mostly lipids and little starch. The incipient chlorenchyma cells have a few plastids towards the centre of the cell. Eight days after germination and growth in the dark, small plastids are evenly distributed around the periphery of the expanding cells. Immunolocalization studies show slight labelling of Rubisco in plastids in seeds, including chlorenchyma, hypodermal and water storage, but not epidermal, cells. After imbibition and 8 d of growth in the dark labelling for Rubisco progressively increased, being most prominent in chlorenchyma cells. There was no immunolabelling for the plastid C4 enzyme pyruvate, Pi dikinase under these conditions. Cotyledons developing in light show formation of chlorenchyma tissue, induction of the cytosolic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and development of dimorphic chloroplasts at opposite ends of the cells. Proximal chloroplasts have well-developed grana, store starch and contain Rubisco; those located distally have reduced grana, lack starch and contain pyruvate, Pi dikinase. CONCLUSIONS: The results show cotyledons developing in the dark have a single structural plastid type which expresses Rubisco, while light induces formation of dimorphic chloroplasts from the single plastid pool, synthesis of C4 enzymes, and biochemical and structural polarization leading to the single-cell C4 syndrome.

Chenopodiaceae↗
PubMed2006

Species having C4 single-cell-type photosynthesis in the Chenopodiaceae family evolved a photosynthetic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase like that of Kranz-type C4 species.

Spatial and temporal regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is critical to the function of C(4) photosynthesis. The photosynthetic isoform of PEPC in the cytosol of mesophyll cells in Kranz-type C(4) photosynthesis has distinctive kinetic and regulatory properties. Some species in the Chenopodiaceae family perform C(4) photosynthesis without Kranz anatomy by spatial separation of initial fixation of atmospheric CO(2) via PEPC from C(4) acid decarboxylation and CO(2) donation to Rubisco within individual chlorenchyma cells. We studied molecular and functional features of PEPC in two single-cell functioning C(4) species (Bienertia sinuspersici, Suaeda aralocaspica) as compared to Kranz type (Haloxylon persicum, Salsola richteri, Suaeda eltonica) and C(3) (Suaeda linifolia) chenopods. It was found that PEPC from both types of C(4) chenopods displays higher specific activity than that of the C(3) species and shows kinetic and regulatory characteristics similar to those of C(4) species in other families in that they are subject to light/dark regulation by phosphorylation and display differential malate sensitivity. Also, the deduced amino acid sequence from leaf cDNA indicates that the single-cell functioning C(4) species possesses a Kranz-type C(4) isoform with a Ser in the amino terminal. A phylogeny of PEPC shows that isoforms in the two single-cell functioning C(4) species are in a clade with the C(3) and Kranz C(4) Suaeda spp. with high sequence homology. Overall, this study indicates that B. sinuspersici and S. aralocaspica have a C(4)-type PEPC similar to that in Kranz C(4) plants, which likely is required for effective function of C(4) photosynthesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

The cytoskeleton maintains organelle partitioning required for single-cell C4 photosynthesis in Chenopodiaceae species.

Recently, three Chenopodiaceae species, Bienertia cycloptera, Bienertia sinuspersici, and Suaeda aralocaspica, were shown to possess novel C(4) photosynthesis mechanisms through the compartmentalization of organelles and photosynthetic enzymes into two distinct regions within a single chlorenchyma cell. Bienertia has peripheral and central compartments, whereas S. aralocaspica has distal and proximal compartments. This compartmentalization achieves the equivalent of spatial separation of Kranz anatomy, including dimorphic chloroplasts, but within a single cell. To characterize the mechanisms of organelle compartmentalization, the distribution of the major organelles relative to the cytoskeleton was examined. Examination of the distribution of the cytoskeleton using immunofluorescence studies and transient expression of green fluorescent protein-tagged cytoskeleton markers revealed a highly organized network of actin filaments and microtubules associating with the chloroplasts and showed that the two compartments in each cell had different cytoskeletal arrangements. Experiments using cytoskeleton-disrupting drugs showed in Bienertia and S. aralocaspica that microtubules are critical for the polarized positioning of chloroplasts and other organelles. Compartmentalization of the organelles in these species represents a unique system in higher plants and illustrates the degree of control the plant cell has over the organization and integration of multiorganellar processes within its cytoplasm.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMed2005

Argentine folk medicine: genotoxic effects of Chenopodiaceae family.

Chenopodium ambrosioides L. and Chenopodium multifidum L. (Chenopodiaceae), common name: Paico, are medicinal plants. They are aromatic shrubs growing in South America. For centuries, they have been used due to its medicinal properties. However, there are few reports in literature about the genotoxic effects of these plants. There for, the aim of these work is the evaluation of genetic damage induced by decoction and infusion of this plants which were assayed in different concentrations (1, 10, 100, 1,000 microL extract/mL culture), by addition of the extract to human lymphocyte cell cultures, negative controls were included. The endpoints evaluated were chromosomal aberrations (CA), sister chromatid exchanges (SCE), cell proliferation kinetics (CPK) and mitotic index (MI). The repeated measure analysis of variance was used for statistic evaluation of the results. The results showed: (a) statistical increase in the percentage of cells with CA and in the frequency of SCE when cultures were exposed to both aromatic plants, (b) a decrease in MI of both Paicos assayed, although no modification in the CPK values was observed, (c) no effect was noticed in the analysis of Chenopodium album L., which was used as negative control of the essential oil. These results suggest a cyto and genotoxic effect of Chenopodium ambrosioides and Chenopodium multifidum aqueous extracts related to the essential oil of the plant (as Chenopodium album did not perform).

Argentina↗
PubMed1980

City spore concentrations in the European Economic Community (EEC). IV. Summer weed pollen (Rumex, Plantago, Chenopodiaceae, Artemisia), 1976 and 1977.

This paper describes observations on the airborne pollen concentrations of four anemophilous weeds of very common occurrence in Western Europe, viz. Rumex spp .(sorrel and dock), Plantago spp. (plantain), Chenopodiaceae (goosefoot family) and Artemisia spp. (mugwort). Comparative results are recorded from London, Leiden, Brussels, Munich and Marseilles for the summers of 1976 and 1977 and this study is one of a series involving international collaboration between workers in cities of the European Economic Community. The literature on the clinical significance of summer weed pollen is reviewed and it is concluded that the pollen of Artemisia is likely to be of importance in areas where the weed is of common occurrence in late summer. The pollen of the other summer weeds is unlikely to be important, but may contribute to the problems of the pollen sensitive patient under exceptional circumstances.

Air↗
PubMed1989

Allergy to pollen grains from Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae in Cordoba, Spain. Annual and daily variation of pollen concentration.

We have studied the annual and daily variation of pollen grains from Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae for 3 consecutive years. Samples of pollen grains from both families, which make a stenopalynologic group, were collected by the volumetric method with the aid of a Burkard spore-trap. These pollen grains were found to occur in the atmosphere of the city of Córdoba virtually throughout the year, although their presence was continual only between April and October with maximum concentrations detected in the summer months. We have also studied the daily variation of pollen concentration, which peaked between 10 AM and 3 PM. In order to determine the incidence of pollinotic patients sensitive to pollen grains from Chenopodium, we reviewed 1000 clinical records available in the Allergy Unit and found 8.42% to be allergic. On evaluation of the time evolution of the symptoms we found that most patients continued to show them until September each year.

Air Pollution↗
PubMed1993

Characterisation of 2S albumin with nutritionally balanced aminoacid composition from the seeds of Chenopodium album and its antigenic homology with seed proteins of some Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae species.

The low molecular weight 2S albumin protein of Chenopodium album seeds has been isolated and characterized with respect to its subunit structure by SDS-PAGE and antigenic homology with low molecular weight seed storage proteins of several other phylogenetically related species by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. These studies revealed the existence of antigenically homologous proteins of similar molecular weights in seeds of some other members of Chenopodiaceae and Amaranthaceae. However, Chenopodium 2S albumin is antigenically unrelated to low mol.wt. albumins of dicots belonging to other families. It has a nutritionally balanced aminoacid composition in respect of essential aminoacids.

Albumins↗
PubMed1999

Phytoecdysteroids in seeds and plants of Rhagodia baccata (Labill.) Moq. (Chenopodiaceae).

Seeds of Rhagodia baccata afforded, in addition to 20-hydroxy-ecdysone and polypodine B, a novel phytoecdysteroid, (20R)-22-deoxy-20,21-dihydroxyecdysone, the structure of which was elucidated unequivocally by UV, LSIMS and NMR techniques. This compound possessed agonistic activity in the Drosophila melanogaster BII cell bioassay, with an ED50 value of 2.0 x 10(-7)M (ED50 value for 20-hydroxyecdysone = 7.5 x 10(-9)M). The distribution of ecdysteroids in plants of R. baccata has been determined. Highest levels are associated with the youngest aerial tissues and with the roots. Ecdysteroid profiles are qualitatively very similar throughout the plant, with 20-hydroxyecdysone and polypodine B predominating in all plant parts tested.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Biological and chemical study of paico (Chenopodium chilense, Chenopodiaceae).

The methanolic extract of the aerial portion of Chenopodium chilense Schrad., used in Chilean traditional medicine as a remedy for stomach-ache, has been found to exert the major spasmolytic activity in acetylcholine contracted rat ileum. This extract, with a complex flavonoid patterns on thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis, is practically non-toxic both for rats and brine shrimp Artemia salina in acute toxicity test.

Acetylcholine↗