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An examination has been made of the involvement of chemical engineers in medicine in North America. Fields of Study and subjects of research are briefly given in tabular form and the general statistical picture of chemical engineering in medicine discussed. Further details of the workers and references to their published work can be obtained from the author if required.
Industrial hygienists often work closely with engineers to control occupational safety and health hazards. This working relationship involves an educational process in which both engineers and industrial hygienists learn from one another. The Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE) is expanding the opportunity for interdisciplinary cooperation and education by producing a series of guidelines publications on the technical and scientific issues critical to preventing and mitigating major releases of toxic materials. Examples of these guidelines include Hazard Evaluation Procedures; Technical Management of Chemical Process Safety; Chemical Process Quantitative Risk Analysis; and Safe Storage and Handling of Highly Toxic Hazardous Materials. Additional topics are addressed in the 8 guidelines in print and the 15 others in preparation. Several guidelines contain specific examples that illustrate how industrial hygienists, engineers, and other readers can use the guidelines to help address chemical process safety problems. Another CCPS activity involves an effort to include an awareness of health, safety, and loss prevention as an integral part of undergraduate chemical engineering education. For practicing engineers and industrial hygienists, a number of continuing education courses on topics such as process hazard analysis, process risk assessment, and process safety are offered by the AIChE. All of these resources are particularly timely in light of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's recently enacted rule on Process Safety Management of Highly Hazardous Chemicals.
This paper is the text of a lecture given to an audience composed, for the most part, of students of chemical engineering at a major university. The objective of the paper is to inform such a young, intelligent, and highly technical audience of the basic facts and perceptions--scientific, technical, societal, regulatory, and legal--concerning environmental health hazards. Topics such as toxicity, hazard, and risk--and ways in which risk has been approached and perceived--are discussed as are various public and private efforts to reduce the risks of environmental health hazards. The great uncertainties encountered in this field and seriousness with which it must be taken--including a brief description of possible personal legal liabilities an engineer can face--are stressed. Despite all difficulties, progress has been made in bringing order to a chaotic field and more progress is both needed and possible.
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The murine monoclonal antibody A7 (Mab A7) against human colon cancer was chemically modified with methoxypolyethylene glycol (PEG) (Mr 5000). A high substitution of PEG molecules on Mab A7 produced a progressive reduction in antibody-binding activity. The pharmacokinetic and immunological properties of PEG-modified monoclonal antibody A7 (Mab A7) and the PEG-modified F(ab')2 fragment, which retained their antibody-binding activity, were assessed and compared with the parent Mab A7 and the parent F(ab')2 fragment. Blood clearance of PEG-modified antibodies appeared to be diminished by PEG modification and was fitted by a two-compartment model. Low PEG-substituted Mab A7 showed less organ uptake in the liver and spleen and similar uptake in the lung and kidney, compared with the parent Mab A7. PEG-F(ab')2 showed less uptake in the liver and kidney. Both preparations exhibited less tissue:blood ratios in all resected organs as compared with parent antibodies. Tumor localization was enhanced by PEG modification for the F(ab')2 fragment, but not by PEG modification for the whole Mab A7. Multiple i.v. administration of PEG-modified antibody to rabbit did not appear to elicit a measurable immune response to the antibody portion of the conjugate. In conclusion, PEG-modified antibodies are promising reagents as drug carriers to the target tumor.
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Proximate chemical analysis was conducted on the carding, spinning and weave rooms of textile mills. The dust was found to be composed of inorganic, cellulosic and noncellulosic organics in carding and spinning. The percentage of noncellulosic organic (the component of cotton dust considered to be responsible for byssinosis in cotton textile workers) in ring spinning was found to be one-half the percentage composition of the card room dust. The cellulosic percentage of spinning room dust is elevated above that found in card rooms. In weave rooms the composition of dust is a function of the fabric being produced, environmental control systems, and machinery. In all weave rooms where dust levels were sufficiently above background, all components of the dust were accounted for by the proximate chemical analysis without the presence of a noncellulosic organic component. The card room, spinning room and weave room produce dusts that are very different in composition, to the extent that the proximate chemical analysis could identify the area of origin of dust samples from a textile mill.
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The industrial pharmacist, a "pharmaceutical engineer"? The prospect is tempting if only beneficial to drug quality. The Pharmaceutical Engineering comes from Chemical Engineering and Engineer sciences and allows the pharmacist to achieve his aim. We define here the basis of this recent concept, its intervention and interest in the pharmaceutical sciences, more particularly in formulation.
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Analogues of the 39-residue CNBr fragment of horse cytochrome c (66-104) have been prepared by total chemical synthesis. Conformationally assisted ligation of these peptides with the native cytochrome c fragment 1-65 (homoserine lactone form) occurred in high yield. Semisynthetic protein molecules of the expected molecular weight were obtained that had folded structures similar to the native molecule as shown by spectral properties and by cross-reactivity with a panel of monoclonal antibodies sensitive to the three-dimensional integrity of cytochrome c. Point mutations were introduced into the horse sequence at three strongly conserved sites: Tyr67, Thr78, and Ala83. The contributions of these 3 residues to the stability of the heme crevice were estimated by titration of the 695 nm absorption due to coordination of ferric iron by the sixth ligand methionine sulfur. The roles of these residues in catalysis of electron transfer and in establishing the value of the redox potential of cytochrome c were also investigated. The hydroxyl group of Tyr67 modulates the spectral properties of the heme and has a profound influence on its redox properties, but hydrogen bonding involving this phenolic hydroxyl does not stabilize the heme crevice. In contrast, we find that Thr78 is strongly stabilizing and that asparagine is not an adequate substitute for this residue because of the greater entropic cost of burying its side chain. The low biological activity of analogues modified at this position, despite normal redox potentials, imply a role for Thr78 in the electron transfer mechanism. The replacement of Ala83 by proline induces a similar phenomenon. An involvement of this residue in the catalysis of electron transfer provides an explanation of the low reactivity of plant mitochondrial cytochromes c in mammalian redox systems.
A 51-year-old chemical engineer sustained phosphorous pentachloride partial skin thickness burns over 20 per cent of his body surface area. Although macroscopically and microscopically the wound seemed to be superficial, the course of clinical healing of this injury was very slow and painful. Retrospectively this burn should have been treated by early excision and grafting.
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