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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

The cheek-to-cheek diameter in the ultrasonographic assessment of fetal growth.

Deviations from normal growth modify the amounts of adipose tissue and muscle mass in the adult and the fetus. As an index of the amount of adipose tissue in the fetus, the cheek-to-cheek diameter obtained on an ultrasonographic coronal view of the face at the level of the nostrils and lips was evaluated. Two hundred thirty-four singleton uncomplicated, well-dated pregnancies ranging from 20 to 41 weeks were studied. Two hundred fetuses with biometric measurements or estimated weights between the 10th and 90th percentile for gestational age were included in obtaining a nomogram. Cheek-to-cheek diameter as a function of gestational age was expressed by the regression equation: Cheek-to-cheek diameter (centimeters) = -0.908 + 0.195 Gestational age (gestational age greater than or equal to 20 weeks), with a Pearson correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.806. The cheek-to-cheek diameter/biparietal diameter ratio was almost constant, independent of gestational age, and ranged from 0.6 at 20 weeks to 0.7 at 41 weeks. Fetuses with intrauterine growth retardation tended to have lower ratios. Macrosomic fetuses of diabetic mothers had larger cheek-to-cheek diameters and elevated ratios, whereas large-for-gestational-age fetuses of nondiabetic mothers had normal ratios.

Cephalometry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Morphological study of bovine lung grafted into the hamster cheek pouch.

The hamster cheek pouch has been used extensively to study the modulation of microvascular responsiveness of native and transplanted tissues, because it is immunologically privileged. The purpose of this study was to determine the structural changes that occur over time in bovine lung tissue (donor) that was grafted into the hamster cheek pouch (recipient). Lungs from adult cows were cut into 1-mm-thick slices and grafted into the cheek pouch of adult Syrian golden hamsters (n = 60). After induction of anesthesia, bovine lung tissue was placed under the avascular tissue covering the cheek pouch, and the overlying skin was sutured. Intravital microscopy (IM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of the cheek pouch and grafted tissue were performed 1, 7, 14, and 28 days after grafting. By using IM, we found blood flow throughout the grafted bovine lung tissue between days 7 and 14 post-transplantation. Both IM and TEM showed that the grafted tissue contained patent microvessels anastomosing with cheek pouch microvessels, alveolar structures, and interstitial tissue. Mast cell infiltration around microvessels of the grafted tissue was evident in all animals between days 14 and 28 post-grafting. No other inflammatory cells were identified throughout the observation period. By day 28 post-grafting, the entire lung tissue became fibrotic. We conclude that bovine lung tissue can be successfully transplanted into the hamster cheek pouch, that blood flow is established throughout the graft, and that prominent mast cell infiltration is associated with fibrosis of the graft 28 days after transplantation. We suggest that this model can be useful in studying pulmonary microvascular responses in situ.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Anterior "cheek" electrodes are comparable to sphenoidal electrodes for the identification of ictal activity.

Sphenoidal electrodes are used to localize epileptiform activity originating in the temporal lobe during complex partial seizures. Sphenoidal electrodes, however, are semi-invasive and uncomfortable to the patient. We compared skin electrodes placed on the cheek ("cheek electrodes") with sphenoidal electrodes for the detection of the side and site of complex partial seizure onset. In a masked, randomized comparison of single ictal recordings in 22 patients, there were no significant differences between sphenoidal and cheek electrode montages in detecting the side or site of ictal onset (P < 0.01). Signal/noise ratios for interictal spikes were a mean 16.5% greater at sphenoidal sites compared to cheek sites (paired t test, t = 2.4, P < 0.05). This difference, however, did not influence the detection of rhythmical ictal activity in cheek and sphenoidal montages in our study, nor the assignment of side, site or time of seizure onset by unbiased readers. Recordings from cheek electrodes are comparable to those from sphenoidal electrodes and are useful for localizing ictal activity.

Cheek↗
PubMed1990

A search for sonoluminescence in vivo in the human cheek.

In a previous experiment, sonoluminescence was observed in aerated water, especially at the pressure antinodes in the standing-wave field of a physiotherapeutic ultrasound device (Therasonic 1030). Mammalian cells in vitro showed growth inhibition when placed at the pressure antinodes but not at adjacent pressure nodes. In the light of these results, we looked for sonoluminescence in vivo when a similar standing-wave field was set up. To detect luminescence, a light guide was held against the inner surface of the human cheek. This would channel any luminescence photons to a cooled, red-sensitive photomultiplier which would quantify the light. Direct insonation of the cheek produced no detectable luminescence. Similarly when a water bag was placed against the outer surface of the cheek, and the latter was insonated through the bag, no luminescence was detected. Sonoluminescence from the water bag was, however, detected when the bag was placed against the inner surface of the cheek, showing that absorption of sound by the cheek tissue was not preventing cavitation. Further analysis showed that if cavitation had been occurring in the cheek without detection using the system employed, then the resulting sonoluminescence would have to be at most 0.025 times as intense as that produced by an equivalent volume of aerated water.

Acoustics↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Modulation of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts in hamster cheek pouch by chronic ethanol consumption.

The effects of chronic ethanol consumption by hamsters on the binding of [3H]benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) metabolites to the DNA of cheek pouch and liver have been examined. Thirty hamsters were fed control liquid diet, and another 30 hamsters were given 6.6% v/v, 190 proof ethanol-containing diet for 28 days. Twenty-four hours after topical application of [3H]BaP to the cheek pouches, the hamsters were killed and DNA was isolated from epithelial sheets of the cheek pouches and from the liver. Two major deoxyribonucleoside adducts were detected in the hamster cheek pouch; one was identified as the N2-deoxyguanosine adduct of (+)-[3H]-7 alpha,8 beta-dihydroxy-9 beta,10 beta-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro- BaP [(+)-anti-BPDE-dG]. The other has not yet been characterized. It was named adduct A and cochromatographed with the major adduct derived from (+)-[3H]-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8- dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene [(+)-BaP-7,8-diol] in mouse skin. Chronic ethanol consumption by hamsters had no statistically significant effect on the (+)-anti-BPDE-dG adduct whereas it increased the level of adduct A by 80%. Binding of BaP metabolites to liver DNA was minor and was not influenced by ethanol. This study suggests that chronic ethanol consumption by hamsters either enhances the formation of the (+)-BaP-7,8-diol from BaP or increases oxidation of this diol and its binding to the DNA of the hamster's cheek pouch.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1989

Buccal absorption. III. Simultaneous diffusion and metabolism of an aminopeptidase substrate in the hamster cheek pouch.

The simultaneous diffusion and metabolism of the D- and L-isomers of the aminopeptidase substrate, leucine-p-nitroanilide (LPNA), were examined in vitro in the hamster cheek pouch. L-LPNA was completely hydrolyzed during diffusion across the cheek pouch, whereas D-LPNA crossed the cheek pouch intact. The metabolic barrier appeared to be localized in the epithelium of the cheek pouch. Addition of an aminopeptidase inhibitor, bestatin, to both diffusion cell reservoirs resulted in decreased hydrolysis of L-LPNA. The experimental results were analyzed with a mathematical model which was developed to describe the simultaneous diffusion and metabolism processes. Using this model it was estimated that the rate of diffusion of L-LPNA across the cheek pouch was less than the capacity of the tissue to hydrolyze L-LPNA.

Absorption↗
PubMed1992

Keratinized epithelial transport of beta-blocking agents. I. Relationship between physicochemical properties of drugs and the flux across rat skin and hamster cheek pouch.

The maximum fluxes (Jmax) of beta-blockers through keratinized membranes were determined in vitro and compared with their physiochemical parameters such as lipophilicity (log k'0) and melting point (mp). Rat abdominal skin and hamster cheek pouch mucosa were used as the model membranes. Propranolol, metoprolol, timolol, pindolol, nadolol and agenolol were used as beta-blockers with a variety of physicochemical characters. Linear relations of Jmax with either log k'0 or mp were observed both in intact rat skin and in intact hamster cheek pouch, suggesting that the lipophilicity and thermodynamic activity of a drug in the crystal state primarily affect the drug's permeation through these membranes. However, the slope, dJmax/d(log k'0), for cheek pouch mucosa was greater than that for rat skin, corresponding to the lack of appendigeal shunt pathways in cheek pouch. Penetration studies using the delipidized membranes and the isolated stratum corneum sheet of hamster cheek pouch mucosa clarified that the primary rate-limiting barrier function might exist in the lipid layer of the stratum corneum. Jmax values for the tape-stripped and delipidized skins correlated with both the solubilities of drugs in the vehicle and with the mp, suggesting the polar porous characteristics of both model membranes. However, a theoretical approach confirmed that the contribution of an intracellular or aqueous pore route in the intact membrane to the permeation of drugs with positive lipophilic indexes is negligible.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMed1977

Closure of large nose-cheek groove defects.

Reconstruction of large defects involving the nose-cheek groove area present technical and cosmetic problems. A combination of a cheek falp with a dorsal-nasal rotation flap gives excellent survival and cosmesis for the nose as well as the cheek. The techniques of the dorsal-nasal flap alone and in combination with a cheek advancement flap are demonstrated.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Role of nitric oxide in modulating permeability of hamster cheek pouch in response to adenosine 5'-diphosphate and bradykinin.

The goal of this study was to determine the role of the synthesis and release of nitric oxide in modulating alterations in microvascular permeability of the hamster cheek pouch in response to adenosine 5'-diphosphate and bradykinin. We used intra-vital fluorescent microscopy to examine the permeability of the hamster cheek pouch to agonists before and following application of enzymatic inhibitors of nitric oxide, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA; 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 microM) and NW-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 microM). Increases in permeability of the hamster cheek pouch were quantitated by the formation of microvascular leaky sites. ADP and bradykinin produced an increase in the number of venular leaky sites, and superfusion of L-NMMA and L-NAME significantly decreased ADP- and bradykinin-induced increases in microvascular permeability. To determine the specificity of nitric oxide blockade on microvascular permeability, we examined changes in permeability in response to adenosine, and examined the effects of D-NMMA on microvascular permeability. Adenosine-induced increases in permeability were not altered by treatment with L-NMMA, and D-NMMA did not inhibit ADP-induced increases in microvascular permeability. Thus, these findings suggest that production of nitric oxide, in response to application of ADP and bradykinin, has a role in modulating macromolecular permeability of the hamster cheek pouch in vivo.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed1978

Release of mandibular ankylosis due to gross tissue loss in the cheek.

Experience with mandibular ankylosis due to the loss of variable amounts of cheek tissue as a result of cancrum oris is reviewed. Where enough cheek has been lost to cause an ankylosis, replacement tissue in the form of a graft is necessary to prevent recurrence and to reconstruct the cheek. A number of methods are reviewed, including free grafts, local flaps and pedicled skin from the neck and abdomen. The best functional and cosmetic result was obtained by using a tubed pedicle of abdominal skin based on the superior epigastric artery and attached to the wrist as a carrier. This can be raised under local anaesthesia prior to the release of the ankylosis so it is available to cover the raw surfaces and to reform the cheek at the time of operation. Blind intubation was found to be feasible and desirable when compared with administering the anaesthetic through a trachesotomy. The importance of close supervision of post-operative exercises is emphasized, but was not able to be carried out under the conditions of treatment.

Ankylosis↗
PubMed1992

The hamster cheek pouch as a convenient ectopic site for studies of uterine morphogenesis and endocrine responsiveness.

The Syrian hamster cheek pouch was evaluated as a convenient transplantation site for studies of estrogen-dependent uterine growth and morphogenesis. At one month of age, hosts were either ovariectomized (Ovex) or ovariectomized and estrogen implanted (Ovex+E2), and at the same time the uterus from a 7-day old untreated donor was transplanted into the host's right cheek pouch. Periodic inspection (by simple eversion of the pouch) revealed viable transplants in the majority of hosts for both groups, and clear evidence of estrogen-dependent transplant growth that continued for at least 9 months. At that time, weight of the transplanted uterus was comparable to that of a given host's own in situ uterus, but uteri at both sites weighed six to eightfold more in Ovex+E2 hosts than in Ovex hosts. Histological analysis also revealed similar degrees of endometrial atrophy in Ovex hosts and hypertrophy/hyperplasia in Ovex+E2 hosts for both in situ and transplanted uteri. Furthermore, while only scant and rudimentary endometrial glands developed in both in situ and transplanted uteri within Ovex hosts, uteri at both sites within the Ovex+E2 hosts were riddled with cystic glandular structures and exhibited marked leukocytic infiltration. These data demonstrate that neonatal uteri transplanted to the hamster cheek pouch will grow, differentiate and follow an endocrine-responsive morphogenetic program that is quantitatively and qualitatively consistent with that of the host's in situ uterus. Lastly, we were able to cleanly separate epithelium from the stroma of 5-day old hamster uteri, reassociate the two tissues in vitro, transplant the recombinants into cheek pouches of adult female hamsters and subsequently observe growth and maintenance of a generally normal uterine morphology and differentiated function.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

An intravital microscopic model for mast cell-dependent inflammation in the hamster cheek pouch.

Topical antigen challenge in cheek pouches of immunized hamsters led to an acute inflammatory reaction which was characterized by intravital microscopy. The response consisted of short-lasting arteriolar spasm, followed by leakage of plasma, vasodilation, and accumulation of leucocytes. Several observations indicated that the reaction was due to mast cell activation. Thus, a very similar inflammatory response was seen after challenge with compound 48/80, and both antigen and compound 48/80 degranulated the numerous mast cells present in the cheek pouch. In addition, fluorescein-labelled antigen bound specifically to mast cells in cheek pouches of immunized animals, also suggesting the presence of mast cell-fixed antigen-specific antibodies, possibly immunoglobulin E. However, although antigen and compound 48/80 caused similar microvascular responses, cross-desensitization experiments indicated that the two stimuli activated mast cells via different mechanisms. The histamine antagonist mepyramine, which abolished plasma leakage induced by exogenous histamine, substantially inhibited the increase of microvascular permeability evoked by antigen or compound 48/80, but did not appear to affect the vasospasm and leucocyte accumulation. It is concluded that the hamster cheek pouch may be a most useful tool for investigation of dynamic microvascular events during allergic mast cell-dependent inflammation.

Acute-Phase Reaction↗
PubMed1992

Gore-Tex implant as tissue filler in cheek-lip groove rejuvenation.

The cheek-lip grooves, often referred to as nasolabial folds, are one of the facial characteristics most commonly complained about by patients in all age groups. A variety of methods for correction have been proposed, using implants or autografts. Some of the methods have relied on diminishing the crest lateral to the groove thus camouflaging the depth of the cheek-lip fold. These procedures have proven to be of limited effect, either because of the amount of correction obtained or because they are short-lasting. The Gore-Tex implant proved its safety and biocompatibility over the past decade as a vascular graft. The characteristics of this implant material are described and compared to other commonly used synthetic implants. A surgical technique of applying the Gore-Tex soft tissue patch in facial aesthetic surgery, particularly in cheek-lip rejuvenation, is presented. This technique has been applied in 17 consecutive patients for the correction of prominent cheek-lip grooves with a follow-up period of eight months. Results showed satisfactory improvement without significant complications.

Cheek↗
PubMed1985

The hamster cheek pouch--an experimental model to study postischemic macromolecular permeability.

In order to study permeability changes after local ischemia the cheek pouch of the hamster was everted for intravital microscopy. Macromolecular permeability was quantified as leakage of fluoroscein labelled dextran (Mw 70,000). Temporary ischemia with total circulatory arrest of the whole cheek pouch was obtained by a cuff mounted around the everted cheek pouch where it leaves the mouth of the hamster. At reperfusion after repeated ischemic periods of 5 min no leaks were seen. A prolongation of the ischemic period to 30 min resulted in a temporary increase in the number of postcapillary venular leaks. When the occlusion was repeated the response was significantly smaller. An occlusion period of 60 min gave no further increase in macromolecular permeability. Locally applied histamine was used to test the reactivity of the cheek pouch. It was concluded that the model is suited for studies of permeability increase after local ischemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of the effects of four hyperplastic agents on hamster cheek pouch mucosa.

Hyperplasia in the hamster cheek pouch was examined using 4 different hyperplastic agents: oil of turpentine 50% v/v in liquid paraffin; vitamin A palmitate 10% w/v in liquid paraffin; 12-O-tetradeconyl-phorbol-13-acetate 16nM in acetone; and ethylphenylpropiolate 0.04mM in acetone. Acetone, paraffin and untreated control groups were also examined. Cheek pouches were painted 3 times a week for up to 4 weeks with each solution. Samples were removed and prepared for light microscopy 24 hours after 2 weeks of painting and 24 hours, 6, 12 and 18 weeks after 4 weeks of painting. Hyperplasia was produced by application of turpentine, vitamin A and TPA after 2 weeks of application. Further increases in epithelial width occurred after 4 weeks of painting in the turpentine and vitamin A groups but a decrease was seen in the TPA group. Six weeks (vitamin A and TPA groups) or 12 weeks (turpentine group) after the completion of treatment the epithelium had a normal histological appearance. No differences between the control or EPP treated cheek pouch mucosa could be detected. Turpentine and vitamin A can be used as models of reversible hyperplasia in the hamster cheek pouch.

Alkynes↗
PubMed1991

[Effect of natural panting frequency and cheek support on the plethysmographic determination of thoracic gas volume in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease].

The authors studied the effects of natural panting frequency (NF) and the cheek support on the plethysmographic measurement of thoracic gas volume (TGV) in 8 normal subjects (non-smokers) and 46 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The patients were divided into 2 groups according to the degree of airway obstruction (group I; specific airway conductance (SGaw) greater than 0.1 (n = 18), group II; SGaw less than 0.1 (n = 28)). TGV was measured with a pressure-type body plethysmograph (BP). NF was 2.00 +/- 0.43 Hz (mean +/- SD) in control subjects, 1.92 +/- 0.78 Hz in group I, and 1.39 +/- 0.59 Hz in group II, respectively, indicating lower NF in the patients with severe airway obstruction. In control subjects and group I, the differences between TGV at NF and at 0.5-1.0 Hz (TGVNF-TGV1.0) were -0.01 +/- 0.07L, and -0.06 +/- 0.16L, respectively, and cheek support did not alter the difference. On the other hand, in group II, the difference was slightly larger than other groups in spite of the lower NF, and this overestimation was abolished by cheek support (0.13 +/- 0.25L-----0.06 +/- 0.27L, p less than 0.05). These results suggest that, in patients with severe airway obstruction, TGVNF may be overestimated even if NF is relatively low. This overestimation may be mainly due to the extrathoracic airway compliance including the cheek.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A light and scanning electron microscope study of epithelial thickenings and rete ridges in the adult hamster cheek pouch.

Cheek pouches from 8 adult male BIO strain hamsters were removed; half of them were routinely processed for light microscopy. The epithelium and connective tissue of the remaining pouches were separated using EDTA. These tissues were routinely processed for scanning electron microscopy and their separated surfaces examined; after this, some were reprocessed for light microscopy. A total of 1200 sections were examined by light microscopy and of these, 414 had at least one area showing rete ridges. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the presence of isolated areas of either single or multiple rete ridges on both the separated epithelial and connective tissue surfaces. The presence of isolated areas of rete ridge formation in normal adult hamster cheek pouch mucosa needs to be taken into account in studies on experimentally altered cheek pouches so that the ridges are not interpreted as being part of a pathological change.

Animals↗