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Results for “Cervical exfoliated cells”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Increased frequency of detection of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid in exfoliated cervical cells during pregnancy.

Exfoliated cells of the uterine cervix obtained from women during pregnancy and at the time of their first postpartum examination were used to monitor the prevalence of human papillomavirus infections in this population and to study the natural fluctuations in viral expression. When deoxyribonucleic acid hybridization analysis alone was used to monitor the presence of human papillomavirus infection, 20.9% of our study population had results that were positive for human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid during their first-trimester examinations. A dramatic increase in the percentage of women with positive results for human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid was observed at the time of the patients' third-trimester examinations (46%). The overall increase in human papillomavirus-positive patients was a combination of a small number of patients who had positive results on their first examination and negative results on their second examination, and a larger number of patients who had negative results on their first-trimester examination and positive results for human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid in the exfoliated cervical cells at the time of their third-trimester examination. The total percentage of patients with positive results for human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid in their cervical cells at one or both assay points during pregnancy was 52.5%. Samples obtained at the postpartum examination demonstrated a dramatic decrease in the number of samples positive for human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid (17.5%). This result was a combination of a large decrease in human papillomavirus-positive patients coupled with a small increase in detectable levels of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid in cervical samples from patients who had negative results on their previous examination. This study demonstrates a very high level of detectable human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid in exfoliated cervical cells obtained during pregnancy and shows that the detectable levels of human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid fluctuate during pregnancy.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed2002

Infrared spectral features of exfoliated cervical cells, cervical adenocarcinoma tissue, and an adenocarcinoma cell line (SiSo).

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study is to evaluate and compare the infrared spectral features of normal and malignant exfoliated cervical cells, cells from malignant tissue, and the SiSo cell line. METHODS: Infrared spectra of cervical adenocarcinoma (CA) tissue, normal and malignant exfoliated cervical cells, and a uterine cervical adenocarcinoma cell line (SiSo) were obtained. Spectral qualities in terms of band intensity ratio and band position, which reflect configurational changes in the functional groups of the above samples, were measured. RESULTS: Spectral bands of CA tissue, exfoliated cells from CA, and the cell line were similar but markedly different from that of exfoliated normal cervical cells. Significant changes in bands at 1025 cm(-1) (glycogen), 1080 cm(-1) (glycogen and nucleic acids), 1155 cm(-1) (C-OH groups of serine, threonine, and tyrosine of cell proteins, and C-O groups of carbohydrates), 1240 cm(-1) (PO(2) groups of nucleic acids), 1400 cm(-1) (methyl group of lipids and proteins), and 1450 cm(-1) (methylene group of lipids and proteins) were noted in the CA tissue, exfoliated CA cells, and adenocarcinoma cell line compared with exfoliated normal cells. Marked shifts in band positions from 1080 to 1086 cm(-1), 1153 to 1160 cm(-1), and 935 to 970 cm(-1) in CA tissue, exfoliated CA cells, and the adenocarcinoma cell line were noted. CONCLUSION: Spectral bands of the adenocarcinoma cell line matched very well with those of cervical CA tissue and exfoliated CA cells in terms of position. In contrast, spectral bands of the SiSo cell line differed greatly from those of normal exfoliated cells.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2000

Telomerase activity in Papanicolaou smear-negative exfoliated cervical cells and its association with lesions and oncogenic human papillomaviruses.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate telomerase activity in exfoliated cervical cells and its association with cytology, pathology, and human papillomavirus (HPV). METHODS: Telomerase activity and HPV DNA sequences were examined in the exfoliated cervical cells from a general population of 245 women aged more than 30 years undergoing routine cervical screening by Papanicolaou smear. The women who were found to have telomerase activity or abnormal cytology in their exfoliated cervical cells were examined for cervical lesions by colposcopy and biopsy. RESULTS: Cytology for our population (mean, 56 years) revealed only one abnormal smear (1/245, 0.4%), in which a cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade I (CIN I) lesion was found. The exfoliated cervical cells used to prepare the smear were negative for telomerase and contained low-risk HPV DNA. Telomerase activity was found in 16 exfoliated cell samples (16/245, 6.5%); high-risk HPV DNA was found in 9 of these samples (9/16, 56%) and 9 of the biopsy specimens that could be evaluated from patients testing positive for telomerase revealed CIN I lesions (9/11, 82%). CONCLUSIONS: Telomerase activity is often associated with high-risk HPV infection and it is suggested that telomerase assay can help to detect occult cervical lesions.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Detailed account of confounding factors in interpretation of FTIR spectra of exfoliated cervical cells.

The confounding variables that can potentially lead to a misinterpretation of FTIR spectroscopy of exfoliated cervical cells is described. A detailed account of the spectral effects of the following variables in FTIR spectroscopic screening of exfoliated cervical cells is presented: polymorphs; Cell degradation; and impurities such as endocervical columnar cells, metaplastic cells, cervical mucus, red cells, and debris. The interpretation of the spectra of exfoliated cervical cells must be done with subtraction analysis, which includes these factors. This is essential to prevent unacceptable false-positive rates. The above techniques are subsequently applied to two clinic populations: a dysplasia clinic in follow-up patients with negative cytology and two general gynecology clinics with patients with negative cytology. In the dysplasia clinic group 250 sequential patients with negative smears were tested. Thirty had false-positive smears as defined by the IR spectroscopy using the above methodology. Twenty of those patients subsequently had one follow-up and six had a positive abnormal smear. In the community clinic group 656 sequential patients were examined who had negative smears, of which 27 had false-positive FTIR spectra.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed2005

[Relations between the expression of cyclin E, p16ink4, ki67 and HPV16/18 infection in cervical exfoliated cells].

OBJECTIVE: To confirm the relations between the expression of cyclin E, p16ink4, ki67 and HPV16/18 infection using cervical exfoliated cells, and evaluate the usefulness of cyclin E, p16ink4 and ki67 as biomarkers for screening of cervical carcinomas. METHODS: The expression of cyclin E, p16ink4 oncoproteins and ki67 proliferative activity was evaluated immunohistochemically in 78 cervical exfoliated epithelial specimens. Human papillomavirus type16 and 18 (HPV16/18) infection was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using type specific primers. RESULTS: Cyclin E, p16ink4 and ki67 were all overexpressed in cervical preneoplasia and neoplasia cells, compared with little expressed in ASCUS (P less than 0.005). Overexpression of cyclin E was observed in CIN, (P less than 0.01), p16ink4 and ki67 overexpressed in invasive carcinoma(100 percent and 90.9 percent respectively). The degree of p16ink4 and ki67 expression correlated well with the degree of cervical neoplasia (P less than 0.005). HPV16 infection was assessed at all stages of cervical neoplasia samples, and a significant relationship with the degree of cervical epithelial lession was observed at the same time. The expression level of p16ink4 and ki67 seemed to be more closely associated with HPV16 infection than cyclin E did (rs=1.0 vs rs=0.4). HPV18 was found positive in only 1 case in CIN1 and in 4 cases in CIN2-3. Therefore no significance was found on statistical analysis (P less than 0.005). CONCLUSION: Cyclin E, p16ink4 and ki67 should be regarded as useful biomarkers of HPV-related cervical neoplasias, and be used for screening patients at high risk for developing cervical carcinomas. Moreover, cyclin E might be a significant cytologic marker for the primary screening of cervical carcinomas.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Significance of the occurrence and distribution of glycogen in cervical cells exfoliated under different physiologic and pathologic conditions.

The occurrence and distribution of glycogen was investigated in cervical cells exfoliated under different physiologic and pathologic conditions using cytochemical parameters. The conditions studied included the menstrual cycle, menopause, the reproductive cycle and neoplastic lesions of the cervix in both premenopausal and postmenopausal and postmenopausal situations. The results obtained on the localization of this carbohydrate substance offer interesting information with respect to the absence and presence of glycogen in various degrees in different cell types. The presence of glycogen seems to be linked with cellular maturation; it disappears with the loss of differentiation during neoplasia. The high glycogen content during the menstrual cycle and reproductive cycle and its absence in postmenopause indicates a specific hormonal influence. The discrepancies noted in glycogen distribution in the same or different exfoliated cells obtained from different biologic states assume significance in light of various factors governing the synthesis and utilization of this polymer.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Demonstration of smoking-related DNA damage in cervical epithelium and correlation with human papillomavirus type 16, using exfoliated cervical cells.

Smoking is a known aetiological risk factor for cervical cancer. Smoking-related DNA damage (DNA adducts), in cervical epithelial cells, has recently been demonstrated to suggest a causal role in the development of cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV 16) is a known oncogenic virus and is also implicated as a cause of cervical cancer. It has been suggested that both smoking and HPV may act synergistically in the development of cervical cancer. We have investigated the cervical DNA adduct level and the prevalence of HPV 16 (using polymerase chain reaction) in women who had normal cervical cytology. Both the DNA adduct assay and the HPV assay were carried out on exfoliated cervical cells recovered from cervical scrapes. In 87% of the cases there was enough DNA from the exfoliative cervical cells to analyse for DNA adducts. Smokers had higher DNA adduct levels than non-smokers (P = 0.002), confirming the previous data from cervical biopsy samples. Forty-two per cent of the specimens were found to be HPV 16 positive. There was no significant difference in smoking-related DNA damage (DNA adduct levels) between HPV-positive and HPV-negative smokers. This suggests that smoking DNA damage does not augment HPV infectivity. These results do not, therefore, support the molecular synergism theory.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Infrared spectroscopy of human tissue. II. A comparative study of spectra of biopsies of cervical squamous epithelium and of exfoliated cervical cells.

A comparison of infrared absorption spectra obtained from the different layers of squamous epithelium from the human cervix, and infrared spectra obtained from exfoliated cervical cells, is presented. Infrared spectroscopy has been shown (in part I of this series) to be a sensitive tool to monitor maturation and differentiation of human cervical cells; therefore, this spectroscopic technique provides new insights into the composition and state of health of exfoliated cells.

Cervix Mucus↗
PubMed1999

Infrared spectroscopy of exfoliated cervical cell specimens. Proceed with caution.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether diagnostic information may be recovered from the infrared spectra of exfoliated cell specimens by using a novel spectral feature extraction method, in conjunction with linear and quadratic discriminant analysis, for spectral classification. STUDY DESIGN: Over 800 infrared spectra were included in the study, with corresponding clinical diagnoses based upon cytology and, when available, histology reports. Three sets of classification trials were carried out with the aim of distinguishing the spectra corresponding to normal specimens from CIN 1, 2 and 3. For each of these three cases, the procedure was to: (1) develop a set of provisional classification models using only a "training" subset of the spectra, and (2) test each provisional model by its ability to correctly predict the diagnoses on the basis of the remaining spectra. RESULTS: For optimal classification trials, training set classification accuracies were 68% for normal/CIN 1, 73% for normal/CIN 2 and 81% for normal/CIN 3; for the corresponding test sets the classification accuracies were 60%, 60% and 67%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The infrared spectra of exfoliated cervical cells carry information regarding the presence or absence of dysplasia, and that information is recoverable--albeit imperfectly at this stage--from the spectra of "real life" cell preparations.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

DNA and RNA references for qRT-PCR assays in exfoliated cervical cells.

The noncritical use of housekeeping genes, RNA mass, or cell number for normalization in quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays has come under scrutiny in recent years, highlighting the need to evaluate references in the immediate context of the relevant samples and experimental design. The purpose of this study was to select appropriate references for normalizing qRT-PCR assays of gene expression in exfoliated cervical cells. We used total nucleic acid extracts from 30 samples, representing the full spectrum of pre-invasive cervical neoplasia. We determined the DNA content by quantitative PCR for the single-copy gene beta-globin and total RNA content using quantitative image analysis of ribosomal bands. In addition, qRT-PCR for 13 candidate housekeeping genes was performed. We used two analysis methods, geNorm and Norm-Finder, to identify the best combination of reference genes and then correlated housekeeping gene expression with DNA content and gel representation of ribosomal RNA. ACTB was the most stable single gene. The addition of PGK1 and RPLP0 increased the robustness in qRT-PCR applications not stratified by disease. These genes also showed the highest correlation with DNA contents in the same samples. If special attention to intraepithelial lesions is appropriate, RPL4 and PGK1 are recommended as the best combination of two genes.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1997

Comparison of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopic screening of exfoliated cervical cells with standard Papanicolaou screening.

To compare Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in screening cervical cytology and standard Papanicolaou (Pap) screening with colposcopic directed biopsy as a "gold standard," we prospectively gathered FTIR samples and Pap smears of all patients attending our program's colposcopy clinics, from February to October 1995. We recorded demographic data for each patient including colposcopy, cytology, treatment follow-up, and histology. Using the colposcopically directed biopsy as the gold standard, exfoliated cervical cells from 301 patients were collected to compare cytology and FTIR spectroscopy. Based on previously established criteria, we provided distinctive definitions of both negative/positive FTIR, cytology, and histology. Results of 301 cases showed 196 positive and 105 negative cytologies. The sensitivity, specificity, false-negative rate, and false-positive rate for the Pap test were 86.6, 90.5, 13.4, and 9.5%, respectively. However, FTIR results versus histology showed 215 positive and 86 negative with a sensitivity of 98.6% and specificity of 98.8%. False-negative and false-positive rates were 1.4 and 1.2%, respectively. In the 12 cervical cancers there were no false-negative FTIR results but 3 false-negative Pap smears. The positive and negative predictive values for FTIR were 99.5 and 96.5% while the Pap values were 95.9 and 72.3%. Compared to standard Pap smears, FTIR has a better false-negative rate and negative predictive value in this preliminary study. Further work, to establish the range of each of the spectral criteria for different grades of dysplasia and that among various infectious effects, needs to be conducted before applying this research tool to a population-based study.

Biopsy↗
PubMed1991

[Detection of human papillomavirus types 16, 18 and 33 in exfoliated cervical cells by polymerase chain reaction].

Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16, 18 and 33 were identified by means of the polymerase chain reaction using exfoliated cells from the uterine cervix in 361 patients. Of 261 patients without cervical lesions, 10(3.8%) patients had HPV DNA whereas 7(70.0%) of 10 patients with invasive cervical carcinomas had HPV DNA. The younger patients' group (29 year-old or less) without cervical lesions had a 6.5% HPV positive rate which was distinctly higher than the older patients' groups. No menopausal patient without cervical lesions had HPV DNA. In the cervical dysplasia group, the HPV DNA positive rate tended to be higher in the older patients. Type 16 was detected more often than types 18 or 33. However, the detectable incidence of type 16 in the follow up group was lower than in the cervical carcinoma groups. The younger patients without cervical lesions had a higher incidence of type 16 than the older patients. The younger patients with cervical neoplastic lesions had a lower incidence of type 16 than the older patients. These results suggest that type 16 has a higher frequency of cervical HPV infections than types 18 and 33. In addition, human papillomavirus is not the only causative factor in cervical carcinomas.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Molecular quality of exfoliated cervical cells: implications for molecular epidemiology and biomarker discovery.

The biologic sample collected in molecular epidemiology studies must accurately reflect the disease being studied and have sufficient molecular quality for the intended assays. Noninvasive sampling methods, such as scrapes or brushes, are increasingly used. In this study, we evaluate the impact of sample collection media and extraction methods on the quality and yield of RNA from routine exfoliated cervical cytology. Excess cellular material remaining on the cytologic collection device after preparation of the routine screening Papanicolaou smear was placed in a variety of collection media and extracted using two commercial kits. The collection media had the largest impact on the yield and quality of RNA as evaluated by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis and image analysis. Two collection media, PAXgene and PreservCyt, yielded RNA from most samples. The RNA showed some degree of degradation as evidenced by the reduced size of the higher molecular weight ribosomal band. However, with a sensitive gold particle-based detection method, reproducible microarray results were obtained using this RNA.

Biomarkers, Tumor↗
PubMed2005

Gene expression profile of cervical tissue compared to exfoliated cells: impact on biomarker discovery.

BACKGROUND: Exfoliated cervical cells are used in cytology-based cancer screening and may also be a source for molecular biomarkers indicative of neoplastic changes in the underlying tissue. However, because of keratinization and terminal differentiation it is not clear that these cells have an mRNA profile representative of cervical tissue, and that the profile can distinguish the lesions targeted for early detection. RESULTS: We used whole genome microarrays (25,353 unique genes) to compare the transcription profiles from seven samples of normal exfoliated cells and one cervical tissue. We detected 10,158 genes in exfoliated cells, 14,544 in the tissue and 7320 genes in both samples. For both sample types the genes grouped into the same major gene ontology (GO) categories in the same order, with exfoliated cells, having on average 20% fewer genes in each category. We also compared microarray results of samples from women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (CIN3, n = 15) to those from age and race matched women without significant abnormalities (CIN1, CIN0; n = 15). We used three microarray-adapted statistical packages to identify differential gene expression. The six genes identified in common were two to four fold upregulated in CIN3 samples. One of these genes, the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 variant 1, participates in the degradation of p53 through interaction with the oncogenic HPV E6 protein. CONCLUSION: The findings encourage further exploration of gene expression using exfoliated cells to identify and validate applicable biomarkers. We conclude that the gene expression profile of exfoliated cervical cells partially represents that of tissue and is complex enough to provide potential differentiation between disease and non-disease.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1989

Molecular diagnosis of genital human papillomavirus infection: comparison of two methods used to collect exfoliated cervical cells.

Human papillomavirus infection is implicated as an etiologic agent in the development of neoplasia and invasive carcinoma of the cervix. To detect human papillomavirus infection of the cervix, cells must be collected and assayed for human papillomavirus-related deoxyribonucleic acid sequences. Gynecologists and other clinical investigators generally use an exocervical spatula scrape and an endocervical swab for cell collection, analogous to Papanicolaou smear collection. However, inadequate cell recovery is common. To overcome this problem, we have developed the cervicovaginal lavage method for human papillomavirus detection. In the present study we compared the cervicovaginal lavage method with the widely used scrape-swab method in 48 women referred for colposcopic examination. After a Papanicolaou test, two samples were obtained from each woman, either with cervicovaginal lavage followed by scrape-swab or with the scrape-swab followed by cervicovaginal lavage. Human papillomavirus types were assessed by restriction analysis and Southern blot hybridization. In 21 women (44%) test results were positive for human papillomavirus with both the scrape-swab and cervicovaginal lavage cell collection methods; in nine women (19%) test results were positive only with the cervicovaginal lavage method; and in 18 women (38%) results were negative for human papillomavirus with both techniques. None of the women had human papillomavirus detected by scrape-swab without also having it detected with cervicovaginal lavage. The human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid types identified were concordant in the 21 women whose infections were detected with both sampling methods, although the second virus type was detected only with cervicovaginal lavage in one woman who had a mixed genital tract infection. We concluded that cervicovaginal lavage is a more sensitive cell collection method than the scrape-swab technique for assessing human papillomavirus infection of the cervix.

Blotting, Southern↗
PubMed1992

Detection of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in the exfoliated cervical cells using the polymerase chain reaction.

We applied the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect HPV 16 and 18 in cytological samples obtained from the uterine cervices of Japanese women. HPV infection was detected in 17 (25%) of 67 with CIN and 11 (37%) of 30 with cervical carcinoma. It is notable that 11 (16%) of 69 women with normal cervices were infected with either HPV 16 or 18. The polymerase chain reaction is sensitive and useful for epidemiological studies.

Adolescent↗