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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Cervical orthoses effect on cervical spine motion: roentgenographic and goniometric method of study.

Movement of the cervical spine in the sagittal plane was studied in ten normal subjects from 20 to 30 years of age without and with four different cervical orthoses: (1) polyethylene Camp plastic collar with chin and occiput piece, (2) plastizote Philadelphia collar, (3) four-poster and (4) SOMI (sternal occipital mandibular immobilization). The effect of the orthoses on restricting sagittal motion was measured simultaneously using roentgenographic and bubble goniometric methods. The subject was immobilized in a straight back chair to eliminate trunk motion, and lateral cervical spine films were taken of each subject in neutral, flexion and extension without and with each orthotic device. Distortion forces exerted on the orthotic devices were standardized by measurement of pressures at the chin and occiput. Roentgenographic measurements of flexion and extension and anteroposterior displacement of the cervical spine were compared to the measurements obtained by bubble goniometry. The four-poster and SOMI were found to be most effective in restricting extension and flexion respectively. The polyethylene and plastizote orthoses were significantly less effective in restricting motion. The bubble goniometer is an adequate clinical tool in assessing overall flexion-extension of the cervical spine but is not so precise and does not give information on the degree of motion at an individual vertebral level.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Effects of cervical collars on standing balance.

The effect of cervical collars on standing balance in two age groups was examined. Twenty healthy women aged 60 to 78 years and 20 healthy women aged 18 to 29 years stood on a Kistler force platform with and without a cervical collar. Total, lateral and anteroposterior sway velocity were measured in each of three positions; long-base stance and eyes open, wide-base stance and eyes open, and wide-base stance and eyes closed. Analysis of variance showed no significant difference (p < .05) between the collar and no collar conditions for any of the standing balance measures. Older women had significantly more sway velocity (p < .001) than younger women during long-base standing both with and without the collar. Also they showed significantly more sway velocity in both the total (p < .01) and the anteroposterior (AP) directions (p < .001) of wide-base standing. There were no significant lateral sway velocity differences (p < .05). With eyes closed, sway velocity was greater in all age groups. In the wide-based condition there were significant differences in sway velocity between AP (p < .001) and total and lateral (p < .01). These results indicate that a cervical collar does not disturb standing balance in healthy women in the age groups tested.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Experimental cervical myelopathy. Effects of ischemia and compression of the canine cervical spinal cord.

The authors report experiments designed to test the effect of regional ischemia induced by selective vascular ligations and anterior compression of the cervical cord at two adjacent segments (C-4, C-5) in the same dog. They conclude that local ischemia of the cervical cord, caused by local deformation, when superimposed on a regional reduction in spinal cord blood flow, accounts for the myelopathy of cervical spondylosis whether produced experimentally in animals or occurring naturally in man.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of cervical vagus nerve stimulation on hypothalamic neuronal activity.

The effects of cervical vagus nerve stimulation on the activity of 56 neurons recorded in various parts of the rat brain were determined. Recordings were made from neurons in both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres during vagus nerve stimulation. Both frequency, 10 to 100 Hz, and voltage, 1 to 20 V, of 0.5 msec pulses were applied to the nerve in a random manner over a 4 sec period while monitoring ongoing single neuronal activity. Frequency response relationships were established for 64% of the lateral preoptic-lateral hypothalamic-medial forebrain bundle (LPA-LH-MFB) neurons which were tested. Four types of LPA-LH-MFB neuronal responses were observed. Twenty percent of the neurons increased in discharge frequency as stimulation frequency was increased, 9% increased in discharge frequency as stimulation frequency was decreased, 23% decreased in discharge frequency as stimulation frequency was increased, and 14% decreased in discharge frequency as stimulation frequency was decreased. Increasing the stimulation voltage always enhanced the magnitude of the effects observed due to changing the stimulation frequency. Neurons observed in some other parts of the brain were not affected by the same stimulation. In addition, cells tested in the LPA-LH-MFB area which were previously tested and affected by gastric distension were also affected similarly by vagus nerve stimulation. Results are discussed in terms of peripheral afferent control over LPA-LH-MFB neuronal activity related to ingestive behavior.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1991

Effect of cervical traction with a tenaculum on the uterocervical angle.

The effect of cervical traction on the uterocervical angle was measured radiographically in 24 women undergoing diagnostic curettage. A radio-opaque guidewire was inserted through the cervical canal into the uterine cavity and a lateral pelvic X-ray taken before and after traction. The traction force was measured with a spring-balance attached to the tenaculum. Cervical traction in a caudal direction (force 2 N) reduced the median uterocervical angle, from 75 degrees to 10 degrees (P = 0.001). Moderate cervical traction straightens the uterus and the routine use of a tenaculum theoretically makes insertion of an intrauterine device safer and the passage of an embryo transfer catheter less traumatic.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed1989

[The effect of cervical headgear on the cant of occlusal plane].

With the purpose of investigating the effect of cervical headgear on the cant of the occlusal plane; 7 males and 13 females as the experimental group, 7 males and 13 females as the control group summing up to a total of 40 individuals were included in this study. The experimental group was composed of 20 subjects whose cronological age mean was 9 years 11 months and 13 had skeletal class 1 structures where the remaining 7 had skeletal 2 structures and all had clinically diagnosed as Angle Class II, 1 malocclusion cases while the lack of space in the upper arch was lower than 6 mm. In order to be able to identified the difference which might occur by growth and development, a control group of 20 subjects of which 13 had skeletal class 1, the remaining 7 had skeletal class 2 structures, was included in the study. Cervical Headgear which the outher bows ended at the projection of the distal points of the upper first permanent molars were bent parallel to the occlusal plane was applied to the experimental group. Extraoral force of 600 gr. was applied for 16 hours per day. A total of 80 cephalometric radiographs of all subjects included in this study were taken before and after the research period. The SN/Occ. plane angle which indicates the cant of occlusal plane was traced on the cephalometric radiographs. The cephalometric radiographs taken before and after the research period were locally registered for both maxilla and mandibula separately.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1992

Effect of cervical spine motion on the neuroforaminal dimensions of human cervical spine.

A nerve root impingement within a stenotic neuroforamen is a common sequela of cervical degenerative arthritis and herniated nucleus pulposus. Understanding of the effects of cervical position on foraminal size is important in the assessment of pathology and injury, for selection of a provocative maneuver to elicit symptoms and in selecting a position of immobilization for the management of nerve root impingement syndrome. This biomechanical study of human cadaver cervical spines reports the measured variations in the sizes of neuroforamina as a function of cervical positioning. Five fresh frozen adult human cadaver cervical spines (C2-T1) were tested with combinations of flexion-extension and rotational position. Ten pounds of axial load was applied to simulate a normal loading of a cervical spine. The foramina of C5, C6, and C7 were directly measured using a set of finely graded circular probes. Compared to the foraminal diameter at the neutral position, there were statistically significant reductions in the foramen diameter of 10% and 13%, at 20 degrees and 30 degrees of extension respectively (P < 0.01). Conversely, in flexion, there were statistically significant increase of 8% and 10% at 20 degrees and 30 degrees of flexion respectively (P < 0.01). Though there was a reduction in the foraminal size with ipsilateral 20 degrees rotation, and an increase with contralateral 20 degrees rotation, these changes were not significantly different from the mean of the control. Combinations of flexion or extension position with axial rotation did not significantly change the foraminal size compared to the respective sagittal position with no axial rotation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Effects of cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation and neuropeptide Y (NPY) on cranial blood flow in the cat.

Effects of cervical sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS) at 10 Hz and intravenous infusion of neuropeptide Y (NPY), 10 and 100 pmol x kg body wt-1 x min-1 for 5 min, on regional blood flow in the cat were investigated with radioactive microspheres. Sympathetic nerve stimulation caused significant reductions in blood flows in the facial tissues including the eye. Alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with phenoxybenzamine and combined beta- and alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with propranolol and phenoxybenzamine abolished the effects of sympathetic nerve stimulation in most facial tissues except in the tongue, upper eyelid and masseter muscle. In most cranial tissues, neuropeptide Y reduced regional blood flow and increased vascular resistance. No effect of neuropeptide Y on vascular resistance was observed in the choroid. In the present study, evidence for a non-adrenergic component in sympathetic vasoconstriction was found in the tongue, upper eyelid and masseter muscle but not in the majority of feline facial tissues. Neuropeptide Y was a potent vasoconstrictor in many cranial tissues, while in parts of the uvea, the effects of neuropeptide Y were less pronounced.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

[Effect of cervical headgear therapy on point B in class II, division 1 cases].

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of cervical headgear on point B. The study depends on 40 lateral cephalometric films of 20 cases. 10 Class II, 1 cases had undergone cervical headgear therapy (Treatment group) and 10 Class II, 1 cases had received no treatment (Control group). 4 angular and 5 linear measurements were made on the films. By comparing the treatment and control groups, the changes related to growth was eliminated and the following results were obtained; According to SNB angle there was a statistically significant (p less than 0.05) difference between the two groups. SNB angle increased more in the treatment group. But in a measurement which was made to see the linear difference on point B, there wasn't any statistically significant difference between the two groups.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1992

Effect of cervical coating of ethyl cellulose polymer and metacrylic acid copolymer on the radicular penetration of hydrogen peroxide during bleaching.

Extraradicular leakage of oxidizing agents during bleaching is an undesirable event and thus need to be prevented. The effect of external cervical coating of ethyl cellulose (EC) and metacrylic acid copolymer (MAC) on the radicular penetration of hydrogen peroxide during intracoronal bleaching was examined. Single rooted human premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons were used. The cementum covering the cemento-enamel junction was mechanically removed and the teeth treated endodontically and bleached with 30% hydrogen peroxide. Radicular hydrogen peroxide penetration was measured before coating the teeth and after applications of 1-3 layers of EC or 3 layers of MAC external cervical coatings. It was found that the radicular penetration of 30% hydrogen peroxide was related to the number of layers of cervical EC coatings. Application of one layer of EC did not reduce the hydrogen peroxide penetration. Two and three layers of EC reduced the hydrogen peroxide penetration by 38% and 85% respectively. Three layers of MAC reduced the radicular hydrogen peroxide penetration in 83%. Statistically, a highly significant difference was found between the teeth coated with three layers of either EC or MAC and the noncoated teeth (p < 0.001). It was concluded that application of ethyl cellulose or metacrylic acid copolymer to exposed cervical root surfaces may effectively prevent extraradicular leakage of bleaching agents.

Cellulose↗
PubMed1977

Cervical orthoses. A study comparing their effectiveness in restricting cervical motion in normal subjects.

The effectiveness of five cervical orthoses in restricting cervical motion was evaluated quantitatively in normal subjects using roentgenograms and overhead photographs made at the extremes of three planes of motion, while the effectiveness of the halo with a plastic body-vest was studied in seven patients with cervical fractures or local fusions. Flexion and extension were measured at each cervical intervertebral joint and combined cervical motion was measured for rotation and lateral bending. The best conventional braces restricted only 45 per cent of flexion-extension at the atlanto-axial joint; the halo restricted 75 per cent. The conventional braces were more effective in the middle and lower portions of the cervical spine. The results may prove to be useful guidelines for the selection of an appropriate orthosis to control motion in different planes and at different levels of the spine.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The cost-effectiveness of cervical cancer screening for low-income elderly women.

Controversy surrounds prevention policy for the elderly. While some cost-effectiveness analyses have been done for the general elderly population, to our knowledge no study has examined the provision of preventive services to a low-income elderly population. We conducted a study of the cost-effectiveness of a cervical cancer screening program for infrequently screened elderly women attending an urban municipal hospital clinic. The results of Papanicolaou testing were abnormal (malignant or premalignant) in 11 of 816 women screened. This early detection of cervical neoplasia saved +5907 and 3.7 years of life per 100 Papanicolaou tests. When average medical costs per year of life extended by screening were included, the program cost +2874 per year of life saved. Comprehensive sensitivity analyses performed on competing medical and economic points of view did not change the conclusion of a favorable cost-effectiveness ratio for screening. Our findings indicate that the benefits from some prevention programs for the elderly can offset the costs of these programs. More research is needed to guide public policy on prevention for selected population groups.

Aged↗
PubMed1990

Clinical effects and cervical tissue changes after treatment with 16,16 dimethyl-trans delta 2 PGE1 methylester in the first trimester.

Cervagem pessaries, containing 1 mg of 16,16-dimethyl-trans delta 2-PGE1 methylester, was administered in the posterior vaginal fornix 4 h before vacuum aspiration in the 1st trimester. The effects of cervical dilatation, cervical collagen metabolism and cervical smooth muscle activity were investigated. In treated women the mean cervical dilatation was 7.9 mm as compared with 3.9 mm in controls. The in vitro incorporation of 14C proline in cervical tissue as well as the hydrolytic activity against a synthetic "collagen-like" polypeptide was increased after treatment with cervagem. The cervical smooth muscle sensitivity to prostaglandins, as revealed by inhibition of muscle activity, was higher in treated women than in controls. It is concluded that cervical dilatation, as induced by cervagem, involves an adaptation of both connective tissue and smooth muscle components.

Abortifacient Agents↗
PubMed1992

[Effect of cervical mucus on zona induced acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa].

Zona induced acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa was examined by FITC labelled PSA staining. When human spermatozoa were incubated with salt stored human eggs for 6 hours, the percentage of acrosome reacted spermatozoa was 35.7 +/- 17.7%. The zona induced acrosome reaction rate was significantly higher than that of the spontaneous acrosome reaction (2.8 +/- 1.9%). These date indicate that the zona pellucida of the human egg have the ability to induce the acrosome reaction as in other mammalian zona. Additionally the effect of cervical mucus on the acrosome reaction was examined. Spermatozoa which passed through the cervical mucus were collected and examined for the rate of spontaneous and zona induced acrosome reaction. The rate of spontaneous acrosome reaction was almost the same as the control, but the rate of zona induced acrosome reaction (51.6 +/- 6.8%) was significantly higher than that of the control (25.6 +/- 9.4%). These data suggest that spermatozoa appear to complete capacitation by passing through cervical mucus.

Acrosome↗
PubMed1991

Effects of cervical adjustments on lateral-flexion passive end-range asymmetry and on blood pressure, heart rate and plasma catecholamine levels.

The biomechanical and physiological effects of a single, unilateral lower cervical spinal adjustment delivered to the most restricted side of cervical lateral-flexion passive end-range were examined. Only healthy, asymptomatic male subjects who exhibited goniometrically verified lateral-flexion passive range of motion asymmetries of 10 degrees or greater on the morning of the experiment were chosen for the study. Posttreatment goniometric measurements revealed that in sham-adjusted controls, mean lateral-flexion asymmetries had not changed significantly during the 4-hr time period examined. However, in subjects who received lower cervical adjustments, dramatic ameliorations of asymmetry magnitude were observed which persisted throughout the entire 4-hr posttreatment time period. On the other hand, in the face of this rather robust biomechanical effect, heart rate and blood pressure measurements obtained at -60 and -15 min prior to treatments, and at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 240 min following treatments, revealed no significant differences between adjusted and sham-adjusted subjects at any of the time periods examined. Consistent with this, analysis of the plasma concentrations of norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine in serial blood samples collected at these same times also failed to reveal significant differences between treatment groups at any of the time periods examined. The results of this investigation indicate that lower cervical adjustments are capable, at least in asymptomatic subjects, of inducing relatively robust biomechanical effects related to passive cervical end-range capability without simultaneously inducing significant alterations in the overall activity of the sympathetic nervous system.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Controlling the swimming speed of human sperm by varying the incubation temperature and its effect on cervical mucus penetration.

The objective of the present experiments was to study the effect of sperm velocity as a single variable on the ability of sperm to penetrate cervical mucus in a modified Kremer test. Sperm incubated at 13, 22 and 37 degrees C exhibited progressive velocities of 25 +/- 1.7, 40 +/- 2.1 and 56 +/- 2.1 microns sec-1 (mean +/- SEM, n = 6) respectively, but the percentage of progressively motile sperm, their lateral head displacement and the viscoelastic properties of cervical mucus remained comparatively unchanged over this temperature range. The number of sperm which penetrated the mucus and the percentage of successful collisions were correlated strongly with the average velocity of the sperm population (r = 0.82 and r = 0.72 respectively). It is concluded that sperm velocity has an important influence on the penetration of cervical mucus because it governs the frequency of collisions with the mucus interface and is determined by the thrust generated by the flagellum which also determines the ability of the sperm to traverse the mucus interface.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed1991

Effects of cervical spinal cord stimulation in experimental ischaemic oedema.

Cervical spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been used in an animal model of acute ischaemic brain oedema. In anaesthetized rats a temporary carotid bilateral occlusion of 60 minutes was carried out, followed by a reperfusion period of 30 minutes before sacrifice. Two electrodes were placed in each side of the duramater at C2 level. SCS was started either 60 minutes before ischaemia or at the beginning of the reperfusion period. The parameters of stimulation were: pulse width 0.1 ms; frequency of 25 cps; intensity at one third of the threshold which produced motor responses. The specific gravity of the brain was measured at different areas using a microgravimetric technique in a bromobenzene-petroleum column. Our results indicate that: 1) cervical SCS reduces ischaemic cerebral oedema, 2) the effect is more prominent using stimulation during the reperfusion period, and 3) there were no differences in mortality rates or in the pathological study.

Animals↗