[Neurosurgical consideration of foreign body in the cerebral ventricle. 2. Surgical cases of the foreign body shifting in the cerebral ventricle].
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Brain↗
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Computer reconstruction of the three-dimensional structure of mouse cerebral ventricles.
In the brain, the cerebral ventricles are important as the site of cerebrospinal fluid production. The cerebral ventricles consist of the lateral ventricles, the third ventricle and the fourth ventricle, and their stereoscopic structures and the connections between them are not visible from outside of the brain. Observation of the stereoscopic structure of cerebral ventricles is possible by producing a mold preparation of the ventricular system [Systematic Human Anatomy (1984) 589; A Colour Atlas of Human Anatomy (1993) 79; J. Anat. 68 (1934) 480; Brain 75 (1952) 259]. However, this method does not facilitate visualization of the position of the ventricles within the brain or the positional relationships between the cerebral ventricles and other structures. Murine brains are often used in studies of hydrocephalus [Mol. Cell. Biol. 22 (2002) 2769; Brain Res. 891 (2001) 247]. Rolf et al. have reported that a few L1 mutant mice display severe hydrocephalus and suggested that, in such mice, massively enlarged ventricles create deformations of the brain, which secondarily cause stenosis of the aqueducts followed by severe hydrocephalus [Brain Res. 891 (2001) 247]. The three-dimensional structure of murine cerebral ventricles reconstructed on a computer display would be extremely useful not only for stereoscopic observation of the cerebral ventricles in murine brains but also in morphological analysis of murine cerebral ventricles using additional software for three-dimensional measurement. We therefore attempted a three-dimensional computer reconstruction of the cerebral ventricles from serial histological sections of whole mouse brain in order to facilitate research into hydrocephalus using mouse models. In this study, mouse brain is fixed in formalin and then embedded in paraffin after immersion in celloidin. Serial histological sections are produced and digitized, and outlines of the brain surface and cerebral ventricular faces are traced on printouts. Serial drawings are again digitized, and the three-dimensional structure of the brain surface and cerebral ventricles is reconstructed on the computer using reconstruction software. Using this technique, we accurately described the mouse brain surface and cerebral ventricle faces on a computer display.
Animals↗
[Measurements and indices of the central part of the lateral cerebral ventricles].
INTRODUCTION: Halls of the lateral cerebral ventricles' central parts are mainly formed of caudate nucleus. Increase of cerebral ventricular system volume, called central atrophy, is a result of decrease in basal ganglia volume. In this paper, lateral cerebral ventricles' central parts measures were determined and indexes were calculated, as well as the correlation between these parameters and the age of examinees. Presence of sexual dimorphism was investigated, too. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Lateral cerebral ventricles' central parts measures and indexes were determined in 60 healthy volunteers (30 males and 30 females), aged from 15 to 60 years (x = 39.47 +/- 12, 18 years), without positive neurological and MRI findings. The shortest and the longest distance between walls of the cerebral ventricles' central parts and the maximal width of the brain and skull at the same levels were determined, and according to the obtained data, proper indexes were calculated. Sexual dimorphism of the maximal width of the brain and skull at the level of both the shortest and the longest distance between walls of the cerebral ventricles' central parts was shown. RESULTS: Significant, positive correlation was obtained between age and linear measures determined at the level of both the shortest and the longest distance between walls of the cerebral ventricles' central parts, as well as indexes calculated at the basis of the aforementioned data. This positive correlation has the highest level of statistical significance at the level of the shortest distance between walls of the cerebral ventricles' central parts. CONCLUSION: Widening of the lateral cerebral ventricles' central parts, especially at the frontal part, could be explained as a sign of the caudate nuclei volume decrease, i.e. the central atrophy. This is in positive correlation with age.
Adolescent↗
Quantitative development of choroid plexuses in chick embryo cerebral ventricles.
Quantitative development of choroid plexuses in cerebral ventricles of chick embryos was investigated by means of the planary projection of the choroid plexuses from the time the plexuses reached a consistent flattened structure. Choroid plexuses in the lateral cerbral ventricles were studied from day 6, the plexus in the third cerebral ventricle from day 8, and the plexus in the fourth cerebral ventricle from day 11 of incubation. Regardless of the microscopic origin of these choroid plexuses, their development reached a growth maximum on day 15 of incubation, after which there was a slight regression. The regression was gradual in the plexus of the third cerebral ventricle but a transient enlargement of plexuses in the laternal and in the fourth cerebral ventricle was observed between days 18 and 19. The enlargement of choroid plexuses in the lateral cerebral ventricles was caused by a flattening of the villi, whereas that of the plexus in the fourth cerebral ventricle was caused by thinning and yawning of the villi. The area of choroid plexuses in the lateral cerebral ventricles was six or seven times larger than the sum of the areas of the remaining choroid plexuses.
Animals↗
Recurrent bradycardia and delayed recovery in a neonate following repair of nasofrontal encephalocoele with holoprosencephaly and single cerebral ventricle.
Holoprosencephaly and single cerebral ventricle are uncommon congenital anomalies that are associated with a high rate of perinatal mortality. We describe a neonate who developed recurrent bradycardia along with delayed recovery following frontal craniotomy for the repair of a nasofrontal encephalocoele associated with holoprosencephaly and a single cerebral ventricle. The neonate, however, recovered following elective ventilation. Etiopathogenesis and management of such complications are discussed.
Anesthesia Recovery Period↗
[Effect of ligustrazine on cell proliferation in subventricular zone of lateral cerebral ventricle after adult rat suffering from focal cerebral ischemia].
OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of ligustrazine on cell proliferation in subventricular zone of lateral cerebral ventricle after middle cerebral artery occluded (MACO) in adult rat. METHODS: SD male rats were randomly divided into three group: sham operation group, ischemic model group and Ligustrazine group. The model of the middle cerebral artery occlusion was established by placement of an intraluminal filament at the origin of left MCA. Ligustrazine was administered intraperitoneally with a dose of 80 mg/kg daily starting at 2 hours after MCAO. BrdU (50 mg/kg) was injected once a day intraperitoneally starting at 4 hours after operation. Number of BrdU-positive cells and expression of doublecortin (DCX) in subventricular zone (SVZ) were measured by immunohistochemistry on day 7, 14, 24 after operation. RESULTS: Compared with sham operation group, BrdU-positive cells in ischemic model group increased on day 7, reached the peak on day 14, then decreased on day 21 after operation. On day 7 and 14, the numbers of BrdU-positive cells in Ligustrazine group were markedly augmented and significantly more than those in ischemic model group (P < 0.01), but decreased on day 21. The expressions of DCX in SVZ in ischemic model group were enhanced on day 7 with lasting into day 14, and reduced on day 21, but still higher than those in sham operation group on day 7, 14, and 21, respectively. The expressions of DCX in SVZ in Ligustrazine group increased gradually along with prolong of ischemia and kept the high level up to day 21 after operation, and were higher than those in ischemic model group on day 14 and 21. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Ligustrazine may promote the cells of SVZ, which the adult rats suffer from the focal cerebral ischemia, to go into cell proliferation.
Animals↗
[Usefulness of trans-fontanel ultrasonography in the diagnosis of various pathological changes in the brain of infants. II. Evaluation of the width of cerebral ventricles and morphology of extra-cerebral fluid spaces].
The analysis of the morphology of the extracerebral fluid space and the assessment of the cerebral ventricles width were done on the ground of 200 ultrasound cerebral scans in infants with an open anterior fontanel. A classification of lesions according to their morphologic picture and the level of progression of disease is proposed.
Anthropometry↗
[Diagnosis and treatment of cysticercosis of cerebral ventricles].
31 patients with cysticercosis of cerebral ventricles verified by operation or pathological investigation were reported. All patients were between 7 and 64 years of age and 14 were females. All had a single cyst. Since 29 patients (94%) were without a history of intestinal taeniasis, it was proposed that most patients of cysticercosis of cerebral ventricles were caused by hetero-infection and the entrance of Cysticercus into brain ventricle was through choroid plexus along the cerebrospinal fluid. This is probably the reason why it occurs mostly in the 4th ventricle. The clinical manifestation of cysticercosis of cerebral ventricles were paroxysmal headache and vomiting caused by increased intracranial pressure. Ventriculography and CT scanning have considerable diagnostic value. Removal of Cysticercus by surgical operation is successful (Figs. 1-8).
Adolescent↗
Diagnosis and intrauterine management of enlargement of the cerebral ventricles.
Enlargement of the cerebral ventricles can be caused by one of two main mechanisms: increase in pressure within the brain because of obstruction to the flow of fluid through and out of the ventricular system or primary loss of brain substance with normal or low intraventricular pressure. Accurate diagnosis is particularly important. In late pregnancy a larger than expected biparietal diameter as measured by ultrasound renders the diagnosis relatively easy. In earlier pregnancy one has to measure the ventricule/hemisphere (V/H) ratio. According to Campbell, a ratio greater than 0.5 after 18 weeks is a sufficient criterian. After 20 weeks the normal V/H ratio should be equal to or less than 0.33. It is vital to perform serial examinations particularly in high-risk patients because early absence of ventriculomegaly does not always preclude its later development. The natural history of such an enlargement in infants or adults is usually a progressive loss of brain function and mental deterioration. In fetuses the prognosis is much less well defined. Only about 50% do not have associated problems. Etiology is very often unprecise which makes prediction of the outcome very difficult. Regarding therapy, three options are available according to the phase of pregnancy when the diagnosis is made, to the extent of the disease and naturally according to the availability of modes of therapy: termination of pregnancy, withholding of therapy or active intervention in form of fetal surgery with percutaneous intrauterine placement of a ventricular shunt. Fetal surgery is a very new alternative with very precise indications and advantages but limited justifications at the moment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cerebral Ventricles↗
Effects of changes in acid-base composition in the cerebral ventricles on local and general cerebral blood flow.
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Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
[History of the cerebral ventricles].
Along the centuries, the cerebral ventricles were thought by Ancient anatomists to be involved in rational judgement, imagination, and memory. The role played by the cerebral cortex in these functions was only identified during the XIX(th) century.
Anatomy↗
Systemic site of action for pressor effect of angiotensin II injected into the fourth cerebral ventricle of rats?
Angiotensin II (ANG II) causes a systemic pressor effect when injected into the cerebral ventricles. In the rat fourth ventricle, the effective doses for the ANG II pressor effect are over 100 times larger than in the systemic circulation. Considering the discrepancy of doses, the possibility that ANG II may reach the systemic circulation and promote pressor effects, following injection into the fourth ventricle, was investigated. The effects on blood pressure of different vasoactive peptides that produce pressor responses when injected into the central nervous system were compared. Dose-response curves were obtained for intravenous or fourth cerebroventricular injections of ANG II, lysyl-vasopressin (LVP), bradykinin (BK), or endothelin-1 (ET-1). The ED50 ratios for intracerebroventricular/intraveneous injections were 110 for ANG II, 109 for LVP, 0.01 for BK, and approximately 0.4 for ET-1. In cross-circulation preparations, pressor responses occurred in the donor rat following injection into the fourth cerebral ventricle of the recipient animal, showing that effective doses of ANG II, administered to the fourth cerebral, reach the systemic circulation. The same results were obtained for the microinjection of 4 nmol of LVP into the fourth cerebral ventricle of recipient animals. High-performance reverse-phase liquid chromatography analyses of arterial blood showed that approximately 1% of the [125I]ANG II injected into the fourth cerebral ventricle may be recovered from the systemic circulation a few seconds after the microinjection. The systemic administration of the ANG II receptor antagonist losartan blocked the response to ANG II injected into the fourth ventricle whereas antagonist administration in the same ventricle did not. Angiotensin injections into the lateral ventricle produced pressor responses that were reduced by antagonist administration to the same ventricle but not by systemic administration of the antagonist. The data suggest that the pressor effect resulting from ANG II or LVP injections into the fourth cerebral ventricle may be due to the action of this peptide in the systemic circulation. On the other hand, the pressor effect due to ANG II microinjection into the lateral ventricle apparently results from the direct stimulation of central periventricular structures.
Angiotensin II↗
The relationship between intracranial pressure and size of cerebral ventricles assessed by computed tomography.
BACKGROUND: This study explored whether assessment of the cerebral ventricular size (or changes in size) by cranial computed tomography (CT) is a reliable way to predict the intracranial pressure (ICP). METHODS: A total of 224 cranial CT scans and continuous 24 hours ICP recordings in 184 patients were examined and compared. In these cases examinations were undertaken on the basis of suspected craniosynostosis, hydrocephalus or extracranial shunt failure. Simultaneous CT scanning and ICP monitoring was performed twice in 31 cases. Various measures of cerebral ventricular size were computed on the basis of CT, including Evan's index, third ventricular index, cella media index and ventricular score. Various measures of ICP were computed by means of the software Sensometrics Pressure Analyser, including computation of mean ICP, numbers of ICP elevations (20-30 mmHg lasting either 0.5, 1, 5 or 10 minutes), and numbers of ICP depressions (-5 or -10 mmHg lasting either 0.5, 1, 5 or 10 minutes) during a standardized recording time of 10 hours. The relationships between the various measures of ventricular size and the various measures of ICP were explored. FINDINGS: There was a weak and non-significant relationship between the various measures of ventricular size and the measures of ICP in the 184 cases. There was a weak relationship between changes in size of cerebral ventricles and changes in ICP in the 31 cases examined twice. INTERPRETATION: The present results suggest that actual size or changes in size of the cerebral ventricles were no reliable predictors of ICP or changes in ICP, suggesting that great caution should be exercised when predicting ICP on the basis of the size of the cerebral ventricles on cranial CT scanning.
Adolescent↗
[SURGERY OF TUMORS OF THE 3D CEREBRAL VENTRICLE].
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Cerebral Ventricle Neoplasms↗
Expansion of the cerebral ventricles and correlation with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome neuropathology in 232 patients.
BACKGROUND: Expansion of the cerebral ventricles is highly prevalent in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to correlate the volume of the cerebral ventricles with histopathologic abnormalities in the brain. METHODS: At autopsy, the volume of the cerebral ventricles in brain slices was estimated planimetrically in 232 patients with AIDS and 77 age-appropriate controls. Estimated volumes were compared with the neuropathologic results using multiple regression analysis. RESULTS: Multiple regression analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between ventricular volume and cerebral cytomegalovirus infection (P < .0004). When human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis with multinucleated cells was present, median volume did not differ significantly from other subjects with AIDS. In 11 patients who had HIV-1 proviral DNA detected using the polymerase chain reaction, average volume was not different from 22 patients who tested negatively using polymerase chain reaction. Ventricular expansion did not have a clear-cut neuropathologic substrate in many instances. CONCLUSIONS: In some subjects with AIDS, cytomegalovirus encephalitis was the underlying neuropathologic lesion associated with ventricular expansion. Key indicators of brain HIV-1 infection were related either weakly or not at all, and the role of HIV-1 remains uncertain in most cases.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Prolonged survival of bovine adrenal chromaffin cells in rat cerebral ventricles.
Dispersed, cultured bovine adrenal chromaffin cells transplanted into the cerebral ventricles of neonatal and adult rats survived at least 2 mo without evidence of immunological rejection. The cells can be identified by their strong yellow fluorescent reaction with glyoxylic acid, which suggests that they maintain intact the capability of synthesizing and storing catecholamines. The cells did not show sprouting or process formation and appeared to be free in the ventricle or aggregated in clusters. This shows that cells from different animal species and from different tissue origins can be transplanted and can survive in the cerebral ventricles.
Adrenal Medulla↗
Substance P content in the cerebrospinal fluid and fluid perfusing cerebral ventricles during elicitation and inhibition of trigemino-hypoglossal reflex in rats.
The aim of this study was to establish whether tooth pulp and periaqueductal central gray (PAG) stimulation affects the release of substance P (SP) into the fluid perfusing the cerebral ventricles in rats. The content of substance P in the cerebrospinal fluid and fluid perfusing cerebral ventricles was determined during incisor pulp stimulation with electrical impulses inducing nociceptive trigemino-hypoglossal reflex and then during inhibition of the reflex by stimulation of PAG. Perfusion of the cerebral ventricles was carried out using artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF). SP-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) was determined in the samples by radioimmunoassay. Samples were collected in four groups: first group-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); second group-aCSF perfusates without stimulation; third group-aCSF perfusates during incisor pulp stimulation; fourth group-aCSF perfusates during incisor pulp stimulation and simultaneous inhibition of trigemino-hypoglossal reflex by PAG stimulation. It was shown that incisor pulp stimulation led to the increased release of SP-LI into the fluid perfusing cerebral ventricles. Stimulation of PAG reduced the release of SP-LI into the cerebro-ventricular system to the values obtained before the tooth pulp stimulation. The results indicate that PAG significantly inhibits the release of SP-LI into the rat cerebral ventricular system and may be involved in the inhibition of trigemino-hypoglossal reflex.
Animals↗
Interaction between the effects of spinal heating and cooling and of injections into a lateral cerebral ventricle of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine and carbachol on thermoregulation in sheep.
1. A study has been made of the interactions of the thermoregulatory effects of spinal cord heating and cooling and of the injections into the cerebral ventricle of noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and carbamylcholine in sheep. 2. The interactions of spinal cord heating and the injections into the cerebral ventricle of noradrenaline, 5-HT and carbamylcholine were very similar to those of hypothalamic heating or of high ambient temperature and the injections into the cerebral ventricle of these substances. These results are interpreted as evidence of the synaptic convergence of the pathways from peripheral, spinal cord and hypothalamic warm-sensors at or before the points of action of these synaptically active substances. 3. The only definite thermoregulatory effect of spinal cooling was the onset of shivering which could be due to a purely spinal effect of cold. No substantial evidence was obtained of an interaction between spinal cooling and an injection of noradrenaline, 5-HT or carbamylcholine into the cerebral ventricle. Thus there was no clear indication of centripetal pathways from spinal cold sensors converging with those from the skin and the hypothalamus for which evidence of convergence was obtained in an earlier study. 4. The results of this study are expressed in terms of the neuronal model of Bligh, Cottle & Maskrey (1971) and Maskrey & Bligh (1971), appropriately modified.
Animals↗