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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1977

Aged in cities: residential segregation in 10 USA central cities.

This study focuses on the segregation of the aged in ten USA cities. The objectives are to determine the degree of segregation of elderly within cities, and how the pattern varied from 1960 to 1970 by size of city, age of city, and for cities that are growing and declining in population. Census data were used to compare proportions of the population 65 and over living in central city and suburban locations, and a summary Index of Dissimilarity was computed to measure the degree of age segregation by census tracts. In all metropolitan areas there was a disproportionate share of the elderly residing within the central city and considerable segregation in certain census tracts within the city. However, the degree of segregation showed no pattern of increase between 1960 and 1970. There was less segregation of the aged in older, declining cities and greater segregation in younger, growing cities. These findings suggest that age segregation is in part a function of the urbanization process.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Retrospective survey of 452 patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Wuhan city, central China.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) had been uncommon in China until about 1990, but since then, it has been seen in the clinical setting more and more. The prevalence and phenotype of IBD in the Chinese population is not well known. The present study investigates the trend of prevalence in ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) in Wuhan City, central China, and evaluates clinical features, extraintestinal manifestations, and the treatment of IBD in the last 14 years. METHODS: Three hundred and eighty-nine patients with UC and 63 patients with CD were retrospectively collected from 5 central hospitals in Wuhan City, in which high-quality endoscopic and histological diagnoses were available from 1990 to 2003. UC and CD were diagnosed based on clinical, experimental, radiological, endoscopic, and histological examinations according to the internationally accepted Lennard-Jones criteria. RESULTS: The trend toward prevalence of UC and CD increased between 1990 and 2003 in Wuhan City. There was no change in the sex and age distribution comparing 1990 to 1996 with 1997 to 2003 both in UC and CD. However, the number of individuals with higher education and a professional occupation during 1997 to 2003 was significantly higher than that during the period 1990 to 1996 in patients with UC (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.27-3.35, P = 0.004; OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.31-3.61, P = 0.003). The mean age of patients with CD was significantly younger than that of UC at the time of diagnosis (32.6 +/- 12.5 vs. 42 +/- 14.5, P < 0.0001). The ratio of male to female patients was 1.53:1 in UC and 2.32:1 in CD, respectively. The mean duration of onset of the disease to diagnosis was 1.4 years in UC and 1.1 years in CD. The extra intestinal manifestations of UC and CD were 5.7% and 19%, respectively, and complications of UC and CD were 6.4% and 50.8%, respectively. Only 3% of UC patients required surgery, whereas 27% of CD patients underwent surgical procedures (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of IBD has increased in Wuhan City, central China, but is not as high as in Western countries. The disease in Wuhan City has often been associated with young adult professional males with a high level of education. The clinical presentation of UC was often mild and had few extra intestinal manifestations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Residential moves by elderly persons to U.S. central cities, suburbs, and rural areas.

The 1975-1980 migration stream and net migration patterns of persons younger than 65 and 65 + were examined using data from the 1980 U.S. Census. Central cities and suburbs of metropolitan areas (SMSAs) and nonmetropolitan areas (NonSMSAs) were distinguished as origins and destinations. Most elderly movers relocated within a fairly limited geographic context and revealed strong preferences for metropolitan living. Suburban locations were more favored than central city locations. Net migration findings may provide misleading interpretations of older movers' locational choices. The migration patterns of the 65 + population were similar to those of the 45- to 64-year-old population but differed from those of the more youthful U.S. populations. These findings highlight migration streams of elderly movers who likely have experienced changed in their life styles or personal resources.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Informal caregiving to persons with AIDS in the United States: caregiver burden among central cities residents eighteen to forty-nine years old.

Characteristics and caregiving experiences of friends and family members caring for people with AIDS (PWAs) were examined. Based on a probability sample of informal AIDS caregivers ages 18-49 living in central cities of the United States (n = 260), analyses were conducted to (a) identify the sociodemographic characteristics of young central city caregivers; and (b) examine the effects of caregiver characteristics (relationship to PWA, gender, race/ethnicity, income, sexual orientation, HIV status, perceived susceptibility), and level of objective caregiving demands, on subjective caregiver burden. Results indicate that the largest group of caregivers in this age category are male friends of the PWA--a group not typically found among caregivers to persons with other types of illnesses. In general, gay or bisexual caregivers, caregivers who have traditional family ties to the PWA, men relative to women, and lower income caregivers, report the greatest burden. While level of caregiving demands represents the most influential predictor of caregiver burden, white and male caregivers experience greater burden, independent of level of involvement and other caregiver characteristics. Receiving instrumental support with caregiving buffers the impact of high objective demands on subjective burden.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1997

[Primary infection type atypical mycobacteriosis (lung infection) in the Fuji City Central Hospital during 1989-94].

A Clinical observation was carried out on primary infection type atypical mycobacteriosis (lung infection) in the Fuji City Central Hospital (Fuji-shi, Shizuokaken, Japan) during 1989-94. 1) Twenty-five out of 118 cases (21.8%) admitted to the tuberculosis ward of the hospital were atypical mycobacteriosis. Ten out of 25 cases with atypical mycobacteriosis were primary infection (8.5%). 2) The results of identification of atypical mycobacteria isolated from cases were as follows: M. avium-intracellulare complex: 4 cases M. kansasii: 3 cases M. scrofulaceum: 2 cases Unknown: 1 case 3) Background factor of atypical mycobacteriosis was observed in 6 out of 10 cases. No background factor was seen in 4 cases. 4) In spite of resistance to drugs of isolated mycobacteria in vitro, treatment by drugs such as INH, RFP, and SM was effective in clinical course. That is, mycobacteria in sputum converted to negative, and chest X-ray shadow improvement.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Changing the minimum legal drinking age--its effect on a central city emergency department.

AIMS: To quantify the effect of a recent national law change on the presentation of ethanol intoxicated patients to a central city Emergency Department (ED). METHODS: All records of ethanol intoxicated patients presenting to the ED for twelve months before and after the change to the minimum legal drinking age were studied. Each patient was classified as having laboratory confirmed intoxication, clinical suspicion only, or no record of intoxication. Three age groups were identified, 15-17 year olds, eighteen and nineteen year olds and over 20 year olds. Within each age group the proportion of presentations with ethanol intoxication was compared across the two time periods. RESULTS: The number of intoxicated 18 and 19 year olds increased in the twelve months after the national law change from 66 to 107 (52 to 80 for laboratory confirmed intoxication and fourteen to 27 for clinical suspicion only). This represented an increase in the proportion of presentations in this age group with intoxication (p=0.009) from 2.9% to 4.4%, a 50% increase (RR=1.51, 95%CI 1.11-2.03). There was no evidence of an increase in the proportion intoxicated for those over nineteen years (3.4% vs 3.3%, p=0.48, RR=0.97, 95%CI=0.89-1.06) although the numbers increased slightly (963 to 992). However there was a worrying trend for an increase in the 15-17 year olds, with numbers increasing from 72 to 95 and the proportion increasing from 5.0% to 6.7% (p=0.07, RR=1.35, 95%CI=0.98-1.88). CONCLUSION: The recent lowering of the minimum legal drinking age from 20 to eighteen years has resulted in increased presentations to the ED of intoxicated eighteen and nineteen year olds. A similar trend was seen in the 15-17 year olds.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

The feasibility of a school-based VI polysaccharide vaccine mass immunization campaign in Hue City, central Vietnam: streamlining a typhoid fever preventive strategy.

We report the coverage, safety, and logistics of a school-based typhoid fever immunization campaign that took place in Hue City, central Vietnam; a typhoid fever endemic area. A cluster-randomized evaluation-blinded controlled trial was designed where 68 schools (cluster) were randomly allocated the single dose Vi polysaccharide vaccine (Typherix) or the active control hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix). A safety surveillance system was implemented. A total of 32,267 children were immunized with a coverage of 57.5%. Strong predictors for vaccination were attending primary schools, peri-urban location of the school, and low family income. Human resources were mainly schoolteachers and the campaign was completed in about 1 month. Most adverse events reported were mild. Safe injection and safe sharp-waste disposal practices were followed. A typhoid fever school-based immunization campaign was safe and logistically possible. Coverage was moderate and can be interpreted as the minimum that could have been achievable because individual written informed consent procedures were sought for the first time in Hue City and the trial nature of the campaign. The lessons learned, together with cost-effectiveness results to be obtained by the end of follow-up period, will hopefully accelerate the introduction of Vi typhoid fever vaccine in Vietnam.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Changing families and changing mobility: their impact on the central city.

Urban scholars and planners look to evidence of recent gains in the number of nontraditional households as a potential source of increase to the population sizes and tax bases of declining central cities. While it is now well established that substantial gains in the numbers of small, nontraditional households have occurred since the 1950s, it has not been demonstrated that: (a) these households are more likely to relocate in the city than traditional family households (husband-wife with children under 18); or (b) their cityward relocation patterns will significantly alter trends toward smaller city household populations. This paper addresses these questions by examining changes in city-suburb migration stream rates by household type over periods 1955-60, 1965-70 and 1970-75 for large metropolitan areas, and assesses their implications for potential changes in the aggregate sizes of city household populations.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Effects of out-of-school care on sex initiation among young adolescents in low-income central city neighborhoods.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between patterns of out-of-school care over time and the initiation of sex among young adolescents living in low-income urban families. DESIGN: A prospective cohort study (using a 16-month follow-up) examining the predictive value of changes in out-of-school-care arrangements on early sex initiation. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: By using a multistage stratified area probability sampling strategy, we selected 494 subjects aged 11 to 13 years living in low-income central city neighborhoods who did not report having had sexual intercourse by time 1. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Adolescent report of having had sexual intercourse by time 2. RESULTS: Bivariate results suggested that being at home with an adult during out-of-school hours was related to less sex initiation than self-care, care at another person's home, and attendance at an organized/supervised activity. Adjusting for demographic attributes, parental monitoring, parental curfews, and family routines, remaining in out-of-home care or self-care was associated with a 2.5 times (95% confidence interval, 1.3-5.1 times) increase in the likelihood of initiating sexual intercourse when compared with being at home with an adult at both assessment times. CONCLUSION: Policies and programs that enable young adolescents to spend their out-of-school hours at home with an adult may help reduce the risk of early sex initiation among youth in low-income urban areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Characterization of a new glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variant: G6PD Central City.

Glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency is the most common disease-producing enzyme deficiency in man. This paper describes a new glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase variant discovered during the evaluation of an episode of acute hemolytic anemia in a 62-year-old black male, which was temporally related to the ingestion of Tolbutamide. The hemolysis resolved within 10 days despite continuation of Tolbutamide. The erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase activity was significantly decreased, and its electrophoretic mobility was indistinguishable from wild type enzyme, though faster on starch gel with tris, borate, and phosphate buffers. The enzyme had a biphasic pH optimum reduced Km for G-6-P and NADP, decreased utilization of deamino-NADP, and reduced Ki for NADPH. Because the kinetic properties of this enzyme were unique, we have designated it as G6PD Central City.

Alabama↗
PubMed1978

Metropolitan deconcentration: subareal in-migration and central city to ring mobility patterns among southern SMSAs.

The analysis of in-migration streams and subareal residential mobility patterns for moves made between 1965 and 1970 in SMSAs in the East South Central and South Atlantic census divisions indicates that, despite their historical contexts, these metropolitan areas now show spatial differentiation patterns similar to those of the great cities of the Northeast. The white population has increased in ring areas primarily because of in-migration rates; the black population in the central cities has increased primarily because of in-migration rates to those subareas. Little variation in these patterns across SMSA size categories was apparent.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1997

Infant feeding practices of low-income African American women in a central city community.

It is a well-established fact that nutrition is central to the growth and development of all infants. Yet it has been observed that health care professionals are frequently unfamiliar with the most typical infant feeding practices of the clients within the communities they attempt to serve. This observation was apparent during the development of a program in an inner-city community of Wisconsin to support the feeding practices of low-income African American women with low-birth-weight infants. As a result of initial encounters with prospective clients and health care and social service professionals from the targeted community, it was apparent that professionals and staff involved in this project needed to gain an understanding of common infant feeding practices of low-income African American women; a greater awareness of the values, beliefs, and health care practices of the population; and a greater understanding of the impact of poverty on the families within the targeted community. To assist the staff in gaining a better understanding of the influence of culture and economics on infant feeding practices, a study of the infant feeding practices of a select group of low-income African American women was undertaken. The study aimed to (a) gather information that could be used to describe common infant feeding practices of low-income African American women in an inner-city community of Wisconsin and (b) determine the influence of cultural and economic variables on the decisions made by low-income African American women regarding infant feeding. This article presents an analysis and summary of the data collected during the course of the study.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Land-cover changes in an urban lake watershed in a mega-city, Central China.

Urbanization can exert a profound influence on land covers and landscape characteristics. In this study, we characterize the impact of urbanization on land cover and lacustrine landscape and their consequences in a large urban lake watershed, Donghu Lake watershed (the largest urban lake in China), Central China, by using Landsat TM satellite images of three periods of 1987, 1993 and 1999 and ground-based information. We grouped the land covers into six categories: water body, vegetable land, forested land, shrub-grass land, open area and urban land, and calculated patch-related landscape indices to analyze the effects of urbanization on landscape features. We overlaid the land cover maps of the three periods to track the land cover change processes. The results indicated that urban land continuously expanded from 9.1% of the total watershed area in 1987, to 19.4% in 1993, and to 29.6% in 1999. The vegetable land increased from 7.0% in 1987, 11.9% in 1993, to 13.9% in 1999 to sustain the demands of vegetable for increased urban population. Concurrently, continuous reduction of other land cover types occurred between 1987 and 1999: water body decreased from 30.4% to 23.8%, and forested land from 33.6% to 24.3%. We found that the expansion of urban land has at least in part caused a decrease in relatively wild habitats, such as urban forest and lake water area. These alterations had resulted in significant negative environmental consequences, including decline of lakes, deterioration of water and air quality, and loss of biodiversity.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1980

A study of central-city hospital changes.

This study was initiated to determine the extent of hospital capacity reduction in large U.S. cities. In addition, hospital bed and service additions were analyzed. Study data indicate that between 1976 and 1978 more than 5,000 beds were closed in the 36 cities surveyed. This constitutes 2.7% of total hospital beds in those cities. Nearly half of the cities had no bed reduction at all, while seven had their supply diminished by more than 5%. Thirty-one emergency rooms and 13 outpatient facilities were also closed during the 2-year period, potentially affecting patient access. Health system agencies (HSAs) expressed approval of 73.4% of hospital closures and 54.4% of expansions, therefore expressing greater support of system shrinkage. Data on expected hospital changes (for the next year) was limited. However, opening and expansions are expected to occur at a slightly higher rate than during the 1976-78 period with fewer closures.

Health Facility Closure↗