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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

[Clinical study of ceftizoxime suppositories in acute suppurative otitis media in children and tissue concentration of ceftizoxime in the palatine tonsil after administration of ceftizoxime suppositories].

The newly developed ceftizoxime rectal suppository (CZX-S) contains 125 mg or 250 mg ceftizoxime (CZX) in potency. From the laboratory and clinical studies on CZX-S, the following results were obtained. Concentration of CZX in serum and palatine tonsil when 250 mg of CZX-S was rectally administered reached the peak level rapidly. The serum levels were 9.39 micrograms/ml in 30 minutes, 6.00 micrograms/ml in 45 minutes, 4.55 micrograms/ml in 60 minutes, 3.87 micrograms/ml in 90 minutes and 2.65 micrograms/ml in 120 minutes. The palatine tonsil levels were 2.73 micrograms/g in 30 minutes, 1.83 micrograms/g in 45 minutes, 1.54 micrograms/g in 60 minutes, 0.99 micrograms/g in 90 minutes and 0.74 micrograms/g in 120 minutes. About 30% of serum concentrations were distributed into palatine tonsil. CZX-S was administered at a daily dose of 375 mg or 750 mg divided 3 times for 4 approximately 9 days in 19 cases of acute suppurative otitis media of children. The overall clinical effect was excellent in 7 cases, good in 7 cases, fair in 2 cases and poor in 3 cases. The effectiveness rate was 73.7%. No side effects were observed in any cases.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1986

[A comparative, well-controlled study of ceftizoxime suppository against ceftizoxime intravenous injection in infantile acute pneumonia].

We have attempted to clinically define the therapeutic usefulness of ceftizoxime suppository (CZX-S) in children with bacterial pneumonia, in a randomized trial. Intravenous injection of ceftizoxime (CZX) was used as the control. The results are summarized below. Subjects were inpatients with bacterial pneumonia, ranging in age from 9 months to 7 years and 10 months. As a rule, the daily dose was either four 250 mg (in potency) suppositories given at 6-hour intervals or 60 mg/kg body weight intravenous CZX (control) given in 4 injections at 6-hour intervals over a period of 7 days. The number of children in the study was 67. These children were divided into 2 dosage groups (suppository, 35; injection, 32) with matching pretreatment background factors. The severity of the target disease in the majority of the children was "moderate". The rate of therapeutic effectiveness was 97.1% for the suppository and 93.8% for the injection, and did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Rates of efficacy by severity, presence or absence of underlying diseases, daily dose and/or complications were high without exception, and did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. Eradication rates for causative microorganisms, as studied in 16 children of each group, were both 93.8%. The 2 most frequently isolated causative organisms were Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Side effects were examined for 36 children of each group. The frequency of side effects did not differ significantly between the suppository group (2 with diarrhea and 1 with abdominal pain) and the injection group (1 with urticaria), and 8.3% and 2.8%, respectively. The frequency of abnormal laboratory test findings differed significantly (P less than 0.01) with respect to eosinophilia which occurred in 7 (20.6%) of the injected subjects but was not encountered in the subjects treated with suppositories. Other abnormal laboratory findings included thrombocytosis in 3 (14.3%) of the injection group and increased GOT in 1 (3.2%) of the suppository group. The suppository formulation of CZX appears to be a highly useful substitute for the injectable form, and should find a special use in children whose treatment with injections experiences some difficulty.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1987

[Clinical laboratory approach for estimating effective administrative dose of ceftizoxime. Observation from MIC and ceftizoxime disc susceptibility test].

In vitro activities of ceftizoxime (CZX) against 328 clinical isolates were determined using the agar dilution method at an inoculum level of 10(6) cfu/ml. CZX was highly active against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Proteus vulgaris with MIC values below 0.20 microgram/ml. It was also active against Serratia marcescens and Enterobacter aerogenes with MIC85 of 3.13 micrograms/ml. CZX was less active against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, showing inhibitory activities against only 47 and 78% of these clinical isolates, respectively, at a dose level of 12.5 micrograms/ml. CZX was not active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. The reliability of CZX disc diffusion susceptibility tests for quantitative estimation of antimicrobial activities was also investigated using 8 mm diameter discs (Showa) and 6 mm diameter discs (Eiken), both of which contained 30 micrograms/disc of CZX. These disc susceptibility test results were well correlated with MICs, hence the CZX disc susceptibility test should be useful for the estimation of proper dose levels of CZX, except against P. aeruginosa and E. faecalis. For the interpretation of CZX disc tests, a 3 category system has been used in USA and Europe, but a 4 category system is generally used in Japan. The 3 category system uses break points to classify bacteria into 3 categories of susceptibility according to MIC values as follows: resistant (R) MIC greater than 32 micrograms/ml, moderately susceptible (MS) MIC 16-32 micrograms/ml, and susceptible (S) MIC less than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Bacteria↗
PubMed1985

Ceftizoxime. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use.

Ceftizoxime is a 'third generation' cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Like other third generation cephalosporins it has a wide spectrum of in vitro activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, is particularly active against Enterobacteriaceae (including beta-lactamase-positive strains), and is resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. However, the third generation cephalosporins are less active than earlier cephalosporins against staphylococci and so could not be considered the drugs of choice. Like many currently available third generation cephalosporins, ceftizoxime has limited activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and thus cannot be recommended as sole treatment of known or suspected non-urinary tract pseudomonal infections. Similarly, although favourable clinical results have been obtained in patients treated with ceftizoxime for infections caused by mixed aerobic/anaerobic organisms (such as intra-abdominal, and obstetric and gynaecological infections), the relatively low in vitro activity of ceftizoxime (in common with most other third generation cephalosporins) against Bacteroides fragilis and enterococci may restrict its usage in situations where these organisms are the suspected or proven pathogens. Ceftizoxime appears to be similar in efficacy to several other cephalosporins in lower respiratory tract infections in elderly and/or debilitated patients, and in chronic and/or complicated urinary tract infections, 2 clinical situations in which third generation cephalosporins may have a major role. Ceftizoxime is also effective clinically and bacteriologically in skin, soft tissue, bone and joint infections, septicaemia/bacteraemia, meningitis and neonatal infections. However, a few large, well designed clinical comparisons of efficacy with aminoglycosides are needed before ceftizoxime can be recommended as an alternative in patients in whom potential aminoglycoside toxicity is a concern. Single intramuscular doses of ceftizoxime appear similar in efficacy to aqueous procaine penicillin G in gonorrhoeae due to nonpenicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoea, and ceftizoxime is also highly effective against penicillinase-producing strains. Although only a few infections have been treated to date, ceftizoxime may be useful in the treatment of gonorrhoea in places where penicillinase-producing strains are common. Thus, ceftizoxime appears to be an effective addition to the growing number of third generation cephalosporins. However, further studies are needed to confirm its relative efficacy compared with other new cephalosporins, in particular cefotaxime.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of cefoxitin and ceftizoxime in a hospital therapeutic interchange program.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether (a) ceftizoxime can replace cefoxitin in the prevention and treatment of various infections in a major teaching hospital, (b) a previously applied two-stage intervention program is an effective method of instituting a therapeutic interchange of ceftizoxime for cefoxitin and (c) the replacement of cefoxitin with ceftizoxime results in a more cost-effective therapy. DESIGN: Two-phase, open, sequential study. SETTING: Tertiary care teaching hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred patients who received cefoxitin during the 6 months immediately before the start of the interchange program (phase 1) and 100 who received ceftizoxime during the 6 months immediately after the start of the program (phase 2) were randomly selected. RESULTS: The demographic characteristics of the two patient groups were similar except for sex (p < 0.05). The cefoxitin doses were usually given every 6 hours (in 33% of the cases) or every 8 hours (in 61%), whereas the ceftizoxime doses were usually given every 12 hours (in 98%). Prescriber distribution was stable throughout the study period, the Department of General Surgery being responsible for about 70% of the orders. Prophylactic indications accounted for over 60% of the treatment courses. The proportion of prophylactic treatment courses that resulted in a successful clinical outcome did not differ between the two groups (cefoxitin 92% and ceftizoxime 91%). Of the empiric or directed treatment courses clinical success or improvement was observed in 89% of the cefoxitin and 91% of the ceftizoxime recipients. Microbiologic eradication was seen in 65% of the cefoxitin and 90% of the ceftizoxime directed treatment courses. Pathogens isolated during therapy were similar in the two treatment groups. Diarrhea was the most common adverse effect, occurring in 8% of the cefoxitin and 10% of the ceftizoxime recipients; no Clostridium difficile or C.-difficile-producing toxin was identified in these patients. The ceftizoxime therapy was 36% less expensive than the cefoxitin therapy on average, and the annual savings was estimated to be $83,123. An estimated 5615 drug doses were avoided annually, for an additional savings of $24,875 in drug administration. Therefore, the total estimated annual cost savings resulting from this two-stage interchange program was $107,998. Given the cost of $4856 to implement and maintain the program, the estimated net savings for the first year was $103,142. CONCLUSION: Ceftizoxime can replace cefoxitin in the prevention and treatment of various infections. The form of evaluation described herein is valuable when any formulary modification is being considered in a hospital.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Population pharmacokinetics of ceftizoxime administered by continuous infusion in clinically ill adult patients.

Ceftizoxime is a widely used beta-lactam antimicrobial agent, but pharmacokinetic data for use with clinically ill patients are lacking. We studied the population pharmacokinetics of ceftizoxime in 72 clinically ill patients at a community-based, university-affiliated hospital. A population pharmacokinetic model for ceftizoxime was created by using a prospective observational design. Ceftizoxime was administered by continuous infusion to treat patients with proven or suspected bacterial infections. While the patients were receiving infusions of ceftizoxime, serum samples were collected for pharmacokinetic analysis with the nonlinear mixed-effect modeling program NONMEM. In addition to clearance and volume of distribution, various comorbidities were examined for their influence on the kinetics. All 72 subjects completed the study, and 114 serum samples were collected. Several demographic and comorbidity variables, namely, age, weight, serum creatinine levels, congestive heart failure, and long-term ventilator dependency, had a significant impact on the estimate for ceftizoxime clearance. A mixture model, or two populations for estimation of ceftizoxime clearance, was discovered. One population presented with an additive clearance component of 1.6 liters per h. In addition, a maximizer function for serum creatinine levels was found. In summary, two models for ceftizoxime clearance, mixture and nonmixture, were found and are presented. Clearance for ceftizoxime can be estimated with commonly available clinical information and the models presented. From the clearance estimates, the dose of ceftizoxime to maintain the desired concentration in serum can be determined. Work is needed to validate the model for drug clearance and to evaluate its predictive performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Pharmacology of ceftizoxime compared with that of cefamandole.

The pharmacokinetics of ceftizoxime, a new beta-lactam antibiotic, were studied in normal, male volunteers and compared with the pharmacokinetics of cefamandole. After administration of 500 mg intramuscularly, ceftizoxime produced a peak level of 13.7 +/- 1 microgram/ml, compared with 13.2 +/- 1.6 microgram/ml for cefamandole. At 4 h, the serum level of ceftizoxime was 4.8 micrograms/ml, and that of cefamandole was 1.9 microgram/ml. At 8 h, ceftizoxime was still detected at 0.73 microgram/ml, whereas cefamandole was not. The half-life of ceftizoxime after intramuscular administration was 1.7 h, compared with 1 h for cefamandole. Serum levels of ceftizoxime and cefamandole after 1 g infused over 30 min were 84 and 88 micrograms/ml, respectively. At 5 h cefamandole was not detectable, whereas ceftizoxime had a serum level of 4.5 micrograms/ml and, at 7 h, 2.1 micrograms/ml. The half-life of ceftizoxime was 1.9 h, compared with 0.78 h for cefamandole. Urinary recovery of ceftizoxime after intramuscular and intravenous administration was 70 and 80%, respectively, compared with 78 and 73% for cefamandole.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

[Laboratory and clinical studies on ceftizoxime in the field of pediatrics (author's transl)].

Ceftizoxime, a new cephalosporin preparation, was evaluated for its antibacterial activity, absorption, excretion and clinical effectiveness, and the following results were obtained. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftizoxime against 211 clinical isolates were determined in comparison with those of cefazolin, cefmetazole, cefotiam and 6059 S. Against S. pyogenes (50 strains), ceftizoxime was 1 tube inferior to cefazolin inoculum size of 10(8) cells/ml, but was 2--3 tubes superior to cefmetazole and 6059-S. Against E. coli (50 strains), ceftizoxime and 6059-S were significantly more active than the other drugs. The susceptibility pattern of Klebsiella sp. (50 strains) to ceftizoxime was similar to that to cefotiam and 6059-S. Against Proteus sp. (50 strains), cefotiam and 6059-S were more active than the other drugs. Ceftizoxime was intermediate in activity, and cefazolin was the least active. Against H. influenzae (11 strains), ceftizoxime was the most active, with concentrations of 0.1 mcg/ml required to inhibit 100% of strains with an inoculum size of 10(8) cells/ml and 10(6) cells/ml. A dose of ceftizoxime 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg was administered to 15 patients aged from 5 years to 12 years, and serum levels and urinary excretion of the drug were measured. Intravenous bolus injection of the drug in dose of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg yielded mean serum levels of 26.6 mcg/ml and 55.7 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, respectively. The serum levels of the drug, thereafter, declined gradually but still remained 1.3 mcg/ml and 2.7 mcg/ml at 6 hours. The serum half-lives (T 1/2) were estimated to be 1.17 hours in dose of 10 mg/kg and 1.31 hours in dose of 20 mg/kg. When a dose of 20 mg/kg was infused over a period of 30 minutes, the serum levels attained the peak of 72.4 mcg/ml to 82.4 mcg/ml (mean 79.4 mcg/ml) at the end of infusion. The levels, thereafter, tapered to mean levels of 45.3 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, 24.7 mcg/ml at 1 1/2 hours, and 3.6 mcg/ml at 5 1/2 hours, with a T 1/2 of 1.22 hours. Meanwhile, when the same dose was infused over 1 hour, the serum levels attained the peak of 59.4 mcg/ml to 68.5 mcg/ml (mean 64.2 mcg/ml). The mean serum levels after the end of infusion were 41.3 mcg/ml at 30 minutes, 21.6 mcg/ml at 1 hour and 1.9 mcg/ml at 5 hours, with a T 1/2 of 0.97 hours. Urinary recovery of the drug was 69.2% to 79.9% after intravenous injection and 62.3% to 79.9% after drip infusion, most of the given drug was excreted in the first 2 hours after administration. In our clinical study, 27 children with moderate or severe infections (12 cases of bronchopneumonia or bronchitis, 5 of pyelonephritis, 3 of purulent meningitis, etc.) were treated with ceftizoxime at the daily dose of 30--309 mg/kg for 3--23 days. Clinical response was excellent in 10, good in 9, fair in 5 and poor in 3. The drug was proved to be very effective against infections due to H. influenzae K. pneumoniae, E. coli and S. aureus. No serious side effects were observed in any case.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1982

[Fundamental and clinical studies of ceftizoxime in obstetrical and gynecological field].

This paper, is concerned with fundamental and clinical studies of ceftizoxime, a newly developed cephalosporin derivative, in the field of obstetrics and gynecology. 1. Concentrations of ceftizoxime after administration 1 g of ceftizoxime by 1 hour drip infusion were determined in genital organs in 17 patients and the exudate of pelvic dead space in 6 patients. Simulated maximal concentrations with the ratios to the simulated peak serum levels were as follows: 27.9 micrograms/g for fundal myometrium with the ratio of 48%, 36.0 micrograms/g for portio vaginalis with 62%, 17.1 micrograms/g for ovary with 29%, 15.0 micrograms/g for oviduct with 26% and 16.2 micrograms/ml for the exudate of pelvic dead space with 30%. 2. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of ceftizoxime were determined against clinically isolated organisms from female genital infectious diseases. Ceftizoxime was found to have a potent in vitro activity against Gram negative bacilli; for example, 0.1 microgram/mg or low against E. coli and K. pneumoniae. Against P. aeruginosa, P. cepacia and b. fragilis, ceftizoxime had an activity which expected to be effective in the clinical use. 3. We gave ceftizoxime to 6 patients comprising 4 patients with puerperal fever, 1 with septic abortion and 1 with tubo-ovarian abscess in daily doses of 2 to 3 g by b.i.d or t.i.d intravenous drip infusion for 4--12 days. The results of the treatment were 'excellent' in 3 patients, 'good' in 2, and 'unevaluatable' in 1. 4. Adverse reactions occurred in 2 patients who showed eruption during the medication with ceftizoxime. These patients had allergic histories due to penicillin derivatives. From the above results it is concluded that ceftizoxime is a useful drug for infections in obstetrical and gynecological field.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial program of single-dose ceftizoxime versus multiple-dose cefoxitin as prophylaxis for patients undergoing vaginal and abdominal hysterectomy.

In a series of three double-blind, controlled, clinical studies, the efficacy and safety of a single 1 gram dose of ceftizoxime were compared with those of a standard regimen, three 2 gram doses of cefoxitin, for prophylaxis of perioperative infection in women undergoing abdominal or vaginal hysterectomy. Two hundred and twenty-seven patients received ceftizoxime prophylaxis and 234 patients received cefoxitin prophylaxis. Study 1 entered 110 patients in Dallas, Texas and Los Angeles, California. Study 2 entered 242 patients in Canada. Study 3 entered 109 patients in Denver, Colorado. Within studies, the distribution of surgical procedures was comparable between antibiotic groups. The groups were similar for demographic and medical factors at each center and overall. Analyses were performed within and across studies, applying consistent criteria to the selection of evaluable patients and to the definitions of prophylactic success and primary and secondary prophylactic failure. Three hundred and sixteen patients were evaluable, 160 who received ceftizoxime and 156 who received cefoxitin. Overall, complete prophylactic success occurred in 138 of 160 evaluable patients (86.3 percent) receiving ceftizoxime and 128 of 156 evaluable patients (82.1 percent) receiving cefoxitin. Prophylactic success rates differed by study as well as by type of hysterectomy. In studies 1 and 2, prophylactic success rates for ceftizoxime were 95.1 and 87.6 percent, respectively, versus 93.1 and 87.8 percent for cefoxitin. In study 3, success rates were lowest, 70.0 percent for ceftizoxime and 59.5 percent for cefoxitin. Among evaluable patients overall, prophylactic success rates after vaginal hysterectomy were 91.0 percent for those receiving ceftizoxime and 85.1 percent for those receiving cefoxitin. After abdominal hysterectomy, success rates were 78.3 percent for both groups. Febrile morbidity rates and duration of hospitalization were comparable for both groups across all studies and within individual studies. Ceftizoxime and cefoxitin were safe and well tolerated. The results of these controlled studies indicate that single-dose ceftizoxime is as effective and safe as multiple-dose cefoxitin when used as adjunctive chemoprophylaxis in patients at risk of postoperative infection after vaginal or abdominal hysterectomy.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Ceftizoxime: a beta-lactamase-stable, broad-spectrum cephalosporin. Pharmacokinetics, adverse effects and clinical use.

Ceftizoxime is an iminomethoxy aminothiazolyl cephalosporin that inhibits a wide variety of aerobic, anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The majority of Enterobacteriaceae are inhibited by less than or equal to 1 microgram/ml as are streptococcal species with the exception of Streptococcus faecalis. Staphylococcus aureus are inhibited by 3-8 micrograms/ml, while methicillin-resistant. aureus are resistant. Bacteroides fragilis are inhibited by 16-64 micrograms/ml. It inhibits Pseudomonas aeruginosa at usually achievable concentrations. Ceftizoxime is overall similar in antibacterial activity to cefotaxime and moxalactam. Ceftizoxime is not hydrolyzed by common plasmid and chromosomal beta-lactamases. Serum levels of ceftizoxime after intramuscular and intravenous injection are similar to those of cefotaxime and moxalactam. The half-life is 1.6 to 1.9 hours in normal individuals. The compound is not metabolized and is cleared from the body by glomerular filtration. Ceftizoxime enters most body fluids, including the cerebrospinal fluid, to produce therapeutic concentrations against clinically important bacteria. Ceftizoxime accumulates in the presence of renal failure, but it is removed from the body by hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Ceftizoxime has proved to be an effective chemotherapeutic agent when used as treatment for pneumonia, urinary tract infections, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, meningitis, peritonitis, gonorrhea, including penicillinase-producing isolates, and gynecological infections. No major adverse reactions have been associated with the use of ceftizoxime and it has produced neither disulfram -like reactions nor bleeding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Ceftizoxime in the treatment of urinary tract infections.

Ceftizoxime, a new beta-lactamase-resistant, semisynthetic antibiotic, was compared to cefamandole in a prospective randomized trial to determine its efficacy and safety in 21 patients with acute, complicated urinary tract infections. Four patients randomized initially to receive cefamandole were found to have resistant organisms and were treated with ceftizoxime. Dosage for ceftizoxime was 1 gm. administered parenterally every 12 hours, while 1 gm. cefamandole was given every 6 hours. Urine cultures were obtained before the initiation of therapy, on day 4, after completion of therapy and 4 to 6 weeks after therapy. Specified laboratory tests were obtained. Of 14 patients receiving ceftizoxime 11 (79 per cent) and of 7 patients receiving cefamandole 7 (100 per cent) had negative cultures at the completion of therapy and 4 to 6 weeks later. No patient had any adverse reaction to ceftizoxime. Ceftizoxime is a safe and effective antibiotic agent when used as a single agent for complicated urinary tract infections. However, ceftizoxime is much more expensive than cefamandole therapy. Therefore, it is recommended that ceftizoxime be reserved for treatment of urinary tract infections stemming from pathogenic species resistant to the less expensive antimicrobials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effect of replacing cefotaxime with ceftizoxime in a hospital where penicillin-resistant pneumococcal disease is prevalent.

Ceftizoxime and cefotaxime demonstrate very similar activities in vitro against a broad range of bacteria. To reduce costs, our hospital pharmacy implemented an automatic substitution policy whereby ceftizoxime was dispensed and administered whenever cefotaxime was ordered. This policy was modified when penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were found to be markedly less susceptible to ceftizoxime than to cefotaxime, of concern considering the prevalence and virulence of this pathogen. We compared clinical findings among 179 adult patients treated with ceftizoxime for any indication during the substitution months with 200 patients treated with cefotaxime during the previous year. The ceftizoxime group had a shorter mean length of stay, which paralleled a hospital-wide trend toward more efficient discharge planning. After adjusting for this trend, we observed no significant difference in duration of study drug, number of other intravenous antibiotics, likelihood of receiving additional antibiotics after study drug completion, or patient survival. Fortuitously, no penicillin-resistant pneumococcal infections were documented in ceftizoxime-treated patients. This study suggests that cefotaxime and ceftizoxime are comparable. The choice of one versus the other may be dictated by price, provided ceftizoxime is not used for proven or suspected penicillin-resistant pneumococcal infections.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Pharmacokinetics of ceftizoxime in animals after parenteral dosing.

The pharmacokinetic profile of ceftizoxime was studied in mice, rats, dogs, and monkeys given the drug in a single parenteral dose. The serum data after an intravenous injection were analyzed by the two-compartment open model. Cefotiam, cefmetazole, cefotaxime, and cefamandole were used as reference drugs. High concentrations of ceftizoxime were attained in the sera of all test animals and in the tissues of rats after parenteral dosing. The serum concentrations of ceftizoxime were higher than those of the other antibiotics in large animals (dogs and monkeys), but were lower in small animals (mice and rats). About 80% of ceftizoxime was excreted unchanged in the 24-h urine of all species tested. The biliary excretion of ceftizoxime was low: 3.7% in rats and 0.59% in dogs. However, therapeutically significant concentrations of ceftizoxime were found in the bile of dogs. Ceftizoxime was stable in biological fluids such as serum, urine, and tissue homogenates, but cefotaxime was unstable in rat tissue homogenates. Binding of ceftizoxime to serum protein in all species was the lowest of all the antibiotics: 31% for humans, 17% for dogs, and 32% for rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Ceftizoxime disposition in neonates and infants during the first six months of life.

The single-dose pharmacokinetics of ceftizoxime sodium were studied in 52 neonates and infants between 0.1 and 189 days of age. Subjects received ceftizoxime 25 or 50 mg/kg iv over 15-30 minutes. The drug was administered q8-12h for five days to permit tolerance evaluation on repetitive dosing. No differences were observed in ceftizoxime pharmacokinetic parameter estimates relative to dose. However, marked differences were observed in ceftizoxime pharmacokinetic characteristics relative to infant age; ceftizoxime half-life and mean residence time decreased, whereas body clearance increased with infant age. Ceftizoxime volume of distribution remained relatively constant over infant age. No adverse effects associated with ceftizoxime administration were observed. These data suggest that ceftizoxime 50 mg/kg q12h be used for infants less than or equal to 2 weeks of age (less than or equal to 40 weeks postconceptional age) and that 50 mg/kg q8h be administered for older infants.

Aging↗