[Pneumonia--a source of error in the cause of death statistics].
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Cause of Death↗
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[Autopsy report and cause of death statistics].
Neither death-certificate nor inquest-certificate clearly state whether the coroner made his entry after having established the facts himself or after having considered speculations or statements made by other persons. For this reason they are without any probative value for criminal cases as well as civil lawsuits but also for underwriters. Completely unintelligible is the fact that the entries concerning the kind of death and the cause of death on the inquest-certificate as it is being issued now, serve as the basis for the cause-of-death-statistics which are of great socio-political importance.
Autopsy↗
[Causes of premature infant death. Statistical study of 676 autopsies].
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Congenital Abnormalities↗
Violent and accidental mortality among four immigrant groups in Canada, 1970-1972.
For most people immigration to a new country such as Canada entails a positive move and an improvement in life. The many challenges associated with resettlement may, however, lead to insurmountable difficulties, stresses and conflict for a significant number of newcomers. The mortality experience of immigrants, as reflected in cause-of-death statistics, may provide indication of the extent of stress and conflict in their migration experience. This situation is most clearly exhibited in mortality from suicide, homicide, and motor vehicle accidents. In this study, hypotheses concerning immigrant mortality in Canada are developed and tested with a log-linear model for rates pertaining to rare events. Overall, the results give support for the importance of country-of-origin effects in explaining suicide propensities, but not for homicide and motor vehicle accidents mortality. Income discrepancies are a significant determinant of variability in death rates overall, but discrepancies between the immigrants in this study and the Canadian-born are not of much significance. The strongest net effect on the cause-specific death rate is associated with group membership. This effect likely reflects a number of residual unmeasured sources of variation including the influence of the immigrant ethnic community as a source of social support, and the potential confounding effects of migration selectivity.
Accidents↗
Arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases in Finland. I. A death certificate study of the frequency of degenerative heart diseases among males and females.
All available information recorded on the death certificates of 12973 Finnish persons who, according to the official Finnish mortality statistics, died in 1968 from arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases (ADHD, rubrics 420-422 in ICD) comprised the material of the present study. The mortality of males from ADHD analysed by age and place of residence was very high when compared with various national rates of international WHO statistics. The degree of urbanization of the domicile did not have any statistically significant effect on the mortality from ADHD. Significant differences between various provinces were found in the mortality of males from ADHD. The male population living in the eastern provinces of Finland showed a highly significantly higher mortality from degenerative heart diseases than the male population living on the west coast. A highly significant difference was found in mortality between various subgroups of the Finnish male and female populations analysed by age, place of residence, and type of community. The uniform difference between the mortality of various male and female subgroups of the Finnish population, which was obtained using the present statistical survey of death certificates, and the fairly uniform distribution of high rate of mortality of males from degenerative heart diseases in most regions of the country lend further support to the reliability of cause-of-death statistics, since certification of deaths can then be regarded to occur uniformly and with about the same accuracy in different parts of the country.
Adult↗
Arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases in Finland. II. A death certificate study of the examination of the cause of death from degenerative heart diseases.
A statistical survey of death certificates was made to analyse the ante-mortem and post-mortem medical and medico-legal examinations used in the determination of the cause of death of 12973 decedents who were recorded officially to have died of arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases in Finland in 1968. The relationship between the regional autopsy rate and the rate of mortality from degenerative heart diseases was studied in particular. The survey indicated that there was no systematic relationship between the type of ante-mortem and post-mortem cause-of-death examinations, including medical and medico-legal autopsies, and the rate of mortality from arteriosclerotic and other degenerative heart diseases in various groups of the Finnish population analysed by age, sex and domicile. This was concluded to be an indication of the reliability of Finnish cause-of-death statistics of degenerative heart diseases which show a generally high rate of mortality and prominent regional differences in the rate of deaths from those diseases among the Finnish male population.
Adult↗
Mortality and causes of death in the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES), 2001-2023.
The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES) is a large prospective cohort study established to investigate determinants of chronic disease. To evaluate overall and cause-specific mortality, KoGES records were linked to the official Causes of Death Statistics compiled by Statistics Korea. Of 211,562 participants the KoGES population-based cohorts, 211,428 were successfully linked to official mortality data through December 31, 2023, using resident registration numbers. Over a mean follow-up of 14.9 years, the linked cohort had an overall mortality rate of 5.8 deaths per 1,000 person-years; the rate was higher among men than among women (9.6 vs. 3.9 deaths per 1,000 person-years). Malignant neoplasms, heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease were the leading causes of death. As the cohort aged, deaths from causes such as pneumonia increased substantially, a pattern consistent with national mortality statistics. This linked dataset provides a basis for longitudinal analyses of chronic disease progression, survival outcomes, and cause-specific mortality using repeated epidemiologic measurements collected over more than 2 decades of follow-up.
Causes of death↗
Comparison of artemether and chloroquine for severe malaria in Gambian children.
Artemether is an oil-soluble methyl ether of artemesinin (qinghaosu). It has been studied extensively in China, where it has been shown to be rapidly effective in severe falciparum malaria. Nearly all the patients studied previously were adults. We have investigated the efficacy of artemether in children with moderate or severe falciparum malaria. In the preliminary study of moderately severe malaria, 30 Gambian children were randomised in pairs to receive either intramuscular artemether (4 mg/kg loading dose followed by 2 mg/kg daily) or intramuscular chloroquine ('Nivaquine') 3.5 mg base/kg every 6 h. Both drugs were well tolerated and rapidly effective. The times to parasite clearance were significantly shorter in the artemether recipients (mean 36.7 [SD 11.3] vs 48.4 [16.8] h, p less than 0.05). 43 children with severe malaria were then randomised to receive intramuscular treatment with the same regimens of artemether (n = 21) or chloroquine (n = 22) as used in the preliminary study. 8 children (19%) died. There were no significant differences between the two groups in the clinical, haematological, biochemical, or parasitological measures of therapeutic response in survivors and there was no evidence of local or systemic toxicity. Despite similar parasite counts on admission, clearance times overall were longer in severe malaria than in moderate malaria. Artemether is a well tolerated and rapidly effective parenteral treatment for severe malaria in children, and would be especially valuable in areas with chloroquine-resistant P falciparum.
Animals↗
Neonatal tetanus estimates of mortality derived from a cluster survey in northern Nigeria.
A two-stage cluster survey of deaths from neonatal tetanus (NNT) was carried out in Kano metropolis, Northern Nigeria in order to estimate the mortality from the disease. Estimates of mortality were obtained by three different methods which were compared. According to clinical diagnosis, mortality was 20.6/1000 live-births while reports of 4-14 day deaths gave a figure of 11.4/1000 live-births. From information volunteered by informants, it appeared to be only 4.6/1000 live-births. NNT accounted for 68% neonatal deaths. The sex-specific mortality rates were 23.4 and 17.9 per 1000 live-births for males and females respectively. There was, however, no significant association between sex and death from neonatal tetanus. The mortality for the first 6 months of recall period was 15.2/1000 live-births and 24.2/1000 live-births for the last 6 months. There was also no significant association between recall period and death. In view of the markedly different estimates by the various methods of diagnosis, retrospective clinical diagnosis is suggested for community-based surveys of mortality related to neonatal tetanus.
Birth Rate↗
Mortality patterns in breast versus artificially fed term babies in early infancy: a longitudinal study.
The present study comprised 381 term babies weighing greater than 2.5 kg and 126 babies weighing less than or equal to 2.5 kg (low birth weight; LBW) at birth. A longitudinal follow up of 334 babies was done for 6 months. There were 273 'breast fed' babies and 234 'artificially fed' babies. Neonatal mortality rate per 1000 live births for term babies was 37.5, LBW had a rate of 31.5 while those weighing greater than 2.5 kg at birth a rate of 5.9; artificially fed had a mortality rate of 21.6 while breast fed had a low rate of 15.8. For 1-6 months period a mortality rate per 1000 live births of 53.8 was found for term babies, breast fed a rate of 23.9 while artificially fed a rate of 29.9; LBW had a rate of 44.9 while those weighing more than 2.5 kg at birth, a rate of 9. Low birth weight babies whether breast fed or artificially fed had significantly higher mortality than similarly fed babies weighing more than 2.5 kg at birth. Hence, mortality rate for term babies in early infancy can be reduced by simultaneous promotion of breastfeeding and prevention of low birth weight as it was dependent on both variables in this study.
Breast Feeding↗
[The quality of the filling-in of death certificates of children below one year of age in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro].
Within the scope of an investigation into infant mortality determinants in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro during one-year period, the original death certificates of a sample of children were studied and compared with information provided on them by hospital case-histories and records. This was done with a view to assessing the quality of the filling in of certificates for the purpose of calling the attention of health officers to their use as documents furnishing data for the preparation and evaluation of health programmes and note simply as a legal requirement for burying. Only 52.3% of the basic causes given on the certificates were maintained after the examination of the case histories. Necropsy was carried out on only 42.8% of those neonatal deaths and 21.5% of post-neonatal deaths which took place outside the hospital. Other items that were evaluated included mother's age and education, time interval and complementary examination, birth weight and necropsy, all of which presented a degree of accuracy in their filling-in far below that required, thus evidencing the limitations of the official death statistics based on this information.
Brazil↗
Provisional evaluation of the 1970 census count of American Indians.
Estimates of the American Indian population under 20 years of age on April 1, 1970, based on birth and death statistics for a 20-year period, show a possible net undercount of 6.9 percent for this age group in the 1970 census. However, for some particular ages the estimates indicate net overcounts in the census. Likewise, the net increase of the entire American Indian population as measured by the difference between the 1960 and 1970 censuses is 67,000 greater than the natural increase for the decade. Detailed analysis of cohort data with respect to the possible causes of the differences between the estimates and the census figures indicate that a portion of the estimated net overcounts can be attributed to classification, as well as coverage, problems. The estimated net overcounts offer support for the hypothesis that many individuals who were registered as white at birth and who were counted as white in the 1960 census shifted their racial self-identification from white to American Indian during the 1960's.
Adolescent↗
The autopsy and health statistics.
The current state of death statistics in the United States would constitute a national embarrassment if it were not for the fact that the rest of the world seems to be similarly afflicted. This ubiquity of the issue does not, however, make it any less urgent. The etiology of the problem is multifaceted, and remediation will require a broad approach, designed to reach all of the several involved groups of people. The key to the solution, however, is accurate data on the underlying cause of death and contributory diseases, data generally best available through autopsy. More autopsies, more accurate autopsies, and more attention to proper completion of death certificates are needed.
Autopsy↗
Accuracy of asthma death statistics in Australia.
Asthma mortality statistics issued by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) were compared with clinical data from a survey of asthma mortality. Deaths in Victoria from May 1986 to April 1987 containing 'asthma' in Parts 1 or 2 of the death certificate (N = 405) were reviewed. For each subject, the cause of death attributed by the Victorian Asthma Mortality Survey was compared with the ABS cause of death, by age and sex of the subject. Information on 393 of the 405 deaths investigated by the Victorian Asthma Mortality Survey was analysed. The ABS estimate of the total number of asthma deaths in Victoria was 47 per cent higher than the estimate of the Victorian Asthma Mortality Survey. In subjects under 50 years of age the two estimates were within 10 per cent. The difference between the estimates increased with age at death for persons over 50 years old and was equivalent for males and females. If the assessment by the Victorian Asthma Mortality Survey of the number of deaths due to asthma is accepted as accurate, then the ABS estimate of asthma deaths was reliable for those under 50 years of age. In those who died at an older age, the ABS significantly overestimated the number of deaths due to asthma in Victoria.
Asthma↗
Cardiovascular malformation in infant deaths. 10-year clinical and epidemiological study.
The infant mortality from cardiovascular malformations in a region with a population of 2 million inhabitants during a 10-year period has been studied. The study involved validation of the diagnoses and judgement whether the cardiovascular malformation was the dominating or a contributing cause of death. It is shown that the incidence of fatal cardiovascular malformations is probably overestimated in the official death statistics. Evaluation of the clinical findings and necropsy reports are important aids in obtaining more reliable figures of the incidence. The rate of referral of infants with cardiovascular malformations has increased during the period of this study, so that the number of operable lesions not referred has decreased. The infant mortality rate, found in this study, of 1.33 per 1000 liveborn babies constitutes about 20 per cent of all liveborn infants with cardiovascular malformations. The most common lesions found in those who died belonged to the group constituting the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The proportion of this type of malformation, about 20 per cent of all those dying, is higher than in other similar studies. This difference can probably be explained by variations in selection and classification.
Aortic Coarctation↗
Suicide and multiple sclerosis: an epidemiological investigation.
In a nationwide investigation the risk of death by suicide for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) was assessed using records kept at the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Registry (DMSR) and the Danish National Register of Cause of Death. The investigation covers all MS patients registered with DSMR with an onset of the disease within the period 1953-85, or for whom MS was diagnosed in the same period. Fifty three of the 5525 cases in the onset cohort group committed suicide. Using the figures from the population death statistics by adjustment to number of subjects, duration of observation, sex, age, and calendar year at the start of observation, the expected number of suicides was calculated to be nearly 29. The cumulative lifetime risk of suicide from onset of MS, using an actuarial method of calculation, was 1.95%. The standard mortality ratio (SMR) of suicide in MS was 1.83. It was highest for males and for patients with onset of MS before the age of 30 years and those diagnosed before the age of 40. The SMR was highest within the first five years after diagnosis.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
[Evolution of mortality from principal chronic diseases in Spain 1975-1988].
BACKGROUND: Most mortality in developed countries is attributable to chronic non transmittable diseases, many of which are theoretically susceptible to prevention. The tendency of mortality by the principal chronic diseases in Spain is reviewed with different prevention strategies of the same being discussed. METHODS: The 9 chronic diseases which presented the highest mortality rate in Spain in 1988 are included. The rates of mortality, adjusted by age/year in males and females was calculated from the data of deaths by age, sex and cause of death from death statistics. Moreover, the percentage of the mean annual change of these during the periods 1975-1981 and 1982-1988 have also been calculated. RESULTS: Except for mortality by malignant tumor of the colon and rectum, malignant lung tumor in males and malignant breast tumors in women, which had an increase, the remaining diseases in the adjusted mortality rate by age decreased between 1975-1988. CONCLUSIONS: Among the diseases in which the rate of mortality has increased there is only that of malignant lung tumors for which one factor has consistently been identified as responsible for this increase, that being smoking. The possible influence of the control of arterial hypertension in the decrease in mortality of cerebrovascular disease must be emphasized. Moreover, the impact which the ninth review of the International Disease Classification had in the reduction in mortality by chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma must also be pointed out.
Bronchitis↗
[Epidemiology of traffic accidents in Costa Rica].
Traffic accidents are a major cause of death and injury in Costa Rica. The present study describes their epidemiology on the basis of data obtained from various sources, including compulsory motor vehicle insurance reports, hospital discharges, and death statistics. The use of several sources of information made it possible to characterize the problem from different perspectives and to include in the analysis the greatest possible number of reported accidents. Incidence, mortality, and hospital discharge rates were calculated on the basis of population figures, and the age and type of license of drivers involved in accidents were analyzed. In addition, case-fatality rates were determined for different types of accidents. The study showed that in Costa Rica the population groups aged 20-39 and over 70 were involved in more motor vehicle accidents than other age groups. However, case-fatality is higher for those under age 10 and over age 40. Incidence and fatality rates are high in provinces where the terrain is relatively flat, making it possible to drive at high speeds. With regard to the characteristics of the drivers, it was observed that those under age 20 have more accidents than older drivers, and that the accident rates for bus and taxi drivers are much higher than those for drivers of private cars. Finally, case-fatality is higher when the accident involves a vehicle and a pedestrian. These findings have implications for the definition of policies on traffic accident control in Costa Rica. The problem needs urgent attention, and measures should be adopted to improve the situation in those parts of the country where traffic accident incidence and fatality are especially high. Our study also demonstrates the importance of knowing how to use available data to generate different types of information.
Accidents, Traffic↗