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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Report to the Veterans' Administration Department of Medicine and Surgery on service-connected traumatic limb amputations and subsequent mortality from cardiovascular disease and other causes of death.

Men drafted into the Army, hospitalized during 1944 to 1945 for service-connected trauma to the extremities, and consequently separated for disability were followed for mortality from January 1946 to April 1977. Three groups were established consisting of those whose injury resulted in (a) limb amputation, (b) disfiguration without loss of body part, (c) loss of part of hand or part of foot. Group (a) had a mortality, standardized for age and calendar time, 1.4 times that of Group (b), matched on age and length of service at admission, and 1.3 times that of Group (c), similar on age and length of service to Group (a). The excess mortality of limb amputees was statistically significant (P less than .05) for ischemic heart disease, other diseases of the cardiovascular system, suicide by poisoning, alcholic cirrhosis, and cute pancreatitis. Possibly (P less than .1) there was also an increased risk of diabetes and cancer of the buccal cavity and pharynx.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Causes of mortality in an African city.

Registered deaths from the vital statistics registration system of Lagos City, a system that was judged to be 60% complete, were analysed for the year 1977. Nearly 40% of total registered deaths were from infections, parasitic diseases and motor vehicle accidents. Of the reported deaths, 17.3% were from ill-defined conditions. Deaths from neoplasms, diseases of the nervous and sense organs, diseases of the digestive and genitourinary systems as well as those from congenital anomalies are relatively less frequent. Maternal mortality appears to be very high. The age pattern of mortality is different from that in the developed countries, a high proportion of the deaths in Lagos City being those of children aged under 5 years. Infant mortality is dominated by perinatal causes which constituted a huge 38.4% of deaths of infants under 1 year, the other important causes being dysentery and diarrhoea, pneumonia and tetanus. Among adults, death from motor vehicles accidents is the most important cause accounting for more than 26% of deaths in the age group 15 years and above. Other important causes of adult deaths are cerebrovascular disease, hypertensive disease, heart disease, pneumonia, dysentery and diarrhoea and complications of pregnancy. Well organized health services stressing antenatal care, preventive and health education services are needed to effect a reduction in mortality and bring about a general improvement in the health of the people.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

[When is suicide a risk in the widowed?].

In order to estimate the period of highest suicidal risk in widowed persons, the intervals between bereavement and death for 58 widowers and 91 widows who had committed suicide were compared with those for a control group of 110 widowers and 210 widows who had died from other causes. Suicides were found to be more closely related in time to the bereavement than were other causes of death. Men were found to be at highest risk of suicide shortly after bereavement, over one-quarter of the male suicide having occurred in the first six months of widowerhood. These findings provide guidance to the assessment of suicidal risk, and so to possible preventive measures.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Social class inequalities in the decline of coronary heart disease among New Zealand men, 1975-1977 to 1985-1987.

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is regarded as a disease of developed 'western' societies. Within developed societies, however, CHD is typically a disease of the less affluent socioeconomic classes. This has not always been the case. Forty years ago. CHD was reported to be more common among the upper social classes. In New Zealand, as in other developed countries, this original trend across social classes was reversed during the past 40 years. In 1975-1977, a gradient across social class was observed for both CHD and cerebrovascular disease mortality, with the lowest social classes experiencing the highest mortality. This study has now been repeated for the period 1985-1987. Employed males aged 15-64 years were categorized by the Elley-Irving scale into six social classes. The overall age-standardized mortality rate from CHD declined over the ten-year period, from 163.0 to 121.7 per 100,000 person-years. Over the same period, however, the social class gradient for coronary mortality actually increased. The overall age-standardized mortality rate from cerebrovascular disease also declined over the ten-year period, from 25.9 to 17.7 per 100,000 person-years. A social class gradient for cerebrovascular mortality was present in both periods. In contrast to coronary mortality, however, the social class gradient diminished slightly over the ten-year period.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Alcohol and mortality in the Italian rural cohorts of the Seven Countries Study.

The relation of alcohol consumption to mortality is examined using the data of the Italian rural cohorts of the Seven Countries Study, a prospective investigation of factors related to cardiovascular disease (CVD). The present analysis includes 1536 men aged 45-64, whose dietary habits and food consumption, including alcoholic beverages, were measured in 1965. Of them, 463 men died in a follow-up period of 15 years. The analysis shows a J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption, expressed as percentage of total daily energy intake, and both overall mortality and cardiovascular mortality; this J-shaped relationship is evident even after adjusting for age, cigarette smoking and occupation. The inverse relationship for consumption of small quantities of alcohol, which is represented by the left side of the J-curve, is no longer significant when all men with previous cardiovascular manifestations are excluded from the analysis, yet it is never completely eliminated.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1992

Risk of mortality and coronary heart disease by marital status in middle-aged men in The Netherlands.

Between 1972 and 1974, a cardiovascular screening survey was conducted in a stratified sample of 3365 men aged 45-59 in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Follow-up data collected in 1982 were used to examine the association between marital status and mortality and coronary heart disease while adjusting for various control variables. Nonmarried men had significantly higher relative risks (RR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) of 1.7 (95% CI: 1.2-2.3) and 2.2 (95% CI: 1.2-4.2) for all-cause mortality and coronary mortality than the married. Never married men showed the most consistent relationships with all-cause and coronary mortality, with RR of 2.3 (95% CI: 1.6-3.4) and 2.9 (95% CI: 1.4-6.2) respectively. The RR for these endpoints among the widowed and divorced were all close to unity, except for the risk of coronary mortality among the widowed, which was 2.9 (95% CI: 0.9-10.2). Not being married also increased the risk for fatal and total reinfarction, with RR of 3.6 (95% CI: 1.4-9.1) and 2.5 (95% CI: 1.1-5.6) respectively. The results suggest that in middle-aged Dutch males, the health consequences of not being married may differ for the never married, divorced, and widowed. Selective mating, differential lifestyles or health habits, and lack of social integration were offered as possible explanations.

Coronary Disease↗
PubMed1993

Social class differences in mortality from diseases amenable to medical intervention in New Zealand.

Social class differences in mortality from causes of death amenable to medical intervention were examined. All deaths in New Zealand males aged 15-64 years during the periods 1975-1977 and 1985-1987 were identified. Strong social class gradients in mortality from causes of death amenable to medical intervention were observed during both periods. Furthermore, social class inequalities were more pronounced for amenable causes of mortality than for non-amenable causes. However, a marked decline in the age-standardized mortality rate from amenable causes was observed, with the rate falling by 30% over the 10-year study period. This decline was twice as large as the drop in the non-amenable mortality rate. Despite the fall in the death rate from amenable causes, social class inequalities in mortality persisted among New Zealand men, with the lowest socioeconomic group experiencing a death rate from amenable causes of mortality that was 3.5 times higher than men in the highest socioeconomic group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality.

BACKGROUND: Prospective studies of alcohol and mortality in middle-aged men almost universally find a U-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and risk of mortality. This review demonstrates the extent to which different studies lead to different risk estimates, analyses the putative influence of abstention as a risk factor and uses available data to produce point and interval estimates of the consumption level apparently associated with minimum risk from two studies in the UK. METHOD: Data from a number of studies are analysed by means of logistic-linear modelling, taking account of the possible influence of abstention as a special risk factor. Separate analysis of British data is performed. RESULTS: Logistic-linear modelling demonstrates large and highly significant differences between the studies considered in the relationship between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality. The results support the identification of abstention as a special risk factor for mortality, but do not indicate that this alone explains the apparent U-shaped relationship. Separate analysis of two British studies indicates minimum risk of mortality in this population at a consumption level of about 26 (8.5 g) units of alcohol per week. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis supports the view that abstention may be a specific risk factor for all-cause mortality, but is not an adequate explanation of the apparent protective effect of alcohol consumption against all-cause mortality. Future analyses might better be performed on a case-by-case basis, using a change-point model to estimate the parameters of the relationship. The current misinterpretation of the sensible drinking level of 21 units per week for men in the UK as a limit is not justified, and the data suggest that alcohol consumption is a net preventive factor against premature death in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

The association between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality in a cohort of male employees in the German construction industry.

BACKGROUND: Many epidemiological studies have shown a J- or U-shaped association between alcohol consumption and total mortality. It has been argued that the higher mortality among abstainers than among moderate drinkers might result from misreporting of alcohol consumption, confounding or inclusion of a high proportion of ex-drinkers or individuals with pre-existing diseases among abstainers. METHODS: These concerns were addressed in a cohort study among 8043 construction workers aged 25-64 years who underwent occupational health examinations at six centres in South West Germany during 1986 to 1988. Abstainers were compared with alcohol users with respect to biological markers of alcohol consumption, prevalence of pre-existing diseases and other covariates. Study participants were followed for all-cause mortality until 1994. RESULTS: There was a clear monotonic dose-response relationship of biological markers with self-reported alcohol consumption. Prevalence of pre-existing diseases was highest among heavy drinkers, while no major differences were observed between abstainers and men who consumed 1-49 g of alcohol per day. Overall, 172 men died during the follow-up period. There was a strong U-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and total mortality. Mortality was 2.8 times higher (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5-5.4) among non-drinkers than among men who consumed 1-49 g of alcohol per day after control for potential confounders in multivariable analyses. Strongly increased mortality was also found among heavy drinkers. Exclusion of non-drinkers with pre-existing diseases did not change the U-shaped association. CONCLUSIONS: We found a strong U-shaped association between alcohol consumption and all-cause mortality which is unlikely to be explained by misreporting, confounding or pre-existing disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Lifelong teetotallers, ex-drinkers and drinkers: mortality and the incidence of major coronary heart disease events in middle-aged British men.

BACKGROUND: To determine the risk of all cause mortality and the incidence of major coronary heart disease (CHD) events in lifelong teetotallers and in ex-drinkers compared with occasional and regular drinkers. METHODS: A prospective study of middle-aged men drawn at random from one general practice in each of 24 British towns. Five years after the screening of 7735 men aged 40-59 years, 7167 provided further information on postal questionnaire enabling separation of non-drinkers into lifelong teetotallers and ex-drinkers. RESULTS: During the follow-up period of 9.8 years after the postal questionnaire there were 929 deaths from all causes and 490 major CHD events. Ex-drinkers exhibited increased cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality; lifelong teetotallers showed the lowest cardiovascular mortality but a significantly increased non-cardiovascular mortality. After adjustment for confounding factors and pre-existing disease, the two non-drinking groups did not differ significantly in all cause mortality from occasional and regular drinkers (light, moderate or heavy) but lifelong teetotallers still showed a significant increase in non-cardiovascular mortality. Adjustment considerably attenuated the risk of both cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality in the ex-drinkers. In men without a diagnosis of CHD, lifelong teetotallers and ex-drinkers showed similar increased relative risk (RR) of heart attacks, with regular drinkers (combined) having a significantly decreased risk compared to occasional drinkers (RR = 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] : 0.64-0.96) and non-drinkers (RR = 0.69, 95% CI : 0.52-0.91). This decreased risk was small in absolute terms at around 2-3 major CHD events/1000 person-years. CONCLUSIONS: Lifelong teetotallers and ex-drinkers showed a significantly increased RR of major CHD events compared with regular drinkers, although this risk is small in absolute terms. Lifelong teetotallers have a low risk of overall cardiovascular mortality and an increased risk of non-cardiovascular mortality. Non-drinkers constitute an unsuitable reference group in alcohol-related studies; occasional or even light drinkers may be more appropriate. Overall, there is no convincing evidence that light or moderate drinking has a protective effect on total or cardiovascular mortality in these middle-aged British men.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1991

Mortality trends among Jewish and non-Jewish men in Israel, 1960-82.

Until 1975 in Israel the mortality rates in men greater than or equal to 25 years old were higher in Jews than non-Jews. Since then the relationship has been reversed with higher rates in the non-Jewish group. The three main causes of death in the two groups were heart disease, cancer and cerebrovascular disease (CVA). Death rates from total heart diseases rose in the non-Jewish population during 1970-82, whereas in the Jewish men there were only slight changes. With regard to cancer, death rates were higher in the Jewish group, but from 1970 to 1978 it increased in both groups, the change being relatively higher in non-Jews. Mortality from CVA was higher among Jews at the beginning of the study period, but since 1978 the rates remained higher in the non-Jewish population. Death from heart disease, cancer and CVA can partially explain the reversal in total mortality rates in 1975. A comparison of the data of Israeli men with those of Israeli women shows that the mortality rates of the non-Jewish population of both sexes have changed dramatically over the last decade. These findings have important implications for the planning of further research and for priority determination in health care planning.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Alcohol and mortality: the Honolulu Heart Study.

It has been shown previously that coronary heart disease was less likely to develop in Japanese men in Honolulu who drank alcoholic beverages than in those who abstained, and that the more they drank (up to about 60 ml/day of ethanol) the lower the risk. In this report on the same men, it is shown that the same sort of relation holds for mortality from coronary heart disease but that the reverse is true for death from cancer and from stroke. Men who drank were more likely to die from these causes than those who abstained, and the more they drank the greater the risk of death. Men who drank relatively large amounts were more likely to die from cirrhosis of the liver than other men. The resultant curve for total mortality is u-shaped, the lowest risk being for men who consumed from 1 to 10 ml/day of ethanol. Even at that low level of consumption, however, the risk of death from cancer or stroke was greater than it was for nondrinkers. In short, for this population of Japanese men, alcohol consumption appears to have some benefits and some hazards with regard to mortality, and the benefit or hazard depends on which cause of death is being considered.

Aged↗
PubMed1982

Excess mortality in panic disorder. A comparison with primary unipolar depression.

We located 113 former inpatients with panic disorder 35 years after index admission. According to age- and sex-specific Iowa population figures, patients with panic disorder had significant excess mortality due to death by unnatural causes. Other studies suggest that secondary depression and alcoholism may have had a role in these deaths. Men with panic disorder also exhibited excess mortality due to circulatory system disease. In an age- and sex-matched patient group with primary unipolar depression, both men and women showed excess mortality. Suicide accounted for 20.0% and 16.2% of deaths in the panic disorder and primary depression groups, respectively. We conclude that panic disorder accounted for much of the excess mortality formerly noted in the "neuroses."

Agoraphobia↗
PubMed1987

Occupational burn injuries.

The epidemiology of occupational burns injuries in a well-defined population is analysed. Although a total of 371 persons sustained an injury, only a few were inpatients and just one required anti-shock treatment. The mean burn surface area was 0.66 per cent and 14 patients had full thickness burn injuries. There were no deaths. Men were found to be more prone than women to injury, especially young workers. The distribution by categories of work and causes of burn are illustrated. Scalds and contact burns were dominant, particularly in restaurants. The work by the National Labour Inspection is acknowledged.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Physical-strength tests and mortality among visitors to health-promotion centers in Japan.

A follow-up study was conducted to clarify the relationship between physical-strength level and risk of death from all causes and from cancer and cardiovascular disease. The 7286 persons who were examined at seven health-promotion centers throughout Japan between 1982 and 1987 were followed up. By January 1992, 6259 persons (85.9%) had been contacted by questionnaire. They included 3117 men (49.8% of all subjects studied) (average age 53.6 years at baseline, SD = 9.0 years, range 40-84 years), and 3142 women (50.2%) (average age 54.5 years at baseline, SD = 8.5 years, range 40-85 years). The follow-up period for each person averaged 6.1 years, for a total of 38,253 person-years. During this period, 155 deaths were reported. At baseline, five physical-strength tests (grip strength, side step, vertical jump, standing trunk flexion, and sit-ups) were performed. Five clinical laboratory tests (thickness of skinfold, blood sugar, total serum cholesterol, percent vital lung capacity, and blood pressure) were also conducted. The examinees were questioned about smoking status (current smoker, nonsmoker, and ex-smoker). Men with thicker skinfold [relative risk (RR) = 2.11] and higher levels of blood sugar (RR = 1.89) had an excess risk of death from all causes. Men with higher serum cholesterol (RR = 5.08), thicker skinfold (RR = 4.54), and elevated blood pressure (RR = 2.33) had an excess risk of death from cardiovascular disease. In women, no relationship was seen between clinical laboratory tests and an excess risk of death. Men exhibiting lower values for side step (RR = 2.43), vertical jump (RR = 2.37), sit-ups (RR = 1.93) and grip strength (RR = 1.92) also had an excess risk of death from all causes. Furthermore, men with lower heights for vertical jump (RR = 5.51) had an excess risk of death from cardiovascular disease. After adjustment for skinfold thickness, blood sugar, total serum cholesterol, blood pressure, percent vital lung capacity and smoking status, men with a lower level of side step, vertical jump, and grip strength had an excess risk of death from all causes. No such relationship was seen between physical-strength level and an excess risk of death in women. It is concluded that a low level of physical strength might be significantly correlated with subsequent health outcomes in men.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Diet and its relation to coronary heart disease and death in three populations.

Baseline 24-hour dietary recalls from 16,349 men ages 45-64 years who had no evidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) were obtained in three prospective studies: the Framingham Study (859 men), the Honolulu Heart Study (7272 men) and the Puerto Rico Heart Health Program (8218 men). These men were followed for up to 6 years for the first appearance of CHD or death. Men who had a greater caloric intake or a greater caloric intake per kilogram of body weight were less likely to develop CHD manifest as myocardial infarction (MI) or CHD death, even though men of greater weight were more likely to develop CHD. This may reflect the benefit of greater physical activity. Men who consumed more alcohol were less likely to develop CHD, but more likely to die of causes other than CHD, particularly in the Honolulu study. In the Honolulu and Puerto Rico studies, but not in the Framingham study, men who consumed more starch were less likely to develop MI or CHD death. There was an inverse relation between starch intake and serum cholesterol, but it was too weak to explain fully the inverse starch-CHD association. There was also no evidence that the inverse relation between starch intake and incidence of CHD in the Honolulu and Puerto Rico studies was an indirect result of differences in fat intake. While the findings suggest additional areas for research, none of them would lead to an alteration of currently recommended preventive diets that emphasize lowering fat intake, because in isocaloric diets the logical way to balance a decreased fat intake is to increase the consumption of foods containing starch.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Intake of mercury from fish, lipid peroxidation, and the risk of myocardial infarction and coronary, cardiovascular, and any death in eastern Finnish men.

BACKGROUND: Even though previous studies have suggested an association between high fish intake and reduced coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality, men in Eastern Finland, who have a high fish intake, have an exceptionally high CHD mortality. We hypothesized that this paradox could be in part explained by high mercury content in fish. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied the relation of the dietary intake of fish and mercury, as well as hair content and urinary excretion of mercury, to the risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and death from CHD, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and any cause in 1833 men aged 42 to 60 years who were free of clinical CHD, stroke, claudication, and cancer. Of these, 73 experienced an AMI in 2 to 7 years. Of the 78 decreased men, 18 died of CHD and 24 died of CVD. Men who had consumed local nonfatty fish species had elevated hair mercury contents. In Cox models with the major cardiovascular risk factors as covariates, dietary intakes of fish and mercury were associated with significantly increased risk of AMI and death from CHD, CVD, and any death. Men in the highest tertile (> or = 2.0 micrograms/g) of hair mercury content had a 2.0-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.2 to 3.1; P = .005) age- and CHD-adjusted risk of AMI and a 2.9-fold (95% CI, 1.2 to 6.6; P = .014) adjusted risk of cardiovascular death compared with those with a lower hair mercury content. In a nested case-control subsample, the 24-hour urinary mercury excretion had a significant (P = .042) independent association with the risk of AMI. Both the hair and urinary mercury associated significantly with titers of immune complexes containing oxidized LDL. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that a high intake of mercury from nonfatty freshwater fish and the consequent accumulation of mercury in the body are associated with an excess risk of AMI as well as death from CHD, CVD, and any cause in Eastern Finnish men and this increased risk may be due to the promotion of lipid peroxidation by mercury.

Adult↗