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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Pectenotoxin-2 in single-cell isolates of Dinophysis caudata and Dinophysis acuta from the Galician Rías (NW Spain).

Dinophysis acuta and Dinophysis caudata are seasonal components of the dinoflagellate community in the Galician Rías Bajas (NW Spain). These species can be the main contributors to the occurrence of Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins (LST) in September-October, leading to prohibition of harvesting in an area of intensive mariculture (250 x 10(3)t of cultured mussels, 60 x 10(3)t of other shellfish in natural banks, per year). Previous analyses of okadaic acid (OA) and related toxins in these two species by HPLC revealed significant amounts of OA and DTX2 in D. acuta, but only trace amounts of OA in D. caudata cells, and led to the erroneous conclusion that the contribution of the latter species to autumn LST events was negligible. Recent analyses by LC-MS/MS of individually picked cells of D. acuta and D. caudata have shown that both species may have high levels of PTX2 (up to 30 pg and 130 pg cell(-1), respectively) and that this toxin can be the dominant toxin during toxic outbreaks associated with Dinophysis spp. Although the quick conversion of PTX2 to PTX-2SA in mussels may reduce the risks for human health, these results have important implications for monitoring programmes. The complex toxin profile of shellfish exposed to Dinophysis spp. populations should be taken into account when making decisions on the toxin control methods to be used as the basis of the programme. Conclusive toxicological studies are required to elucidate the public health relevance of the different PTXs derivatives and to provide the scientific basis for regulations.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Genetic differentiation and post-glacial establishment of the geographical distribution in Aegilops caudata L.

Aegilops caudata L. is a diploid wild relative of wheat distributed over the north-eastern Mediterranean from Greece to northern Iraq. To elucidate the geographical differentiation pattern, 35 accessions derived from the entire distribution area were crossed with four Tester strains. Pollen fertility in the F1 hybrids varied from 0 to 96.3% among cross combinations, closely correlating with the geographical regions where the parental accessions were collected. Based on the intraspecific hybrid sterility, the present distribution area of Ae. caudata was divided into two geographical regions effectively isolated by the mountainous region lying between West Anatolia and Central Anatolia. The western region is composed of Greece and West Anatolia, while the eastern region consists of Central Anatolia, South Anatolia, East Anatolia and northern Iraq. The present results and the facts from recent palaeopalynological works suggest that during the maximum glacial period from 18,000 BP to 16,000 BP, Ae. caudata occurred in the two isolated regions, i.e., the region surrounding the Aegean Sea and the western Levant or some sheltered habitats in the East Taurus/Zagros mountains arc, and that it migrated into Central and East Anatolia from the latter regions as the climate became warmer. Furthermore, it is also suggested that the Levant populations now occur in the eastern region of the distribution, while those occurring in the Aegean Sea region during the last glacial period now occupy the western region of the distribution.

Chromosomes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Louse infestation of the red marmot, Marmota caudata, during its active period].

2213 lice of Neohaematopinus palaearctcus Ols. were collected from 152 of 865 examined specimens of Marmota caudata Geoffr. from different vertical zones of Tadjikistan. The long-tailed marmot is characterized by a moderate or poor infestation with lice. In the subalpine zone, where the number and density of these animals in rather high, the infestation rate is greater than that in the brushwood zone. In spring after hibernation the infestation of M. caudata is very low. Within the reporoduction period the infestation with lice increases, the latter begin to reproduce intensively. During the preparation for hibernation the infestation rate falls due to a less intensive reproduction of lice. There are no distinct differences in the infestation rate of long-tailed marmots belonging to different age groups since there are constant contacts between the individuals of the colony. Only reproducing females live together with brood by themselves, differ in moulting periods and in a greater intensity of invasion during reproduction.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

A new species of Chloromyxum (Myxozoa: Chloromyxidae) from the gall bladder of Eurycea spp. (Caudata: Plethodontidae) in North America.

A previously undescribed species of Chloromyxum (Myxozoa: Chloromyxidae) was found in plasmodia adhering to the epithelium of the gall bladders in salamanders of the genus Eurycea (Caudata: Plethodontidae) from Arkansas and Texas (USA) in November, December, and January, 1987 to 1994. Bivalved spores of Chloromyxum salamandrae sp. n. from Eurycea multiplicata griseogaster (type host) were subspherical, with a mean size +/- SD of 8.3 +/- 0.3 x 7.7 +/- 0.4 (7.8 to 8.8 x 7.0 to 8.2) microns (n = 20), and had a shape index (length/width) of 1.07 +/- 0.03 (1.02 to 1.14). The valves measured 0.8 to 1.0 micron thick and had 10 to 12 external striations each. Each of the four polar capsules were piriform, with a mean size +/- SD of 4.0 +/- 0.1 x 2.6 +/- 0.1 (3.8 to 4.2 x 2.4 to 2.8) microns (n = 20), and there appeared to be about four coils of each polar filament. The sporoplasm was irregular in shape and appeared to be binucleate. Adherent plasmodia observed in winter months were small, with a mean size +/- SD of 31.5 +/- 6.3 x 24.9 +/- 2.6 (20 to 40 x 20 to 30) microns (n = 20), and contained zero to eight disporoblastic spores each. The myxozoan occurred in nine of 14 E. multiplicata griseogaster, three of eight E. multiplicata multiplicata, and two of 12 E. neotenes. This represents the first report of a Chloromyxum sp. from Amphibia in the Western hemisphere.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Spiroxys hanzaki n. sp. (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) collected from the giant salamander, Andrias japonicus (Caudata: Cryptobranchidae), in Japan.

Spiroxys hanzaki n. sp. (Nematoda: Gnathostomatidae) taken from the giant salamander, Andrias japonicus (Temminck, 1836) (Caudata: Cryptobranchidae) from Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, is described. It closely resembles Spiroxys allegheniensis Walton, 1930, from the hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis (Daudin, 1803) (Cryptobranchidae), of North America, in that it has minute dorsal and ventral lobes of the pseudolabium and a reduced gubernaculum but is readily distinguished by a pseudolabium with 2 apical, 1 dorsal, and 1 ventral tooth on the median lobe.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Pepsinogen and H,K-ATPase mediate acid secretion in gastric glands of Triturus carnifex (Amphibia, Caudata).

The gastric glands of Triturus carnifex (Amphibia, Caudata) have been examined by histochemical and immunohistochemical methods with particular regard to hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen secretion. Fundic glands consist of mucous neck cells, endocrine cells and oxynticopeptic cells producing both pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid. The neck cells showed an unexpected distribution pattern which was only observed in the oral fundus, and produced neutral mucins with glycosidic residues of GalNAc and Gal beta1,3GalNAc, and in this respect they differ from the neck cells of anuran amphibians. The secretion of pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid as demonstrated by immunolabelling with anti-H,K-ATPase and with anti-pepsinogen, respectively, seems not to vary significantly along the longitudinal axis of the stomach. The mechanism of gastric acid secretion seems to be mediated by an ATPase, having similar features to the mammalian gastric H,K-ATPase, and is localised in the luminal membrane and in the subapical cytoplasm of the oxynticopeptic cells. Unusually, the same cytoplasmic areas revealed binding specificity for the winged pea lectin (WPA) from Lotus tetragonolobus, even after beta elimination, indicating the presence of fucosyl residues in N-linked oligosaccharidic chains in glycoproteins of beta-H,K-ATPase subunits.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Molecular phylogeny of the genus Paramesotriton (Caudata: Salamandridae).

To elucidate the phylogeny of the genus Paramesotriton (Caudata: Salamandridae), we investigated three mitochondrial DNA gene fragments (1207 bp in total) of cytochrome b, ND2, and ND4 for its six recognized species. The phylogenetic relationships within Paramesotriton were reconstructed by maximum parsimony (MP) and maximum likelihood (ML) methods. Phylogenetic trees (MP and ML trees) that were constructed from the combined data set of the three gene fragments indicated that all six species of Paramesotriton formed a monophyletic group, with P. caudopunctatus as basal to the other five species. This result suggests that P. fuzhongensis is a valid species in Paramesotriton.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Xanthones from the roots of Polygala caudata and their antioxidation and vasodilatation activities in vitro.

Three new xanthones, 2-hydroxy-1,6,7-trimethoxyxanthone (1), 1,4-dimethoxy-2,3-methylenedioxyxanthone (2), and 7-hydroxy-1,2-dimethoxyxanthone (3), together with five known compounds, 2,7-dihydroxy-1-methoxyxanthone (4), 1-methoxy-2,3-methylenedioxyxanthone (5), 7-hydroxy-1-methoxyxanthone (6), euxanthone (1,7-dihydroxyxanthone) (7), and gentitein (1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone) (8), were isolated from the roots of Polygala caudata. Their structures were established on the basis of spectral evidence. In the antioxidation activity screening in vitro with luminol chemiluminescence methods, compounds 1 - 5 and 7 and 8 showed H2O2 scavenger activity, with a scavenging effect of 58.4 - 94.5% at 10 microg/mL, and 26.0 - 84.7% at 2 microg/mL. Compounds 4 and 8 also exhibited scavenging effects on the reactive oxygen free radicals produced by macrophage respiratory bursts, with a scavenging effect of 71.7% and 63.4% at 10 microg/mL, 41.2% and 47.8% at 2 microg/mL, respectively. In the vasodilatation assay, compounds 4 - 7 exhibited relaxing activity on the contractions evoked by KCl in Wistar rat thoracic aorta rings in a dose-dependent manner.

Animals↗
PubMed1970

An Autoinhibitory Substance Produced by Platydorina caudata Kofoid.

An inhibitory substance was obtained from culture filtrates of Platydorina caudata Kofoid, (a colonial, green flagellate), in which death of the culture had occurred. The cessation of growth occurs before, and is seemingly independent of, medium depletion. The substance can be detected as early as the 15th day, and by the 25th day growth is completely suppressed. A bioassay method for quantitating the activity of the substance was devised. The substance is heat-labile, nondialyzable, acid-labile, and apparently specific for Platydorina. The substance resists short periods of freezing and bacterial contamination. Preliminary results suggest that trypsin destroys activity of the substance.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

New wild Tetrahymena from Southeast Asia, China, and North America, including T. malaccensis, T. asiatica, T. nanneyi, T. caudata, and T. silvana n. spp.

Tetrahymena of the T. pyriformis complex collected from varied habitats in Malaysia, Thailand, and The People's Republic of China include strains of the micronucleate species T. americanis and T. canadensis and the amicronucleate T. pyriformis and T. elliotti. Two new breeding species are described-T. malaccensis from Malaysia and T. asiatica from China and Thailand. Two wild selfers from China and some of the amicronucleate strains from all three countries fall into isozymic groups similar to named micronucleate and amicronucleate species. The T. patula complex is represented by two groups of clones from Malaysia that fit the morphological description of T. vorax. They, however, have radically different isozymic electrophoretic patterns and both groups differ from those of previously described T. vorax. As their molecules indicate relationships to other "T. vorax" strains as distant as that between T. vorax and T. leucophrys, they are considered to be new species, T. caudata and T. silvana. A third new breeding species, T. nanneyi, was identified among strains previously collected in North America. Viable immature progeny were obtained from the new strains of the five breeding species. Maximum temperature tolerances were determined for the new strains of four of the breeding species.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Susceptibility to Heavy Metals and Characterization of Heterotrophic Bacteria Isolated from Two Hydrothermal Vent Polychaete Annelids, Alvinella pompejana and Alvinella caudata.

Specimens of alvinellid polychaetes and their tubes were collected in the Parigo hydrothermal vent field on the East Pacific Rise (13 degrees N) in October and November 1987. Heterotrophic bacterial strains were isolated on metal-amended media from the tube and dorsal integument of one specimen of Alvinella pompejana, from the dorsal integument of another from the whole integument of a specimen of Alvinella caudata, and from undetermined alvinellid tubes. The strains were characterized and tested for susceptibility to five heavy metals by using a microdilution method for MIC determinations. All strains were gram-negative rods. Most of them were characterized by the ability to degrade Tween 80 and gelatin and to produce hydrogen sulfide from cysteine. Numerous strains, from all sample origins, displayed resistance to cadmium, zinc, arsenate, and silver and tolerated high amounts of copper. Metal resistance was exhibited by 92.3% of the total isolates. The occurrence of multiply resistant bacteria may demonstrate an adaptation of alvinellid-associated microflora to the general enrichment of metals in the hydrothermal vent environment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

New phenolics from the roots of Symplocos caudata Wall.

Three new phenolics, (1S,2R)-1-(4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-3'-methoxyphenyl)-2-(4''-hydroxy-3''-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-propanediol, symplolignanoside A, and 3,4-dimethoxyphenol beta-D-apiofuranosyl(1-->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, along with eight known compounds were isolated from the roots of Symplocos caudata Wall. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic and chemical methods.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal↗
PubMed2001

Variation and geographical distribution of the genotypes controlling the diagnostic spike morphology of two varieties of Aegilops caudata l.

Aegilops caudata L. is an annual wild relative of wheat distributed over the northeastern Mediterranean basin. It consists of two taxonomic varieties, var. typica with awnless lateral spikelets and var.polyathera with awned lateral spikelets. To clarify the variation and the geographical distribution of the genotypes controlling the diagnostic spike morphology of the two taxonomic varieties, three crossing experiments were carried out. First, two varieties collected from nine sympatric populations in the Aegean islands were crossed reciprocally. All of the F1 hybrids were var. typica and the segregation ratio in the F2 generation was 3 typica: 1 polyathera. Secondly, 13 typica accessions collected from the entire distribution area of the variety were crossed with a common polyathera accession. The F1 hybrids involving eight typica accessions from Greece and West Anatolia were var. typica, while those involving five typica accessions from East Anatolia, Syria and Iraq were var. polyathera. Thirdly, the typica F1 hybrids between the Aegean and the Syrian typica accessions were backcrossed to the latter. Four of the seven BC1F1 plants obtained were var. typica, but the other three were var. polyathera. Based on these results, the following two conclusions were made. First, the awnless lateral spikelets characteristic of var. typica are due to two different genotypes: one is a dominant allele suppressing awn development on lateral spikelets and the other is a recessive allele(s) for awnless lateral spikelets with no dominant suppressor allele. Secondly, the former genotype occurs only in the western region of the distribution area of the species, while the latter occurs in the eastern region. The present results and the recent palaeopalynological evidence also suggested that var. polyathera, with more awns than var. typica, rapidly colonized Central Anatolia from the Levant or East Taurus/Zagros mountains arc after the last glacial period.

Crosses, Genetic↗
PubMed1977

Morphologic alteration of Paranaplasma caudata following treatment of calves with oxytetracycline.

The morphologic features of Paranaplasma caudata were determined in whole blood, blood clots, and liver biopsy specimens after treating infected calves with oxytetracycline. Following staining of blood smears with new methylene blue, light microscopy showed that paranaplasma bodies in erythrocytes of treated calves were vacuolated, but tails were normal in appearance. By electron microscopic examination of parasitized erythrocytes of treated calves, paranaplasma bodies were found to be degenerated (aggregation of nucleoprotein granules in initial bodies and condensation and coalescence of initial bodies), but tails were normal. The identical degenerative changes of paranaplasma bodies and lack of alteration of tails were evident in erythrocytes in sinusoids of liver biopsy specimens from treated calves.

Anaplasmataceae↗
PubMed1999

Morphological variation of hypaxial musculature in salamanders (Lissamphibia: caudata).

Despite the acknowledged importance of the locomotory and respiratory functions associated with hypaxial musculature in salamanders, variation in gross morphology of this musculature has not been documented or evaluated within a phylogenetic or ecological context. In this study, we characterize and quantify the morphological variation of lateral hypaxial muscles using phylogenetically and ecologically diverse salamander species from eight families: Ambystomatidae (Ambystoma tigrinum), Amphiumidae (Amphiuma tridactylum), Cryptobranchidae (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), Dicamptodontidae (Dicamptodon sp.), Plethodontidae (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus), Proteidae (Necturus maculosus), Salamandridae (Pachytriton sp.), and Sirenidae (Siren lacertina). For the lateral hypaxial musculature, we document 1) the presence or absence of muscle layers, 2) the muscle fiber angles of layers at mid-trunk, and 3) the relative dorsoventral positions and cross-sectional areas of muscle layers. Combinations of two, three, or four layers are observed. However, all species retain at least two layers with opposing fiber angles. The number of layers and the presence or absence of layers vary within species (Necturus maculosus and Siren lacertina), within genera (e.g., Triturus), and within families. No phylogenetic pattern in the number of layers can be detected with a family-level phylogeny. Fiber angle variation of hypaxial muscles is considerable: fiber angles of the M. obliquus externus range from 20-80 degrees; M. obliquus internus, 14-34 degrees; M. transversus abdominis, 58-80 degrees (acute angles measured relative to the horizontal septum). Hypaxial musculature comprises 17-37% of total trunk cross-sectional area. Aquatic salamanders show relatively larger total cross-sectional hypaxial area than salamanders that are primarily terrestrial.

Anatomy, Cross-Sectional↗
PubMed1992

Comparative anatomy and phylogeny of the cloacae of salamanders (Amphibia: Caudata). IV. Salamandridae.

Cloacae were examined from male and female salamanders representing 12 genera and 22 species in the Salamandridae. All female salamandrids possess numerous sperm storage glands, spermathecae, in the roof of the cloaca, but intergeneric variation exists in the occurrence of additional cloacal glands. Pleurodeles and Tylototriton possess both vent and anterior ventral glands, and secondary loss has occurred of vent glands in all other genera and anterior ventral glands in Chioglossa, Cynops, Paramesotriton, and Triturus The most highly derived cloaca occurs in Euproctus asper, in which the cloacal tube extends through a conical projection, and ventral glands secrete onto the dorsolateral surface of the projection rather than into the cloaca. Marked intergeneric variation occurs in males in conformation of the cloacal cavities and in extent of the dorsal gland. In Cynops, Euproctus, Pachytriton, Paramesotriton, Taricha, and Triturus, the pseudopenis (a broad, posteriorly projecting evagination of the dorsal roof) fills much of the cavity of the anterior cloacal chamber. In most salamandrids, distal ends of the dorsal glands occur lateral to pelvic glands in the anterior end of the cloaca, and dorsal gland tubules descend to secretory sites at the posterior end of the vent. Salamandra and Mertensiella possess a unique, bifurcated dorsal gland in which distal ends of tubules lie dorsal to the other cloacal glands, and proximal ends curve ventrally in the anterior end of the cloaca to secretory sites along the cloacal orifice. Cladistic analyses indicate that the variation in presence of anterior ventral glands is due to homoplasy. The occurrence of female vent glands, bifurcated dorsal glands, and the pseudopenis supports a phylogeny based upon non-cloacal characters.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Histology and ultrastructure of the gut epithelium of the neotenic cave salamander, Proteus anguinus (Amphibia, Caudata).

Histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural features of the gut of the European endemic cave salamander Proteus anguinus were studied. The gut is a relatively undifferentiated muscular tube lined with a simple columnar epithelium containing numerous goblet cells. The mucosa and underlying lamina propria/submucosa are elevated into a number of high longitudinal folds projecting into the lumen. The enterocytes are covered apically with uniform microvilli. Irregularity in the arrangement of microvilli was observed. Occasionally, irregular protrusions of the cytoplasm appear between groups of microvilli. Pinocytotic activity occurs at the bases of the intermicrovillous space. Mitochondria are numerous in the apical cytoplasm and basally beneath the nuclei. The supranuclear cytoplasm contains most of the cell organelles. The lateral plasma membranes of adjacent cells interdigitate and are joined by junctional complexes. The periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction, indicating neutral mucosubstances, is positive only in the apical brush border of enterocytes and in goblet cells. The goblet cells also stained with Alcian blue (AB), at pH 2.5, thus revealing the presence of carboxylated glycosaminoglycans. Compact aggregations of AB- and PAS-negative cells are situated directly below the epithelium. Mitotic figures are present in individual clusters of cells. The fine structure of cells in these clusters indicated that these cells could be responsible for renewal of intestinal epithelium. Numerous endocrine-like cells could also be seen. The closely packed smooth muscle cells and amorphous extracellular material with collagen fibrils constitute a net-like structure under the basal lamina that is very closely associated with the epithelium. There are numerous acidophilic granular cells between epithelial cells, in the lamina propria/submucosa, and between cells aggregations. They seem to be associated with nematode infections and possibly constitute a humoral defense mechanism.

Animals↗