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Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis scales were administered to 24 people who received individual psychotherapy and a control group of 25 students. Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis tests were given before and after the therapeutic sessions. No significant differences were obtained.
This study examined the effects of a psychology of adjustment class on body-acceptance and self-acceptance. An introductory psychology class served as a control group. Subjects were pre- and posttested with the Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis scales. Two by two analyses of covariance indicated that the adjustment group showed a larger gain on both scales than the control. Sex interacted with group significantly on the Body-cathexis scale only. Means indicated that the main effect of groups on the Body-cathexis scale may be attributed to the larger gains by females in the adjustment class.
The history is traced of observations made of the phenomena associated with self-cathexis and other-cathexis. Owing to personal and other conflicts in the history of psychiatry and psychotherapy, the development of these observations was disturbed, and they were reobserved and re-described using different terminologies in accounts which have not hitherto been collected and compared. When this is done, a consensus appears which can be stated in a common language to facilitate further accretion of observation, and further research and debate.
To investigate the difference between perceptions of the nude body and of the clothed body 29 women were administered the Body Cathexis Scale and a Clothed Body Cathexis Scale. Paired t tests indicated that these working women were significantly more satisfied with their clothed bodies than with their nude bodies.
The purpose of this study was to examine sex differences in body-cathexis associated with exercise involvement. Data were collected from exercising groups of 52 women and 23 men volunteers from a university fitness improvement class and from comparison groups of 41 women and 9 men volunteers from classes unrelated to exercise. Multivariate analysis of variance of prestudy body-cathexis scores identified significant sex differences; men had much higher body-cathexis for waist, hip, thigh, fitness, and weight than did women. Multivariate analysis of poststudy data, normalized to control for prestudy sex differences, yielded a significant effect for the exercise involvement of fitness class men and women. Regular exercise seems to have potential as a method for improving body-cathexis for both men and women. Further research on methods for improving satisfaction with weight is needed.
33 subjects provided measures on extent of dance training, dance performance, locus of control orientation, and three measures of body cathexis. Pearson product-moment correlations yielded significant, though modest, positive relations between three measures of body cathexis and performance, and between time dancing and the Levenson Internal scale; and a negative relation between body cathexis and the Levenson Chance scale.
Alternate axes are explored in the orthodox formulation of drive cathexis and psychosexual development, with implications for corresponding object relation modes engendered by these processes. Somatic and defensive aspects are shown to impact on the function of the "other" as the individual matures. The separation/individuation process is subsumed into this overall developmental continuum, and the centrality of the object as a focus in cathexis and drive delineation is critically evaluated. The homeostatic notion of equilibration is appealed to in synthesizing the factors emerging from the analysis.
In an exploratory examination of the dimensionality of body perception in terms of satisfaction with body aspects, a principal components analysis was performed on data from 226 male and female college students. Results indicate that the complex of body aspects can be discussed in terms of a relatively small number of dimensions. The variable content of the factors is interpreted as suggesting the perceptual grouping of body aspects, and in this regard the similarities and differences between males and females are discussed and related to previous research on body-cathexis.
To examine age differences and the internal structure of the Greek version of the Body Cathexis Scale, 152 women 18 to 45 yr. of age and participating in physical fitness programs took the scale. High internal consistency was evident: in item analysis rs ranged from .29 to .68, split-half r was .89, and Cronbach alpha .92. Factor analysis yielded six factors: (1) Physical Fitness, (2) Total Appearance, (3) Health and Skills, (4) Face, (5) Ears and Chin, and (6) Extremities. These explained 52.5% of the total variance. The higher body satisfaction was observed on the factors, Health and Skills, Ears and Chin, and Extremities. Multivariate analysis of variance of body satisfaction across factors indicated no differences.
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The paper deals with a form of analytical therapy in psychosomatics, which was developed and applied for many years in a model research ward. The therapeutic arrangement, or setting, was designed to make provision for all 3 elements of a person's make-up - his environment, his mind and his body. At the heart of the model is the therapeutic team, which offers the patient empathatic 'holding' and encourages his emotional growth. The members of the team have learned to offer themselves to the patient as a unit with a common inner attitude towards him. This means that they must first have worked out a unified approach, a hermeneutic structure, with which to understand him. Against the background of a special genetic conception of a mother's function for her child, the ward was turned into a setting that confronts the patient, in psychodramatized form, with a specific form of 'physical ambience'. In coming to grips with the team's physical, sensual presence, the patient is stimulated into developing a transference relationship to the empathizing, maternal father-figure, the 'père maternel'. In this way he can break loose from his clinging dependency on an 'omnipotent object', his dyadic partner, and, through internalizing the therapist both in his female and his male aspects, create a libidinal object in his inner world.
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This article reports on a study of the perceived body image of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) and the relationship between body image and the severity of physical disability. Second and Jourard's Body-Cathexis Scale and Self-Cathexis Scale were used to measure satisfaction or dissatisfaction each person had with his body and self. Kurtzke's Status Disability Scale was used to determine each person's degree of physical disability. The sample consisted of 20 male veterans between 34 and 70 years of age (mean 47.6), who had MS for 7 to 44 years (mean 20.8) and a physical disability score of two to nine (mean 4.65). On the Body-Cathexis Scale, 55% (N = 11) were satisfied and 45% (N = 9) were dissatisfied with their bodies. Whereas on the Self-Cathexis Scale, 45% (N = 9) were satisfied and 55% (N = 11) were dissatisfied with self. Seven subjects (35%) were satisfied with both body and self and seven (35%) were dissatisfied with body and self. Subjects who were satisfied with body and self were older (mean 50.43 years), had MS longer (mean 22.57 years) and were more disabled (mean score 5.0). Implications for further nursing research are identified.
This study investigated the relation between one aspect of body image (body cathexis) and the achievement of knowledge about life after a heart attack, as well as subsequent compliance with posthospitalization prescriptions. There was no significant correlation between body cathexis and achieved knowledge. The hypothesis which proposed that a relationship exists between body cathexis and compliance with posthospitalization prescriptions was statistically significant, body-cathexis effects are inferred to be present in compliance behaviors, and the hypothesis was supported. A statistically significant correlation was not found to exist between achieved knowledge and subsequent compliance behavior.
An individual being viewed in an Ames room usually appears considerably altered in physical size to an observer. However, some married persons perceive less size distortion of their spouses than a stranger. This instance of selective perceptual distortion, known as the Honi phenomenon, could perhaps reflect differential familiarity and/or emotional involvement toward these stimulus persons. Using heterosexual couples as subjects, we investigated familiarity (i.e., length of the relationship), type of relationship (i.e., dating, engaged, or married), and positive cathexis (i.e., love, liking, and trust of one's partner) as possible mediators of this effect and also explored the impact of some judgemental variations. Neither familiarity nor type of relationship influenced relative perceptual distortion of partner versus stranger. Rather, selective perceptual distortion was directly related to the strength of positive cathexis, principally among females. Only women high in positive cathexis exhibited the Honi phenomenon and perceived a stranger as being more distorted than their partners. In contrast, size judgements by men were affected only by the sequence in which stimulus persons were observed. Implications and interpretations of these findings are discussed.
Paranoid phenomena can be seen to arise from pathological narcissism. As a result of certain kinds of trauma to the ego-ideal and/or losses of important self-object relationships, the self becomes dislodged from internal agencies and representations. Narcissistic cathexis of the self to these internal psychic structures loosens and hope, aspiration, affection and will become markedly diminished. Meaningful goals and choices become impossible to adopt and make. The paranoid patient is internally at "loose ends"; he is lost. Tragically, being gripped by the paranoid condition and its manifest delusional system is the only kind of security that the paranoid patient knows. No wonder it is so hard to give up. The vulnerability to paranoid phenomena may be seen to be a result of past experiences of subversion of "selfhood." In significant ways, the patient vulnerable to paranoid phenomena has not been adequately attended nor adequately "left alone." The self can be seen as arising out of crucial mother-infant exchanges that are paralleled by interactions between developing internal psychic structures. Out of these "reflections," the self is born. The narcisstic cathexis of self to the ego, superego and ego-ideal is the result of self-expression. If full self-ownership has not been possible then self-expression is vulnerable. Given these understandings of the relationship between paranoid phenomena and pathological narcissism, treatment will focus on reducing the threats to selfhood, refinding the self, and reestablishing ties to internal sources of affection, initiative and aspiration.
The authors present a metapsychological conception of hypochondria. Following Freud, they contrast the complaints of the hypochondriac with the belle indifférence of the hysteric, and they then inquire into the heuristic value of hypochondria as an actual neurosis; this leads them to a consideration of psychosomatic illness and the importance of the object cathexis in hypochondriacal anxiety. In the development of Freud's theory of the drives, the explanatory concept of the damming up of ego libido proves insufficient and has to be coupled with the notion of primary erotogenic masochism: from this point of view, hypochondria can be seen as a form of binding which thus distinguishes it from other somatic outcomes. On the basis of three case histories, the authors endeavour to show hypochondriacal anxiety not only as a pathological process but also as a type of necessary minimum cathexis of the body; this leads to the idea of hypochondria as psychical work.