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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

Type II collagen mutations in rare and common cartilage diseases.

Cartilage diseases include a wide variety of clinical phenotypes from common osteoarthrosis to several different types of chondrodysplasias, i.e. 'disorders of cartilage', of which more than 100 different have been described. Patients frequently suffer from various symptoms affecting their joints and/or the growth of their long bones. The amount of hyaline cartilage at articular surfaces is often diminished and structurally abnormal. The surface of the cartilage may have an irregular appearance with defects extending into the subchondral bone. The major constituents of this hyaline cartilage are collagens and proteoglycans, the most abundant protein being type II collagen. It is a homotrimer of three identical alpha-chains, which are encoded by a single gene on human chromosome 12. The gene for type II collagen therefore became a likely candidate for some forms of chondrodysplasias and cartilage degeneration. Recently, both linkages and exclusions between this gene and various cartilage diseases have been reported and a growing number of mutations within the gene have also been identified.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

MRI techniques in early stages of cartilage disease.

Cartilage degenerative diseases affect millions of people. Our understanding of these diseases and our ability to establish efficacious treatment strategies have been confounded by the difficulty of nondestructively evaluating the state of cartilage. Imaging strategies that allow visualization of cartilage integrity would revolutionize the field by allowing us to visualize early stages of degeneration and thus to evaluate predisposing factors for cartilage disease and changes resulting from interventions (eg, therapies) in culture studies, tissue-engineered systems, animal models, and in vivo in humans. Here we briefly review current state-of-the-art MRI strategies relevant to understanding and following treatment in early cartilage degeneration. We review MRI as applied to the assessment of the whole joint, of cartilage as a whole (as an organ), of cartilage tissue, and of cartilage molecular composition and structure. Each of these levels is amenable to assessment by MRI and offers different information that, in the long run, will serve as an important element of cartilage imaging.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The control of expression of type II collagen: relevance to cartilage disease.

Cartilage is a unique tissue containing only one cell type, the chondrocyte, surrounded by an extensive extracellular matrix. One of the principal components of the cartilage matrix is type II collagen. The gene coding for type II collagen is relatively large and contains several distinct sequences that function to both up-regulate and down-regulate expression by interacting with chondrocyte transcription factors. Also, there appears to be regulation of collagen II expression by differential splicing of the collagen II mRNA to form different forms of the protein. Finally, the gene is a target for mutations that result in diseases of cartilage such as chondrodysplasias and some forms of osteoarthritis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Degenerative joint disease: cartilage or vascular disease?

The aetiology of degenerative joint disease is multifactorial, but one main cause is overloading (mechanical stress). While until recently it was well accepted that this represented primarily a disorder of cartilage with reactive subchondral changes, there is now some evidence that it might be primarily a subchondral problem with secondary changes in the articular cartilage. Early subchondral changes include redistribution of blood supply with marrow hypertension, oedema and probably micro-necrosis. These findings are very similar to those in avascular necrosis of bone and raise the question of a vascular aetiology. While these first reports need further proof, it seems clear that the articular cartilage and subchondral regions are one functional unit, in which the subchondral region is more stress sensitive. Recently described channels connecting these two regions strengthen this opinion. These new concepts are exciting and may make a major impact in the near future on the management of and research into degenerative joint disease.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed2000

Magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage and evaluation of cartilage disease.

Clinical magnetic resonance imaging of articular cartilage is possible by using techniques that offer high contrast between articular cartilage and adjacent structures in reasonable examination times. The fat-suppressed, three-dimensional, spoiled gradient-echo sequence has been reported to be accurate and reliable, and the addition of this sequence to a routine examination does not significantly compromise patient throughput. Fast spin-echo imaging also shows promise in the clinical evaluation of articular cartilage, because the newer, stronger-gradient systems allow thinner slice acquisition with two-dimensional sequences. Together, these sequences allow the evaluation of intrachondral lesions and surface defects. Furthermore, quantitative measurements of cartilage volume for follow-up studies are possible with the use of the fat-suppressed, three-dimensional, spoiled gradient-echo sequence.

Cartilage Diseases↗
PubMed1994

[Study of femoro-tibial cartilage diseases with MRI].

Magnetic resonance imaging provides excellent tissue contrast resolution and can therefore be used to visualize joint cartilage. The goal of this study was to evaluate the value of magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of femorotibial cartilage lesions. Spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 37 patients. As compared with arthroscopy, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging were 72.5%, 47%, and 95.5%, respectively. Only advanced cartilage lesions with exposure of subchondral bone were clearly seen on magnetic resonance sections. Limiting factors included insufficient spatial resolution and the chemical shift phenomenon. Spin-echo sequences used in everyday practice are not appropriate for detecting small cartilage lesions. Controlled studies are needed to determine whether gradient echo sequences are more satisfactory.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Update on the biology of the chondrocyte and new approaches to treating cartilage diseases.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a joint disease that involves degeneration of articular cartilage, limited intraarticular inflammation manifested by synovitis and changes in the subchondral bone. The aetiology of OA is largely unknown, but since it may involve multiple factors, including mechanical, biochemical and genetic factors, it has been difficult to identify unique targets for therapy. Chondrocytes, which are the unique cellular component of adult articular cartilage, are capable of responding to structural changes in the surrounding cartilage matrix. Since the initial stages of OA involve increased cell proliferation and synthesis of matrix proteins, proteinases and cytokines in the cartilage, laboratory investigations have focused on the chondrocyte as a target for therapeutic intervention. The capacity of the adult articular chondrocyte to regenerate the normal cartilage matrix architecture is limited, however, and the damage becomes irreversible unless the destructive process is interrupted. Current pharmacological interventions that address chronic pain are insufficient and no proven disease-modifying therapy is available. Identification of methods for early diagnosis is of key importance, since therapeutic interventions aimed at blocking or reversing structural damage will be more effective when there is the possibility of preserving normal homeostasis. At later stages, cartilage tissue engineering with or without gene therapy with anabolic factors will also require therapy to inhibit inflammation and block damage to newly repaired cartilage. This review will focus on experimental approaches currently under study that may lead to elucidation of effective strategies for therapy in OA, with emphasis on mediators that affect the function of chondrocytes and interactions with surrounding tissues.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Fabrication and characterization of nonplanar microelectrode array circuits for use in arthroscopic diagnosis of cartilage diseases.

A process to fabricate nonplanar microelectrode array circuits was developed and the microelectrodes were characterized. These platinum microelectrode arrays are for recording streaming potential signals generated during indentation of articular cartilage. The nonplanar substrate was produced by permanent deformation of a 7-in-diameter circular stainless-steel wafer to form 32 semi-spherical caps (radius of curvature = 4.65 mm and height = 250 microm) at the periphery. The wafer was covered with a 2.5-microm-thick layer of insulating polyimide. Standard microelectronic processes were applied to produce 32 circuits (60 mm long x 4 mm wide) with 37 exposed circular microelectrodes (diameter = 100 microm) centered over each semi-spherical cap. A 2.5-microm-thick photodefinable polyimide layer encapsulated the conducting lines. Capacitances between one microelectrode and either another microelectrode or the metallic substrate were 14.6 +/- 2.0 and 34.4 +/- 3.3 pF, respectively, at 100 Hz. The impedance of the microelectrodes in a 0.15 M saline bath (PBS) was 0.25 +/- 0.08 Mohms while the crosstalk (Vinduced/Vapplied) between two microelectrodes was 0.20 +/- 0.11%, at 100 Hz. Indentation measurements were performed on articular cartilage in vitro showing,streaming potentials that indicate electrode-tissue contact times and generation of streaming potentials.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Comparison of different MRT techniques in the diagnosis of degenerative cartilage diseases. In vitro study of 50 joint specimens of the knee at T1.5].

PURPOSE: An experimental study was performed on joint specimens of the knee to assess the advantages and disadvantages of 14 generally available sequences in cartilage imaging. METHODS: Each of the 50 surgically exposed cadaveric joints of the knee was examined by the following sequences: T1, proton- and T2 weighted spin echo(SE) sequences, proton- and T2 weighted Turbo-SE, T1 weighted SE with fat suppression, MTC combined with T1-weighted SE and T2 weighted FLASH-2 D, STIR, FISP-3 D, FLASH-3 D (with fat suppression), and MR arthrography. We assessed the image quality by a scale, signal to noise-ratio of cartilage and joint fluid, and the accuracy in detection of cartilage lesions. Pathology and arthroscopy were reference methods to MRI, and demonstrated grade 1-4 lesions on 186 of 300 joint facettes. RESULTS: Advanced stages of cartilage lesions (65 grade 3 and 4 lesions) were detected by standard SE sequences in 67-94%. Application of volume techniques (FISP-3 D, FLASH-3 D), high definition matrix (512 pixel), MTC with FLASH-2 D and MR-arthrography improved the sensitivity up to 82-100%. Superficial lesions (65 grade 2 lesions) were demonstrated in 3-38%, and on MR arthrography in 45%. Structural changes (56 Grade 1 lesions) were recorded on MR) in only 10%. CONCLUSIONS: With regard to standard SE sequences, the detectability of cartilage lesions can be improved by techniques that use 512 matrices, selective cartilage imaging, and volume acquisition.

Aged↗