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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

Molecular cloning and relationship of highly repetitive Hind III sequences in three cyprinid species: silver carp, bighead carp and grass carp.

The genomes of three cyprinid species, silver carp, bighead carp and grass carp, all contain highly repetitive Hind III sequences. There are two types of repeated sequences found in the genome of bighead carp but only one type of repeated sequence found in the genomes of silver carp and grass carp. Their lengths are from 186 to 201 bp. These sequences are arranged tandemly in the genomes. Their copy numbers are about 3.65 x 10(5) per haploid genome and total contents are about 5% of the genomes. The Hind III repetitive sequences of silver carp, bighead carp and grass carp are very similar to one another but completely different from those known repetitive DNAs of common carp, tilapia, pollock and salmon.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The primary structures of growth hormones of three cyprinid species: bighead carp, silver carp, and grass carp.

The primary structures of growth hormone (GH) of three cyprinid species, bighead carp, silver carp, and grass carp, were determined by a chemical method and/or by molecular cloning. The bighead carp GH was extracted from pituitary tissue by use of an alkaline medium, then successively purified by gel filtration, hydrophobic interaction column chromatography, and reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography. The primary structure of bighead carp GH determined chemically is identical to that deduced from the cDNA nucleotide sequence. By molecular cloning, the primary structures of silver carp and grass carp GHs were also determined. The GHs of these three cyprinid species all contain 188 amino acid residues and their sequences are identical. When four of the five cysteines of cyprinid GHs were arranged to match the same positions of cysteines of other vertebrate GHs, a maximally matched alignment was achieved. Among fishes, GHs are relatively conserved within the same order (82 to 100% identity) but they are more diversified between orders (49 to 68% identity). In further comparison, fish GHs are even more different from tetrapod GHs (37 to 58% identity). Although the primary structures of vertebrate GHs are relatively variable, four homologous sequences, notably one located at the C-terminal, are found.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Does anoxia induce cell swelling in carp brains? In vivo MRI measurements in crucian carp and common carp.

Although both common and crucian carp survived 2 h of anoxia at 18 degrees C, the response of their brains to anoxia was quite different and indicative of the fact that the crucian carp is anoxia tolerant while the common carp is not. Using in vivo T(2) and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), we studied anoxia induced changes in brain volume, free water content (T(2)), and water homeostasis (water diffusion coefficient). The anoxic crucian carp showed no signs of brain swelling or changes in brain water homeostasis even after 24 h except for the optic lobes, where cellular edema was indicated. The entire common carp brain suffered from cellular edema, net water gain, and a volume increase (by 6.5%) that proceeded during 100 min normoxic recovery (by 10%). The common carp recovered from this insult, proving that the changes were reversible and suggesting that the oversized brain cavity allows brain swelling during energy deficiency without a resultant increase in intracranial pressure and global ischemia. It is tempting to suggest that this is a function of the large brain cavity seen in many ectothermic vertebrates.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Molecular cloning and characterization of alpha-class glutathione S-transferase gene from the liver of silver carp, bighead carp, and other major Chinese freshwater fishes.

Two full-length cDNAs encoding glutathione S-transferase (GST) were cloned and sequenced from the hepatopancreas of planktivorous silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis). The silver carp and bighead carp GST cDNA were 920 and 978 bp in length, respectively, and both contained an open reading frame that encoding 223 amino acids. Partial GST cDNA sequences were also obtained from the liver of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), crucian carp (Carassius auratu), mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), and tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). All these GSTs could be classified as alpha-class GSTs on the basis of their amino acid sequence identity with other species. The three-dimensional structure of the silver carp GST was predicted using a computer program, and was found to fit the classical two-domain GST structure. Using the genome walker method, a 875-bp 5'-flanking region of the silver carp GST gene was obtained, and several lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response elements were identified in the promoter region of the phytoplanktivorous fish GST gene, indicating that the GST gene expression of this fish might be regulated by LPS, released from the toxic blue-green algae producing microcystins. To compare the constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene among the six freshwater fishes with completely different tolerance to microcystins, beta-actin was used as control and the ratio GST/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined as 130.7 +/- 6.6 (grass carp), 103.1 +/- 8.9 (bighead carp), 92.6 +/- 15.0 (crucian carp), 72.3 +/- 7.8 (mud carp), 58.8 +/- 11.5 (silver carp), and 33.6 +/- 13.7 (tilapia). The constitutive expression level of the liver GST gene clearly shows that all the six freshwater fishes had a negative relationship with their tolerance to microcystins: high-resistant fishes (phytoplanktivorous silver carp and tilapia) had the lowest tolerance to microcystins and the high-sensitive fish (herbivorous grass carp) had the highest tolerance to microcystins. Taken together with the reciprocal relationship of constitutive and inducible liver GST expression level in some of the tested fish species to microcystin exposure, a molecular mechanism for different microcystin detoxification abilities of the warm freshwater fishes was discussed.

5' Flanking Region↗
PubMed2003

Cyclin A2 is differentially expressed during oocyte maturation between gynogenetic silver crucian carp and gonochoristic color crucian carp.

Silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) is a unique gynogenetic fish. Because of its specific genetic background and reproduction mode, it is an intriguing model system for understanding regulatory mechanism of oocyte maturation division. It keeps its chromosomal integrity by inhibiting the first meiotic division (no extrusion of the first pole body). The spindle behavior during oocyte maturation is significantly different from that in gonochoristic fish. The chromosomes are first arranged in a tripolar spindle, and then they turn around and are reunited mutually to form a normal bipolar spindle. A new member of the fish A-type cyclin gene, cyclin A2, has been isolated by suppression of subtractive hybridization on the basis of its differential transcription in fully-grown oocytes between the gynogenetic silver crucian carp and gonochoristic color crucian carp. There are 18 differing amino acids in the total 428 residues of cyclin A2 between the two forms of crucian carps. In addition, cDNAs of cyclin Al and cyclin B have also been cloned from them. Thus two members of A-type cyclins, cyclin Al and cyclin A2, are demonstrated to exist in fish, just as in frog, humans, and mouse. Northern blotting reveals that cyclin A2 mRNA is more than 20-fold and cyclin A1 mRNA is about 2-fold in fully grown oocytes of gynogenetic silver crucian carp compared to gonochoristic color crucian carp. However, cyclin B does not show such a difference between them. Western blot analysis also shows that the cyclin A2 protein stockpiled in fully grown oocytes of gynogenetic crucian carp is much more abundant than in gonochoristic crucian carp. Moreover, two different cyclin A2 expression patterns during oocyte maturation have been revealed in the two closely related crucian carps. For color crucian carp, cyclin A2 protein is translated only after hormone stimulation. For silver crucian carp, cyclin A2 protein can be detected throughout the process of maturation division. The different expression of cyclin A2 may be a clue to understanding the special maturation division of gynogenetic silver crucian carp.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (CARP) expression in human and murine atherosclerotic lesions: activin induces CARP in smooth muscle cells.

OBJECTIVE: Cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (CARP) is a transcription factor-related protein that has been studied most extensively in the heart. In the present study, we investigated the expression and the potential function of CARP in human and murine atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS: CARP expression was observed by in situ hybridization in endothelial cells lining human atherosclerotic plaques, whereas lesion macrophages were devoid of CARP. Furthermore, we established that CARP mRNA and smooth muscle (SM) alpha-actin antigen both colocalized in a subset of intimal smooth muscle cells (SMCs), whereas no CARP mRNA was encountered in quiescent SMCs in the media. The CARP mRNA-expressing intimal SMCs were distinct from intimal SMCs that synthesized the activation marker osteopontin or proliferating cell nuclear antigen. In addition, we showed that activin A, a member of the TGFbeta superfamily that prevents SMC-rich lesion formation, induced CARP mRNA expression in cultured SMCs. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our data and the knowledge that CARP reduces the proliferation of cultured SMCs, we propose that CARP is involved in inhibition of vascular lesion formation.

Activins↗
PubMed2002

Differences between the European carp (Cyprinus carpio carpio) and the coloured carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus) in susceptibility to Thelohanellus nikolskii (Myxosporea) infection.

Thelohanellus nikolskii infection of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) has been a common parasitosis in the Central European fish farms since the first detection of the parasite about 20 years ago. This parasite, introduced from the Far East, causes intensive infection on the fins of fingerlings of the carp subspecies cultured in Europe (European carp, Cyprinus carpio carpio). This infection of the common carp occurs in the Hungarian fish farms every year. Until the present study, this parasite had not been recorded from the fins of koi or coloured carp (Cyprinus carpio haematopterus), a carp of Far Eastern origin, which is cultured in Hungary as an ornamental fish. A recent survey conducted in common carp, koi and goldfish stocks demonstrated that T. nikolskii infection of low prevalence and intensity occurs also in koi populations, but its prevalence and intensity are markedly lower than in common carp kept in the same ponds. It is suggested that the observed differences are due to disparities in the susceptibility of the two carp subspecies to T. nikolskii, and that the koi is less susceptible to this infection. Other signs of susceptibility can also be observed in the European subspecies, since in 15% of the fish plasmodium development was arrested at an early stage. Thelohanellus nikolskii infection could not be demonstrated on goldfish (Carassius auratus).

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Tissue-specific Cu bioaccumulation patterns and differences in sensitivity to waterborne Cu in three freshwater fish: rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio).

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) were exposed to copper (1-20 microM) in softened Antwerp City tap water at pH 7.3 +/- 0.1 and with a water hardness of 292.4 +/- 8.1 mg/L CaCO(3) (Ca 100.8 +/- 3.0 mg/L; Mg 11.0 +/- 0.2 mg/L). LC50s (96 h) were determined and copper accumulation in gills, liver, and kidney assessed over a 10-day period. Rainbow trout (96 h LC50: 3.3 microM/210 microg/L) were three times more sensitive to Cu exposure than common carp (96 h LC50: 10.4 microM/661 microg/L) and almost seven times more sensitive than gibel carp (96 h LC50: 22.0 microM/1398 microg/L). After 96 h, the incipient lethal level (ILL) was reached for common carp, and by the end of the experiment (>120 h) also for rainbow trout. The ILL was never reached for gibel carp. Survival analysis confirmed the differences in sensitivity shown by the 96 h LC50 values. At 1 microM Cu, the relative risk to die was six to seven times greater for rainbow trout as for common or gibel carp, respectively, while it was 9000 and 19,000 times greater at 5 microM Cu. Only the environmental Cu concentrations contributed significantly (P < 0.001) to the Time-To-Death (TTD). Tissue Cu concentrations did not relate to TTD. Among species, a clear difference in metal handling was apparent, with high liver residues and liver accumulation rates for the most sensitive species, the rainbow trout, and lower liver but higher kidney residues and kidney accumulation rates for the most resistant species, the gibel carp. Gill concentrations and accumulation rates were lowest in the sensitive rainbow trout.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Swimming performance and energy metabolism of rainbow trout, common carp and gibel carp respond differently to sublethal copper exposure.

We compared the effects of sublethal waterborne copper exposure on swimming performance and respiration rates in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, with those in less sensitive cyprinid species such as common carp, Cyprinus carpio, and gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio. These cyprinids are considerably more resistant to Cu intoxication, and differ from trout in swimming performance and respiratory behaviour. Critical swimming speed (U(crit)), oxygen consumption, plasma ammonia and muscle ammonia, lactate and pH were measured during a 28-day sublethal exposure to 1 microM Cu. U(crit) decreased with 48, 31 and 13% within the first 12-24 h for rainbow trout, common and gibel respectively. Gibel carp recovered quickly and experienced no further reduction in swimming performance. Recovery of swimming capacity in rainbow trout and common carp was only partial. All three species displayed similar plasma ammonia peaks in the first hours to days, and a more gradual muscle ammonia accumulation over time. Whereas no signs of respiratory stress occurred in rainbow trout, common carp experienced a transient reduction in oxygen consumption combined with anaerobic metabolism after 24 h of exposure. At the same time, oxygen consumption was also reduced in gibel carp, but no signs of anaerobic metabolism were detected. Cu accumulated quickly to similar levels (36-39 microg g(-1) dry weight at day 3) in the gills of all three species, after which accumulation leveled off. Liver tissue of rainbow trout had a high Cu level from the start, and Cu concentration did not show any additional accumulation. In contrast, common carp liver showed a significant Cu accumulation from day 3 onwards, while accumulation in gibel livers was much slower and was significant from day 7 onwards. Interestingly, Cu accumulation patterns in plasma and kidney revealed a possibly important role for the kidney in Cu homeostasis of gibel carp.

Ammonia↗
PubMed1984

A high-resolution proton nuclear-magnetic-resonance investigation of carp hemoglobin. Conformational differences between carp and human normal adult hemoglobins in solution.

The high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of carp hemoglobin have been compared to those of human normal adult hemoglobin. Carp deoxy and carbonmonoxy hemoglobins in the deoxy-type quaternary state exhibit two downfield exchangeable proton resonances as compared to four seen in human normal adult deoxyhemoglobin. This suggests that two of the hydrogen bonds present in human normal adult deoxyhemoglobin are absent or occur in very different environments in carp hemoglobin. One of the exchangeable proton resonances of carp hemoglobin, while present in the deoxy-type quaternary state of the carbonmonoxy and deoxy derivatives, is absent in the oxy-type quaternary state of both, in agreement with the assignments of these quaternary structures by other methods. The ring-current-shifted proton resonances (sensitive tertiary structural markers) of carp carbonmonoxyhemoglobin are substantially different from those of human normal adult hemoglobin. The aromatic proton resonance region of carp hemoglobin has fewer resonances than that of human normal adult hemoglobin, consistent with its much reduced histidine content. The hyperfine-shifted proximal histidyl NH-exchangeable proton resonances of carp hemoglobin suggest that during the transition from the oxy to the deoxy quaternary structure, there is a greater alteration in the heme pocket of one type of subunits (presumably the beta chain) than that in the other subunit. The present results suggest that there are differences in both tertiary and quaternary structures between carp and human normal adult hemoglobins which could contribute to the great differences in the functional properties between these two proteins.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Genetic polymorphism and isoenzyme patterns of lactate dehydrogenase in tench (Tinca tinca), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Isoenzyme patterns and the polymorphism of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were investigated in 3 fish species of family Cyprinidae, i.e. tench (Tinca tinca), crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and carp (Cyprinus carpio). The isoenzyme patterns were tissue and species specific. In crucian carp subunits with different electrophoretic mobility are present, which are genetically controlled from the B1, B2, A1, A2 and C loci, while the set of loci in carp is B1, B2, A, C1 and C2 and in tench B, A, C. The locus B of LDH in tench, the locus B2 in crucian carp, and the loci B1, C1 and C2 in carp are polymorphic and have two different alleles in each case. The polymorphism did not affect the total LDH activity in the tissues. All the populations investigated were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genetic control of the polymorphism in B1 and C1 loci in carp was proved by test matings. The polymorphism in B loci tested in erythrocytes may be utilized as genetic markers in the fish breeding.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Impact of moderate silver carp biomass gradient on zooplankton communities in a eutrophic reservoir. Consequences for the use of silver carp in biomanipulation.

We examined the impacts of moderate gradient silver carp biomass (five levels from 0 to 36 g.m-3, i.e. about 0-792 kg.ha-1) on zooplankton communities of the eutrophic Villerest reservoir (France). During our mesocosm experiment changes in zooplankton assemblages were dependent on silver carp biomass. In the fishless and low fish biomass treatments, zooplankton abundance increased through time, owing to a peak in cladoceran density, but decreased (mainly cladocerans) at highest fish biomass. Copepods and rotifers were less affected at the highest fish biomass and dominated zooplankton communities. We highlighted that the presence of high silver carp biomass could lead to changes in phytoplankton assemblage via the impact on herbivorous zooplankton. Since silver carp efficiently graze on particles > 20 microns, the suppression of herbivorous cladocerans could result in an increase in small size algae (< 20 microns) abundance since these species would be released from grazers as well as competitors (large algae grazed by silver carp) and nutrients levels would be enhanced by fish internal loading. Our results showed that the use of low silver carp biomass (< 200 kg.ha-1) would allow us to minimize these negative effects.

Animal Feed↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Accumulation of one of the histone H1 subfractions and increase in chromatin resistance to the nuclease effect in the course of carp and grass carp spermatogenesis].

Chromatin of immature testes and sperma of grass carp and carp was hydrolyzed by micrococcal nuclease and DNA I. The hydrolysis kinetics was studied. Chromatin of sperm maintains the nucleosomal repeat typical to somatic cells and is more resistant to the nuclease effect than chromatin of testes. Histones H1 and H2B of grass carp differ from the respective histones of the calf thymus. The core histones of sperm testes and liver chromatin in grass carp and carp have similar electrophoretic mobility. However the amount of slowly moving subfraction of histone H1 increases in the course of spermatogenesis. The amino acid composition of histone H1 from the carp sperm is characterized by a high lysine (34.6%) and low glycine (4.5%) content. A histone H1 molecule contains one tyrosine. The lysine/arginine ratio is 21.6 which is considerably higher than in H1-like histones of sperma in other species (for instance of Echinodermata).

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1984

Specific activity of carp antisera against beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) and evidence for a beta 2m homologue in carp (Cyprinus carpio).

Antisera against rabbit and human beta 2-microglobulin were produced in carp (Cyprinus carpio). These antisera were found to be specific for beta 2m, and detected beta 2m epitopes in various vertebrates including guinea-pig, cow, mouse, rat, dog, horse, cat, sheep, goat, parrot, chicken and frog. In addition, these antisera were also inhibited by an extract from oyster. The differences between the reactivity of these two antisera and the ability of the anti-rabbit beta 2m to distinguish between mouse and rat beta 2m's suggested that the carp itself carries beta 2m epitopes. This hypothesis was corroborated by the ability of a variety of mammalian anti-beta 2m antisera to induce a mitogenic response in carp leukocytes. Finally, a rabbit antiserum against dog beta 2m was shown to precipitate a low molecular weight molecule from carp leukocyte extract. This molecule is likely to represent the carp homologue of mammalian beta 2m.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isozymes in androgenetic and gynogenetic white amur, gynogenetic carp, and carp-amur hybrids.

Gynogentic and androgenetic progeny appeared in crosses between white amur, Ctenopharyngodon idella, and carp, Cyprinus carpio. Hemoglobin, plasma general proteins, and plasma isoenzymes were studied by electrophoresis to determine inheritance patterns. Electrophoretic bands indicated that gynogenetic white amur had no paternal inheritance from carp and that adrogenetic white amur also were pure white amur. Gynogeneiss in carp was confirmed by the absence of paternal inheritance. Hemoglobins, general proteins, and esterases distinguished the two species. Within a species there were no differences in proteins between gynogenetic, adrogenetic and normal fish. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) differed between carp and white amur and was a good marker for detecting heterologous inheritance in adrogenesis or gynogenesis because expression of LDH alleles from white amur was inhibited by the carp genome. Alkaline phosphatase and malate dehydrogenase had similar electrophoretic mobility in the two species.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1997

Histopathological changes induced by environmental stress in common carp, Japanese coloured carp, European eel, and African catfish.

Histopathological changes caused by stress during catching and transport were examined in four fish species, the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the Japanese coloured carp (koi, the coloured variant of the Asian carp, Cyprinus carpio haematopterus), the European eel (Anguilla anguilla), and the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). In all species, the goblet cells of the gills and skin were decreased in number and slight detachment of the epithelium of the secondary gill lamellae was seen. Loss of goblet cells and detachment of the columnar epithelial cells were found in the intestinal mucosa of common carp and coloured carp. It is supposed that these lesions may affect ion transport and respiration in the gills and disturb normal intestinal function, thus serving as a starting point for different diseases.

Anguilla↗
PubMed1987

Carp maturational-ovulatory gonadotropin but not carp vitellogenic gonadotropin or salmon maturational-ovulatory gonadotropin stimulates testosterone production by rat Leydig cells in vitro.

Carp (Cyprinus carpio) maturational-ovulatory gonadotropin, prepared from the fraction of pituitary extract adsorbed on Con A-Sepharose (Con A II) and subsequently adsorbed on CM-cellulose (Whatman CM-52), stimulated testosterone production by isolated rat Leydig cells. The fraction of carp pituitary extract unadsorbed on the immobilized lectin (Con A I) with a mol. wt of 30,000, which had previously been shown to contain vitellogenic gonadotropin, was devoid of steroidogenic activity. Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) pituitary Con A I and Con A II fractions containing vitellogenic and maturational-ovulatory gonadotropin respectively did not enhance steroidogenesis in the same assay system. The results indicated that carp maturational-ovulatory gonadotropin resembled mammalian luteinizing hormone (LH) in its chromatographic behavior on Con A-Sepharose and CM-cellulose and also in its steroidogenic activity in rat Leydig cells. However, not all teleost maturational-ovulatory gonadotropins are LH-like: the salmon hormone is a notable exception. The data further supports the distinctiveness of carp vitellogenic gonadotropin and maturational-ovulatory gonadotropin.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

The immune responses of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., injected with carp interleukin-1beta gene.

The function of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio L., interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) gene was studied by DNA injection. To investigate the immune responses to IL-1beta, a plasmid construct of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-driven carp IL-1beta was injected into the epaxial muscle of carp. IL-1beta protein expressed in serum on 1, 3, and 5 days after plasmid injection was quantified by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. IL1-beta gene injection increased proliferation of the lymphocytes by phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Macrophage functions, such as production of superoxide anion and phagocytosis, also were stimulated by IL-1beta gene injection. Moreover, an increase in resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila infection was recorded in IL-1beta-injected fish compared with control fish. Thus, the cloned homolog of IL-1beta from carp has all the functional similarities to the mammalian IL-1beta gene.

Aeromonas hydrophila↗