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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

Immunogold-silver staining by capillary action.

The authors have developed an improved method for immunogold-silver staining of paraffin sections. Using a manual capillary action staining system, they were able to simplify the technical aspects of the procedure, permitting rapid processing of large batches of slides with better reproducibility. Background staining was decreased by use of buffers containing a detergent. The use of a light-stable silver reagent permitted greater control of the enhancement stage. The method yielded a high degree of contrast with negligible nonspecific staining. Sensitivity was comparable to that obtained with conventional enzymatic immunostaining. However, the authors noted that trypsinization of sections was rendered unnecessary for those antigens for which such pretreatment was usually required, and the need for special fixatives could be eliminated. The method was also applicable to immunostaining of frozen sections. Immunogold-silver staining by capillary action deserves consideration as an alternative to existing immunohistochemical methods in diagnostic histopathology.

Capillary Action↗
PubMed1992

Complete one-hour immunocytochemistry based on capillary action.

We describe a less than one-hour manual method for immunocytochemical analyses of B5 or formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections. The method employs capillary action to sequentially apply, incubate and remove liquid reagents from apposed pairs of up to 20 glass microscope slides and allows for simultaneous immunocytochemical analyses of as many as 10 different antigens. The method described here uses a) positively charged glass slides to rapidly immobilize tissue sections; b) rapid deparaffinization techniques; c) multipurpose reagents; d) ethanol-enriched buffer washes to improve capillary action and reduce nonspecific background; e) a single broad spectrum streptavidin-peroxidase or streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase detection system that identifies most primary monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies; and f) specific immunocytochemical signal amplification by cyclic chromogen enhancement.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1989

Immunogold-silver cytochemistry using a capillary action staining system.

An improved method for immunogold-silver staining is described. Rat monoclonal antibodies to T-lymphocyte surface membrane antigens were employed to demonstrate T-cells and their subsets in frozen sections of mouse spleen and in smears of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A capillary action staining system was used to perform all stages of the procedure, substantially reducing the technical effort involved, saving reagents, and improving reproducibility and control of batch staining. The use of a light-stable silver enhancement reagent simplified the development of the reaction product. Technical modifications were incorporated to obtain good preservation of tissue morphology when employing this reagent on frozen sections and to stabilize the reaction product. The improved immunostaining procedure was rapid, sensitive, and yielded better staining quality, with excellent contrast and minimal nonspecific precipitation of silver.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Possible role of capillary action in pathogenesis of experimental catheter-associated dermal tunnel infections.

An animal model of vascular-catheter-associated dermal tunnel infections was developed to study the pathogenesis of such infections. Bacteria inoculated onto entry sites of catheters into skin could be identified by culture and Gram stain on the tips of plastic catheters (4 cm from the entry site) within 1 h of inoculation, whether the animal was inoculated at the time of insertion of the catheter or 1 week afterwards. Histological examination of dermal tunnels revealed that the introduction of bacteria preceded the development of tissue inflammation. Bacteria on entry sites of percutaneous catheters moved rapidly from the entry site into the dermal tunnel along the external catheter surface, perhaps suspended in a fluid phase and propelled by capillary action.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Effect of disc moistening method on Bacillus stearothermophilus disc assay zone diameters.

Effect of disc moistening method on the Bacillus stearothermophilus disc assay zone size was studied. Pasteurized homogenized milk was subdivided and three levels of US Pharmacopeial reference standard penicillin G were added. Disc assay filter paper discs were moistened using the standard capillary action procedure and a method incorporating the use of a 90-microliters micropipetter. Amount of milk sample absorbed by discs prepared by the capillary action method was correlated with disc mass. Variation in amount of milk absorbed by discs was significantly greater when discs were prepared by capillary action. Zone diameter means and standard errors across all penicillin G concentrations tested were not significantly different for the two methods. The 90-microliters micropipetter method is recommended as an alternative to the capillary action method.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

The penetration of smear material into dentinal tubules during instrumentation with surface-active reagents: a scanning electron microscopic study.

Thirty freshly extracted, single-rooted anterior teeth were used. They were divided into three groups and instrumented conventionally with #10 to 50 K files. During instrumentation, the K files in the first group were moistened with saline solution, in the second group with 50% sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate solution, and in the third group with Sulfapon (sodium salt of sulfonated condensation product of ethylen oxide with a fatty acid) solution. After the experimental procedure the specimens were examined in a scanning electron microscope to observe packing of smear material into dentinal tubules. Results showed the surface-active reagents cause the deeper penetration of the smear material into the dentinal tubules. These findings support the hypothesis that the phenomenon of the packing of smear material into the dentinal tubules is by capillary action and fluid dynamics.

Benzenesulfonates↗
PubMed1992

An in vitro model for studying the effects of slime and nonslime-forming Staphylococcus epidermidis contamination of intravenous catheters.

An in vitro model was developed to study the relationship between intravenous catheters, bacteria, and the subcutaneous tunnel. Studies of both slime-forming and nonslime-forming coagulase negative Staphylococcus epidermidis show that slime formation enhances capillary action of coagulase negative S. epidermidis. This offers a possible explanation of the increased virulence associated with slime-forming coagulase negative S. epidermidis in the clinical situation.

Agar↗
PubMed1991

Arterial and venous effects of atrial natriuretic peptide in the human forearm.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has direct vasodilating properties in addition to its diuretic and natriuretic effects. Furthermore, vascular permeability may be influenced. Because relatively little is known about the venous and capillary actions of ANP in humans, we investigated the spectrum of vascular actions of ANP in the human forearm. In seven healthy subjects, ANP was infused intraarterially in consecutive doses of 0, 10, 50, and 250 ng/100 mL tissue/min together with vehicle or norepinephrine 1 ng/kg/min. In seven other subjects, 0.5 ng/kg/min angiotensin II and 10 ng/kg/min serotonin were used as a constrictor. Venous occlusion plethysmography was used to measure forearm blood flow, venous compliance, capillary filtration rate, and maximum venous outflow. Intraarterial infusion of ANP induced a dose-dependent increase of forearm blood flow but the relative increases were not influenced by concomitant vasoconstriction. Venous compliance was not affected by the infusions, but serotonin and angiotensin II decreased the changes of both forearm volume and venous pressure. ANP antagonized these effects of angiotensin II. Capillary filtration rate was not affected by ANP infusion. ANP alone had no effect on the maximum venous outflow, but it attenuated the decrease induced by norepinephrine and angiotensin II. These results indicate that in the human forearm ANP has predominantly arterial effects, whereas the venous actions become manifest only in the presence of vasoconstriction. The venous effect of ANP may therefore gain importance in disease states with elevated levels of vasoconstrictors, for instance, in congestive heart failure.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Covalent immobilization of proteins and peptides for solid-phase sequencing using prepacked capillary columns.

The use of prepacked capillary columns for immobilizing proteins and peptides for solid-phase Edman degradation is described. Capillary tubes with an internal volume of about 30 microliters are filled with glass beads bearing isothiocyanato groups (DITC-glass), aminophenyl groups (AP-glass), or aminoethylaminopropyl groups (AEAP-glass) and are sealed with porous plugs. Proteins or peptides in appropriate buffers are introduced into the columns by capillary action and are covalently coupled to the glass beads, either by reaction of lysine side-chain amino groups with DITC-glass, by carbodi-imide-mediated reaction of carboxyl groups with AP-glass, or by reaction of homoserine lactone groups with AEAP-glass. Optimization of attachment conditions is described. The capillary columns are loaded into the sequencer and, when sequencing has been completed, are discarded. This technique greatly simplifies polypeptide immobilization and is suitable for microsequencing (less than 50-1000 pmol) or macrosequencing (1-50 nmol).

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Further experience with a capillary tube pregnancy test.

Further evaluation of the nonrefrigerated capillary tube pregnancy test is presented. A 127-mm by 2-mm glass capillary tube containing lyophilized antibody to human chorionic gonadotropin and latex indicator particles is used. Urine is drawn into the tube by capillary action; then, the tube is tilted to allow the urine to dissolve the antibody and to suspend the latex particles. The test results are read after a one-hour incubation period. Test results were evaluated against histopathologic and clinical data. Special efforts were made to stress the false-positive rate of the test by tripling the number of negative cases and doubling the sample size. A 99.82% agreement, a 0.18% false-negative rate and a 0% false-positive rate were obtained. In 52 confirmed pregnancies, the more sensitive capillary test detected human chorionic gonadotropin, whereas the commercial tests did not. Human chorionic gonadotropin was also detected one week earlier than reported in the first series.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1977

A new simple method for canalicular intubation.

A series of ten patients had canalicular intubation with Teflon and Silastic tubing. Our experience has shown that Silastic tubing appears to be more pliable, has good capillary action, and causes less irritation within the canalicular system than polyethylene or Teflon tubing. Five patients had very good results, three patients were improved, and there were two failures. We believe that this technique is useful in selected cases where there is an obstructed canaliculus near its junction with the sac. There should be only minimal scarring in the medial canthal area for the greatest chance of success with this method.

Dacryocystorhinostomy↗
PubMed1989

Evaluation of a rapid latex agglutination test for detection of group B streptococci in vaginal specimens.

A rapid latex agglutination test (Bactigen Group B Streptococcus Cervical Screen) for detection of group B streptococci in cervical-vaginal specimens was evaluated using two different slide systems, the traditional serologic slide and capillary action track (Trak) slide. Culture was used as reference method. A total of 344 cervical-vaginal specimens were tested. The group B streptococci carrier rate was found by culture to be 10.8%, 56.8% of these specimens being heavily colonized. The sensitivity and specificity of the latex agglutination test in heavily colonized specimens was 95.2% and 99.3% for the serologic and track slides respectively. The overall sensitivity, including lightly colonized specimens, was 62.2%. The positive predictive value was 92% for both slide systems, and the negative predictive value 95.4% and 95.6% for the serologic and track slides respectively. The latex agglutination test, used with either slide, provides a rapid and effective method for identification of specimens heavily colonized with group B streptococci. The track slide may provide a convenient alternative to serologic slides since it does not require rotation.

Cervix Uteri↗
PubMed1991

Development of an automatic machine for in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry.

An instrument for the automation of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry has been developed. This machine is capable of analyzing 20 microscope glass slides via all of the steps required for colorimetric in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry. The slides are placed specimen-side down on a specialized Teflon slide-holder set in the reaction chamber of the machine. The system uses a unique type of capillary action between the slide and the holder. The holder has two small holes and is designed to apply, incubate and sequentially add and remove reagents from the slide surface. The system performs the complete processes of in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry from dewaxing to colorization. Some applications were carried out using this instrument. Cultured cells infected with cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, or herpes simplex virus were hybridized with homologous biotinylated probes, and showed strong purple signals with alkaline phosphatase in the presence of nitroblue tetrazolium and 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate. Automatic in situ hybridization using other colorimetric detection systems (e.g., peroxidase-labeled probes/diaminobenzidine/H2O2) was also examined in cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis and in paraffin-embedded hepatic tissue sections from patients with hepatitis. For conventional immunohistochemical staining, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues were used. Glial fibrillary acidic protein and gamma-immunoglobulins were detected automatically in human brain white matter and tonsillar tissues, respectively, as peroxidase-based reddish signals. The intensity of staining was equal to that achieved by manual methods.

Automation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Planar chromatography: current status and future perspectives in pharmaceutical analysis--I. Applicability, quantitation and validation.

The most important features of capillary action planar chromatographic methods are summarized. Certain properties such as ease in operation, sensitivity to experimental conditions, stationary and mobile phase selection, phase system optimization, separation efficiency and detection possibilities are discussed only briefly. Other aspects such as the applicability of planar chromatographic methods in pharmaceutical analysis, quantitation and validation are considered in more detail. The advantages and limitations of different evaluation techniques (visual comparison, spot elution techniques and in situ densitometry) are also discussed. Validation steps specific to planar chromatographic methods are emphasized.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗
PubMed1992

Latex-based thin-layer immunoaffinity chromatography for quantitation of protein analytes.

A rapid immunochromatographic method for qualitative and quantitative analysis of protein antigens is described. The method is based on the "sandwich" assay format using monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) of two distinct specificities. Mabs of one specificity are covalently immobilized to a defined detection zone on a porous membrane while Mabs of the other specificity are covalently coupled to blue latex particles which serve as a label. The sample is mixed with the Mab-coated particles and allowed to react. The mixture is then passed along a porous membrane by capillary action past the Mabs in the detection zone, which will bind the particles which have antigen bound to their surface, giving a blue color within this detection zone with an intensity logarithmetrically proportional to the antigen concentration in the sample. Analysis is complete in less than 10 min, requires a minimum amount of sample (4 microliters), and has a detection limit below the nanomolar range for the antigen we studied, human chorionic gonadotropin.

Antibody Specificity↗
PubMed1992

Effect of drying period and soil moisture on egg hatch of the tadpole shrimp (Notostraca: Triopsidae).

Tadpole shrimp (Triops spp.) are potential biological control agents against larval mosquitoes in temporary ponds and flood-irrigated fields. In some rice field situations, however, they may become pests that uproot and eat young rice plants. In cursory observations, it has been reported that tadpole shrimp eggs do not readily hatch on flooding when the soil or substrate containing eggs is moist before flooding. The relationship between drying (moisture content) of soil and tadpole shrimp hatch was determined in studies conducted in mesocosms at the University of California Aquatic and Vector Control Research facilities at Riverside and at Oasis in the Coachella Valley of southern California. In laboratory hatching trials, an increase in hatch of Triops longicaudatus (LeConte) with declining soil moisture content was demonstrated (t = 8.4, P less than 0.001; r2 = 0.76). In field trials in mesocosms at Riverside, egg hatch increased with increased drying period and declining soil moisture content (G = 29.8, P less than 0.01). No hatch of eggs occurred after 3 d of drying, when soil moisture content was high, but a high level of hatching occurred after 7 and 14 d of drying, when soil moisture declined to low levels. At Oasis, soil moisture did not decrease with drying time because of porous soil and capillary action of water from adjacent flooded mesocosms and thick vegetation covering the pond bottoms. Therefore, hatch rates at Oasis were not associated with the length of the drying period (G = 35, P greater than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An in vitro model for studying the effect of the subcutaneous tunnel and the skin exit site on the accuracy of central venous catheter tip cultures.

The diagnosis of central venous catheter-related sepsis depends on a positive culture obtained from the distal intravascular portion of the catheter. The effects of the subcutaneous tunnel and the skin exit site on the accuracy of cultures obtained from the catheter are unknown. We have developed an in vitro model to study the effect of these variables. By inoculating polyethylene catheters embedded in agar with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, we were able to show that: (1) capillary action occurs along catheters in an agar tunnel, (2) organisms that are growing on the distal segment (tip) of the catheter can be dislodged from the surface of the catheter when it is pulled through the agar tunnel, and (3) pulling a catheter through a contaminated area results in distal contamination.

Agar↗
PubMed1990

Comparative analysis of protein content in rat mesenteric tissue, peritoneal fluid, and plasma.

Albumin, transferrin, and total protein concentrations were measured in the mesenteric tissue, peritoneal fluid, and plasma of 12 ketamine-Nembutal-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Tissue samples were obtained with an 8-mm trephine; tissue water content was determined by a microgravimetric method to be 5.2 +/- 0.3 microgram water/microgram dry wt. Peritoneal fluid was collected by capillary action in hematocrit tubes, and blood samples were taken from a femoral artery catheter. Total protein concentrations of plasma (5.8 +/- 0.3 g/dl) and peritoneal fluid (2.6 +/- 0.1 g/dl) were determined by Lowry assay. Ratios of peritoneal fluid and tissue densitogram areas to plasma area were used to calculate total protein content of peritoneal fluid (2.5 +/- 0.1 g/dl) and tissue (1.8 +/- 0.2 g/dl). Albumin concentrations were 1.1 +/- 0.1 g/dl for tissue, 1.4 +/- 0.1 g/dl for peritoneal fluid, and 2.8 +/- 0.1 g/dl for plasma. Transferrin concentrations were 0.09 +/- 0.01 g/dl for tissue, 0.13 +/- 0.01 g/dl for peritoneal fluid, and 0.28 +/- 0.01 g/dl for plasma. Peritoneal fluid protein concentrations were similar to values found for lymph in previous studies. Protein concentration in the tissue buttons was significantly less than that of peritoneal fluid. This contradicts the widely held assumption that the protein concentration of fluid outside the matrix is representative of a well-mixed interstitial matrix fluid protein concentration.

Albumins↗