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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Quality of structured abstracts of original research articles in the British Medical Journal, the Canadian Medical Association Journal and the Journal of the American Medical Association: a 10-year follow-up study.

BACKGROUND: We compared the quality of structured abstracts of original research articles from the British Medical Journal (BMJ), Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) from 1991 to 1992 and 2001 to 2002 between journals. METHODS: A random, stratified sample of 54 abstracts from 2001 to 2002 in BMJ, CMAJ, and JAMA was compiled and coded. Two blinded raters reviewed 27 abstracts each against 33 objective criteria, separated into eight categories (purpose, research design, setting, subjects, intervention, measurement of variables, results, and conclusion). The quality score was the proportion of criteria present (range = 0-1). RESULTS: The overall mean quality score (0.74) for 2001-2002 was significantly higher than the 1988-1989 unstructured abstracts (mean = 0.57; p<0.001) but not different from the 1991-1992 structured abstracts (mean = 0.74; p>0.05). In 2001-2002, abstracts of CMAJ and JAMA (both means = 0.76) improved significantly over 1991-1992 (p<0.05) and scored significantly higher than BMJ (mean = 0.71; d.f. = 16, p<0.05). Some individual criteria scores (intervention, statistical information) improved but information was found consistently under-represented in areas that imply shortcomings of the studies. INTERPRETATION: We found a consistency in abstract quality regardless of the precise format used by different journals. This indicates that the framework for research articles already in place should be maintained and further modification of the framework may not necessarily improve the abstract quality.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed1994

Quality of nonstructured and structured abstracts of original research articles in the British Medical Journal, the Canadian Medical Association Journal and the Journal of the American Medical Association.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the quality of nonstructured and structured abstracts of original research articles in three medical journals. DESIGN: Blind, criterion-based observational study. SAMPLE: Random sample of 300 abstracts (25 abstracts per journal each year) of articles published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ), the Canadian Medical Association Journal and the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) in 1988 and 1989 (nonstructured abstracts) and in 1991 and 1992 (structured abstracts). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The quality of abstracts was measured against 33 objective criteria, which were divided into eight categories (purpose, research design, setting, subjects, intervention, measurement of variables, results and conclusions). The quality score was determined by dividing the number of criteria present by the number applicable; the score varied from 0 to 1. RESULTS: The overall mean quality scores for nonstructured and structured abstracts were 0.57 and 0.74 respectively (p < 0.001). The frequency in meeting the specific criteria was generally higher for the structured abstracts than for the nonstructured ones. The mean quality score was higher for nonstructured abstracts in JAMA than for those in BMJ (0.60 v. 0.54, p < 0.05). The scores for structured abstracts did not differ significantly between the three journals. CONCLUSIONS: The findings support recommendations that promote the use of structured abstracts. Further studies should be performed to assess the effect of time on the quality of abstracts and the extent to which abstracts reflect the content of the articles.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2006

An absence of pediatric randomized controlled trials in general medical journals, 1985-2004.

OBJECTIVE: There are numerous potential barriers to conducting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in children. The purpose of this study was to compare the quantity, trends over time, characteristics, and quality of pediatric RCTs published in general medical journals (GMJs) with adult RCTs. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted an electronic search of adult and pediatric RCTs from 1985-2004 and a manual search of published RCTs in the year 2000 in five high-impact GMJs (New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association [JAMA], the Lancet, British Medical Journal [BMJ], Canadian Medical Association Journal [CMAJ]). Linear trends were identified and the 1-year sample was analyzed for publication characteristics (location of recruitment, sample size, number of centers, funding sources, and results) and quality scoring (Jadad score, intention-to-treat analysis, and citation frequency since publication). RESULTS: Adult RCTs increased by 4.71 RCTs/year (95% confidence interval (CI) 3.62-5.80; P<0.001), which was significantly higher (P<0.0001) than pediatric RCTs, which increased by 0.4 RCTs/year (95% CI -0.02 to 0.9; P=0.06). Adult RCTs were more likely to be hospital-based (P=.001) and to involve more centers in multicenter studies (P=0.02). Quality scores were similar, although adult RCTs were cited more frequently (P=0.003). CONCLUSION: There may be significant barriers to the publication of high-quality pediatric RCTs in GMJs.

Child↗
PubMed1996

[Profile of biostatistics utilization in three medical reviews. Implications for medical education].

OBJECTIVE: To identify the most commonly used biostatistical concepts and tests in three journals read by family physicians. DESIGN: Descriptive study of the biostatistical content of 12 issues of the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ), Canadian Family Physician (CFP), and the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Frequency of citations of concepts and tests, and Spearman's correlation coefficients comparing the biostatistical profiles of the three journals. RESULTS: Biostatistical content of NEJM was diverse (on average, 39 concepts and 21 tests per issue). In CFP, we found 10 concepts and four tests per issue. In CMAJ, there were, on average, nine concepts and five tests per issue. CONCLUSIONS: The journals' profiles (order of importance of concepts and tests) were fairly similar.

Family Practice↗
PubMed1999

How patient outcomes are reported in drug advertisements.

OBJECTIVE: To examine how changes in outcomes are reported in drug advertisements in medical journals. QUALITY OF EVIDENCE: Advertisements from a convenience sample of 38 issues of Canadian Family Physician, Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, Canadian Medical Association Journal, and the New England Journal of Medicine. MAIN MESSAGE: Method of reporting changes in clinical outcomes (relative risk reduction [RRR], absolute risk reduction [ARR], number needed to treat [NNT]), name of product, and company marketing product were sought. In the 22 advertisements included in the analysis, 11 reported results as RRRs; two reported results as RRRs, but readers could calculate ARRs or NNTs from figures given in the advertisement; and nine gave no measure of results, but readers could calculate RRRs, ARRs, or NNTs from figures given. CONCLUSIONS: Most companies report changes in outcomes as RRRs, and this bias could influence the way physicians prescribe. Changes to the rules governing journal advertising and increased emphasis on critical appraisal skills would help mitigate this bias.

Advertising↗
PubMed1974

Current status of biomedical book reviewing. I. Key biomedical reviewing journals with quantitative significance.

This is the first part of a comprehensive, quantitative study of biomedical book reviewing. The data base of the total project was built from statistics taken from all 1970 issues of biomedical journals held in the Science Library of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Of 285 so-called "life sciences" journals held by that library, fifty-four English journals (excluding Science and Nature) were found to contain bona fide book reviews (as contrasted with mere author-title lists) and were therefore selected for close study. The statistical results reveal that there were 3,347 reviews of 2,067 biomedical books in these fifty-four selected journals in 1970. Part I of the study identifies key biomedical reviewing journals of quantitative significance. The top ten journals, British Medical Journal, Lancet, Annals of Internal Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association, Archives of Internal Medicine, New England Journal of Medicine, Quarterly Review of Biology, Bioscience, Canadian Medical Association Journal,(*) and American Journal of the Medical Sciences, accounted for 63.03% of the total number of reviews in 1970.

Book Reviews as Topic↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The most often quoted journals in primary care].

The bibliographical references of original articles published during 1988 in four primary care magazines from diverse cultural backgrounds were analysed: Canadian Family Physician (Canada), Journal of Family Practice (United States), Atención Primaria (Spain), and Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners (United Kingdom). There are 4,225 bibliographical references used in the 328 original reviewed articles. These references had been published in 725 different magazines, of which the ten most oft-quoted account for 38% of the total references. In addition to the four magazines included in our review, the list includes the following: British Medical Journal, New England Journal of Medicine, Journal of the American Medical Association, Lancet, Canadian Medical Association Journal, Annals of Internal Medicine, and American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

Canada↗
PubMed2006

[Deficient information in developing countries: Internet alone is no solution].

Health-care personnel in developing countries have poor access to information, partly because the books are out of date and journals and Internet access are lacking, and partly because the information that is available is not appropriate for the local situation. There is too little research aimed at the problems of the Third World. This is due to a lack of interest in Western countries and because local scientists have done too little research. Internet solves the problem of access to information for health-care personnel in large hospitals and institutes, but there is still a shortage of relevant information for them as well. The editorial boards of professional journals could make a contribution by facilitating the publication of relevant research. Health-care personnel in rural areas will remain dependent upon basic books. This basic component of the provision of information should continue to receive attention. For the time being, Internet will remain inaccessible for rural health-care personnel. One of the initiatives being undertaken in order to improve the provision of information to health-care personnel in developing countries is the distribution of the 'blue trunk library' of the WHO with a selection of more than 100 basic books in every trunk. A number of journals have also taken action: the BMJ Publishing Group offers access to its journals free of charge to the 118 poorest countries and the Canadian Medical Association Journal provides free copies to libraries in developing countries. Moreover, a number ofwebsites have been started with a view to enlarging the information for health-care personnel in the Third World.

Books↗
PubMed1967

Emergency health services informational and educational programs: development and present status.

The development and present status of the Emergency Health Services (EHS) national and educational programs are discussed. Instituted in 1951 for medical and dental practitioners at a military school at Camp Borden, professional civilian indoctrination was later assumed by EHS at Canadian Emergency Measures College (CEMC). The federally sponsored courses there are now specialized; provincial EHS authorities undertake general indoctrination. Courses for graduates in pharmacy and nursing are also offered at CEMC. Hospital Disaster Institutes have been held across the country since 1954; Public Health Disaster Institutes, since 1966. Schools of Hygiene include the subject in graduate programs. Some years ago, three medical faculties introduced undergraduate teaching in mass casualty care; now, encouraged by the Association of Canadian Medical Colleges, a larger number are doing so. Several faculties of Dentistry, all faculties of Pharmacy, and 132 of 177 nursing schools teach apposite aspects. Professional journals have published many articles on this subject; this, for example, is the fourth Emergency Health Services Symposium presented by The Canadian Medical Association Journal.

Canada↗
PubMed1994

Methodologic quality and relevance of references in pharmaceutical advertisements in a Canadian medical journal.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the methodologic quality and relevance of references in pharmaceutical advertisements in the Canadian Medical Association Journal (CMAJ). DESIGN: Analytic study. DATA SOURCE: All 114 references cited in the first 22 distinct pharmaceutical advertisements in volume 146 of CMAJ. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean methodologic quality score (modified from the 6-point scale used to assess articles in the American College of Physicians' Journal Club) and mean relevance score (based on a new 5-point scale) for all references in each advertisement. MAIN RESULTS: Twenty of the 22 companies responded, sending 78 (90%) of the 87 references requested. The mean methodologic quality score was 58% (95% confidence limits [CL] 51% and 65%) and the mean relevance score 76% (95% CL 72% and 80%). The two mean scores were statistically lower than the acceptable score of 80% (p < 0.05), and the methodologic quality score was outside the preset clinically significant difference of 15%. The poor rating for methodologic quality was primarily because of the citation of references to low-quality review articles and "other" sources (i.e., other than reports of clinical trials). Half of the advertisements had a methodologic quality score of less than 65%, but only five had a relevance score of less than 65%. CONCLUSIONS: Although the relevance of most of the references was within minimal acceptable limits, the methodologic quality was often unacceptable. Because advertisements are an important part of pharmaceutical marketing and education, we suggest that companies develop written standards for their advertisements and monitor their advertisements for adherence to these standards. We also suggest that the Pharmaceutical Advertising Advisory Board develop more stringent guidelines for advertising and that it enforce these guidelines in a consistent, rigorous fashion.

Advertising↗
PubMed2005

Test-retest reliable coefficients and 5-year change scores for the MMSE and 3MS.

The present study explored several different procedures for determining the amount of change that occurred on the Mini-Mental State Exam [MMSE; Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). "Mini-Mental State": A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198] and Modified Mini-Mental State Exam [3MS; Teng, E. L., & Chui, H. C. (1987). The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 48, 314-318] over short and extended test-retest intervals. The test-retest scores were drawn from a selected sample of elderly individuals who participated in the Canadian Study of Health and Aging [Canadian Study of Health and Aging. (1994). The Canadian study of health and aging: Study methods and prevalence of dementia. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 150, 899-913] and were tested on two occasions (CSHA-1 and CSHA-2) separated by 5 years. On each occasion the MMSE and 3MS were administered twice at approximately 3-month intervals. Thus, the mental status tests were administered four times: times 1 and 2 at CSHA-1 and times 3 and 4 at CSHA-2. Mean difference scores and percent of baseline scores showed relatively small group changes over both short and long test-retest intervals for the MMSE and the 3MS. A reliable change index based on a linear regression model controlled for practice effects, psychometric errors due to low reliability, regression to the mean, and accounted for the effects of various demographic variables. Consequently, this reliable change index provided a better estimate of the amount of change that occurred for individual participants than did the mean Retest-Test 1 difference, percent of baseline change, or a reliable change index based on a Retest-Test 1 difference score. Normative data for the change scores are provided.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2005

Terminology, stereotypes and aggressive dynamics in the accident and emergency department.

There is a perception that violence against staff practising in accident and emergency (A&E) departments is increasing [Fernandes, C.M.B., Bouthillette, F., Raboud, J.M., Bullock, L., Moore, C.F., Christenson, J.M., Grafstein, E., Rae, S., Ouellet, L., Gillrie, C., Way, M., 1999. Violence in the emergency department: a survey of health care workers, Canadian Medical Association Journal 11, 1-6; Jenkins, M.G., Rocke, L.G., McNicholl, B.P., Hughes, D.M., 1998. Violence and verbal abuse against staff in the A and E departments: a survey of consultants in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, Journal of Accident and Emergency Medicine 15, 262-265; . A survey of violence towards nursing staff in one large Irish Accident and Emergency department, Journal of Emergency Nursing 23(3), 214-219]. This paper discusses traditional stereotypes of the violent A&E client by critiquing the current literature. The paper then goes on to question whether some health care professionals themselves are contributing to a climate of fear and the development of conflict.

Aggression↗