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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2007

Lactoferrin and immunoglobulin contents in camel's milk (Camelus bactrianus, Camelus dromedarius, and Hybrids) from Kazakhstan.

Lactoferrin (Lf) and IgG were estimated in camel's milk from Kazakhstan, where 2 species of camels (Camelus bactrianus, Camelus dromedarius) and their hybrids cohabit. The concentrations of Lf and IgG were determined according to 3 variation factors: region (n = 4), season (n = 4), and species (n = 5; sample 4 was mixed milk and sample 5 was of unknown origin). The mean values in raw camel's milk were 0.229 +/- 0.135 mg/mL for Lf concentration and 0.718 +/- 0.330 mg/mL for IgG concentration. The seasonal effect was the only significant variation factor observed, with the highest values in the spring for Lf and in the winter for IgG. The Lf concentration varied in 1-wk postpartum milk from 1.422 to 0.586 mg/mL. The range in IgG concentration was wide and decreased from 132 to 4.75 mg/mL throughout the 7 d postpartum, with an important drop after parturition. In fermented milk, the lactoproteins are generally hydrolyzed. For milk samples from undefined species, discriminant analyses did not allow the origin of the species to be determined. A slight correlation between Lf and IgG concentrations was observed in raw milk. The values were slightly higher than those reported in cow's milk, but this difference was insufficient to attribute medicinal virtues to camel's milk.

Animals↗
PubMed2007

Comparison of the Z and W sex chromosomal architectures in elegant crested tinamou (Eudromia elegans) and ostrich (Struthio camelus) and the process of sex chromosome differentiation in palaeognathous birds.

To clarify the process of avian sex chromosome differentiation in palaeognathous birds, we performed molecular and cytogenetic characterization of W chromosome-specific repetitive DNA sequences for elegant crested tinamou (Eudromia elegans, Tinamiformes) and constructed comparative cytogenetic maps of the Z and W chromosomes with nine chicken Z-linked gene homologues for E. elegans and ostrich (Struthio camelus, Struthioniformes). A novel family of W-specific repetitive sequences isolated from E. elegans was found to be composed of guanine- and cytosine-rich 293-bp elements that were tandemly arrayed in the genome as satellite DNA. No nucleotide sequence homologies were found for the Struthioniformes and neognathous birds. The comparative cytogenetic maps of the Z and W chromosomes of E. elegans and S. camelus revealed that there are partial deletions in the proximal regions of the W chromosomes in the two species, and the W chromosome is more differentiated in E. elegans than in S. camelus. These results suggest that a deletion firstly occurred in the proximal region close to the centromere of the acrocentric proto-W chromosome and advanced toward the distal region. In E. elegans, the W-specific repeated sequence elements were amplified site-specifically after deletion of a large part of the W chromosome occurred.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Mating-induced luteinizing hormone surge and ovulation in the female camel (Camelus dromedarius).

Blood samples were collected after mating from four female one-humped camels every 10 min for 9-12 h. Luteinizing hormone (LH) was quantified in plasma by radioimmunoassay using antibovine LH. Of the seven observed matings, five were followed by a release of LH, and three by an ovulation (indicated by a subsequent secretion of progesterone). LH levels at the time of mating ranged from 0.7 to 3 ng/ml. When an LH response occurred, the levels increased 1 h after mating and reached a maximum in 2-3 h (ranging from 2.9 to 19.1 ng/ml). A decrease in LH was observed starting 6 h after mating and lasting for 6 h. These results are in agreement with a coitus-induced mechanism of ovulation in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). They confirm and extend the observations reported in the bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Production and characterization of a new antibody specific for the mutant EGF receptor, EGFRvIII, in Camelus bactrianus.

EGFRvIII is the type III deletion mutant form of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) with transforming activity. This tumor-specific antigen is ligand independent, contains a constitutively active tyrosine kinase domain and has been shown to be present in a number of human malignancies. In this study, we report the production and characterization of camel antibodies that are directed against the external domain of the EGFRvIII. Antibodies developed in camels are smaller (i.e. IgG2 and IgG3 subclasses lack light chains) than any other conventional mammalian antibodies. This property of camel antibodies makes them ideal tools for basic research and other applications such as tumor imaging and cancer therapy. In the present study, camel antibodies were generated by immunization of camelids (Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedarius) with a synthetic 14-amino acid peptide corresponding to the mutated sequence of the EGFR, tissue homogenates of several patients with human glioblastoma, medulloblastoma and aggressive breast carcinoma, as well as EGFR-expressing cell lines. Three subclasses of camel IgG [conventional (IgG1, 160 kD) and heavy chain-only antibodies (IgG2 and IgG3, 90 kD)] were separated by their different binding properties to protein A and protein G affinity columns. The anti-EGFRvIII peptide antibodies from immunized camels were purified further using the EGFRvIII synthetic peptide affinity column. The purified anti-EGFRvIII peptide camel antibodies selectively bound to the EGFRvIII peptide and affinity-purified EGFRvIII from malignant tissues and detected a protein band of 140 kD from malignant tissues by Western blot. Affinity analysis showed that the antibodies from C. bactrianus and C. dromedarius reacted with peptide and antigen purified from a small cell lung cancer ascitic fluid with affinities of 2 x 10(8) and 5 x 10(7)M(-1) to the same extent, respectively. Since the functional antigen-binding domain of the anti-EGFRvIII antibodies in camels is much simpler and located only on the heavy chains of proteins, we are currently developing recombinant and smaller versions of the variable domain of these naturally occurring heavy-chain antibodies (V(HH)) for use in tumor imaging and cancer therapy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Species-specific polymerase chain reaction amplification of camel (Camelus) DNA extracts.

A sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method based on amplification of a specific DNA fragment was established for the identification of camel (Camelus) materials. The species-specific primer pair L183/H372 was designed based on the nucleotide sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene, and its specificity was confirmed by amplification of 3 camel (domestic double-humped camel, wild double-humped camel, wild one-humped camel) samples and 11 non-Camelus animal (sheep, goat, pig, chicken, cattle, fish, dog, horse, donkey, deer, and rabbit) materials. An expected 208 base pair fragment was amplified from camel materials; no cross-reactive or additional fragments were generated from other animal materials. Taq I restriction endonuclease digestion of the unpurified PCR product can be used routinely to confirm the camel origin of the amplified sequence.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Chemical immobilisation of red-necked ostriches (Struthio camelus) under field conditions.

Sixteen red-necked ostriches (Struthio camelus camelus) were darted under field conditions to immobilise them. Combinations of etorphine hydrochloride with either medetomidine or ketamine were used on 13 birds; xylazine hydrochloride and metomidate alone were used, respectively, on one and two birds. The times to recumbency and recovery were recorded and compared. The principal complications encountered during the anaesthetic procedure were myopathy due to over exertion and respiratory collapse. Etorphine combined with medetomidine led to a sedated state of good quality but short duration, which allowed minor procedures to be carried out.

Analgesics↗
PubMed1997

Immunohistochemical identification of pancreatic hormones, neuropeptides and cytoskeletal proteins in pancreas of the camel (Camelus dromedarius).

The patterns of distribution of insulin (INS), glucagon (GLU), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), neuropeptide-Y (NPY), cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK-8), neurofilament-200 protein (NF), S-100 protein (S-100), and vimentin (VIM) in the pancreas of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) were investigated using immunohistochemical techniques. INS-immunoreactive cells were observed in the central and peripheral parts of the islets of Langerhans, but some solitary INS-positive cells were found outside the islets. INS-positive cells constituted 44.26-90.91% [mean +/- standard deviation (std): 67.34 +/- 14.20] of the total number of islet cells. GLU-immunopositive cells were located mainly in the peripheral region of the islets, and they constituted 11.43-44.44% [mean +/- std: 23.54 +/- 8.27] of the total number of islet cells. ANP and CCK-8 immunoreactivity was observed in neurons and perivascular nerves fibers. NPY was identified in pancreatic neurons and in some peripheral and central cells of the islets of Langerhans. VIM immunoreactivity was observed in the endothelial cells of blood vessels and the nerves located in the perivascular, interlobular and periacinar regions. VIM was also detected immunohistochemically in the periductal nerves of the pancreas. NF occurred only in nerves. S-100 was discerned mainly in the nerves of the interlobular connective tissue and in nerves lying close to blood vessels and acinar tissue. It is concluded that INS, GLU, ANP, NPY, CCK-8, NF, S-100, and VIM are well distributed in the pancreas of the camel.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Anatomical subdivisions of the stomach of the Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus).

Twenty stomachs of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) were studied by gross dissection. Based on the configuration of the stomach and the structure of the mucous membrane, the stomach was divided into three ventricles that differ from the arrangement described for ox and sheep. The first and second ventricles of the proventriculus of camel form one stomach rather than two different stomachs. These ventricles of the proventriculus do not correspond to the rumen and reticulum of ox and sheep. The third ventricle appears to be the abomasum. One part of the abomasum has reticular mucosal folds that indicate it is not the reticulum. A second part of the abomasum has longitudinal mucosal folds suggesting it is not the omasum. Three glandular sac areas associated with the preventriculus and abomasum are also described.

Abomasum↗
PubMed2000

Investigation of total, free, peptide-bound, protein-bound, soluble and insoluble collagen hydroxyproline content in tissues from the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius).

This study was conducted to determine the concentration of total, free, peptide-bound, protein-bound, soluble and insoluble collagen hydroxyproline (Hyp) in tissues from the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius). Results indicated that there were significant differences in the concentration of total, free, peptide-bound, protein-bound, soluble and insoluble collagen Hyp in various tissues (P < 0.01). Camel kidney showed a significantly high concentration of total, free, peptide-bound and protein-bound Hyp and collagen content as compared to other tissues examined (P < 0.01). Kidney also showed a significantly high concentration of soluble collagen Hyp as compared to other tissues examined (P < 0.01). However, the concentration of insoluble collagen Hyp was significantly high in liver when compared to other tissues (P < 0.01). These variations may result from differences in the collagen structure and/or composition in this species.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Ultrastructure of the nephron of the one-humped camel, Camelus dromedarius.

The nephron of the one-humped camel Camelus dromedarius was investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy. Besides the many features common to other mammalian kidneys, the nephron of the camel is unique in having an unusually thick basal lamina underlying the epithelial cells of the nephron, the thickest being found in part of the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule and the thin limb of the loop of Henle. In the latter, the membrane usually appears lamellated and contains numerous tiny vesicles. In other parts of the nephron, the basal lamina usually has a homogenous appearance. The possible significance of the thickening of the basal lamina is discussed in relation to the general high renal efficiency of the camel.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) infesting the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius) in the Sinai, Egypt with a note on the acaricidal efficacy of ivermectin.

In this study, tick burdens on camels (Camelus dromedarius) were determined in the vicinity of the St. Catherine monastery, Sinai, Egypt. In total 2,545 ticks (1,491 adults and 1,054 nymphs) were collected and identified. Mean tick burdens were relatively heavy and the range in number of ticks per camel was very broad (6-173). Hyalomma dromedarii was the predominant tick species and accounted for 95.6% of the adult ticks. Other ticks found were H. marginatum subspp. and H. anatolicum excavatum. All nymphs collected were Hyalomma spp. In addition, the effect of ivermectin (Ivomec MSD AGVET) on tick burdens, when given subcutaneously at 0.2 mg/kg-1, was evaluated in nine camels in the date-palm plantation of Kibbutz Yahel in the Arava valley, Israel. Initial tick burdens on these camels (half-body tick counts) ranged from 20-105 ticks per camel. Seven camels from the same herd with half-body tick counts ranging from 40-107 ticks per camel were not treated and served as a control group. Ivermectin was not effective against Hyalomma tick infestation in camels under these conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

The haematological and biochemical effects of the gastrointestinal nematodes prevalent in camels (Camelus dromedarius) in central Saudi Arabia.

Coprological examinations on 1200 Najdi camels (Camelus dromedartus) in the Gassim region of central Saudi Arabia between October 1992 and September 1993 revealed the presence of strongyle-type, Nematodirus and Strongyloides eggs. In addition, examination of the gastrointestinal tracts of 240 camels slaughtered in different abattoirs in the Gassim region from March to August 1994 revealed 11 species of helminths. Infection with gastrointestinal trichostronglyes resulted in normocytic, normochromic anaemia. Adult infected camels showed leukocytosis, a decrease in total serum protein concentration and increases in blood urea concentration and in serum creatine phosphokinase activity.

Anemia↗
PubMed1993

The anatomy of the atrioventricular bundle in the heart of camels (Camelus dromedarius).

The anatomy and histology of the atrioventricular bundle (AVB) was studied in the heart of six camels (Camelus dromedarius). The trunk of the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His) was a direct continuation of the atrioventricular (AV) node with no sharp line of demarcation between the node and the bundle. The atrioventricular bundle ran through the fibrous trigone and entered the lower part of the interventricular membranous septum, beneath the right endocardium, then lay over or slightly to the side of the centre of the muscular interventricular crest. The AVB of camels measured 4.12 +/- 1.00 mm in length, 3.66 +/- 1.13 mm in width and 1.13 +/- 1.85 mm in thickness, its maximum sectional area being 12.68 +/- 6.13 mm2. Histologically, the AVB in the heart of camels comprised multiple strands of Purkinje cells separated by collagen fibres and surrounded by connective tissue. It resembled that in human beings and dogs except that, in camels, intercalated discs were present at the intercellular connections in the AVB.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A survey on spontaneous atherosclerosis of camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Iran.

In a survey carried out on 200 camels (Camelus dromedarius) from different parts of Iran, three cases were diagnosed positive for atherosclerosis on gross and microscopic examination. A sex and age predilection is suspected. The complications of atherosclerosis were not present. To the best of the authors' knowledge this is the first report of atherosclerosis in camels.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2001

Trans- and cis-octadecenoic acid isomers in the hump and milk lipids from Camelus dromedarius.

The distribution profiles of individual trans- as well as cis-18:1 isomers from the fat prepared from the hump adipose tissue and the milk from Camelus dromedarius (the single-humped Arabian species) are described. Gas-liquid chromatography on two capillary columns with different polarities and lengths were used for this purpose in combination with argentation thin-layer chromatography. A comparison of the profiles established is made with that of true ruminant fats. In the fats from the dromedarius as well as from true ruminants, the trans-18:1 isomers have their ethylenic bonds in all positions between delta4 and delta16. The prominent trans isomer is the 11-18:1 (vaccenic) acid in all species, and the complete distribution profiles are quite similar. Concerning the cis isomers, the prominent isomer is oleic acid, followed by cis-vaccenic acid, as in true ruminant fats. Other cis isomers encompass the delta6-8 and the delta12 to delta15 isomers. Camelidae (suborder Tylopoda) and Bovidae (suborder Ruminantia) have evolved independently since the Eocene, that is for approximately 50 million years. Despite this considerable period, and the profound differences in anatomy, morphology, physiology, ecological and dietary habits between the extant species of these suborders, the rumen microflora has continued to synthesize the same trans- and cis-octadecenoic acid isomers, in comparable proportions, at least as deduced from their composition profiles. We conclude that the trans-18:1 acid profile is not intrinsically species-dependent, but it can be affected by the nature and the proportions of dietary unsaturated fatty acids that themselves depend on the feed, and that may be species-specific.

Adipose Tissue↗