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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1976

The skin of the palms and soles of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata).

The structure and histochemistry of the palmar and plantar skin were studied in four adult male marmosets (two Callithrix jacchus and two Callithrix penicillata). In this skin there exist well-developed epidermal ridges, to which are attached one or two ducts of sweat glands. A thick stratum corneum can be seen in the epidermis, while a distinct stratum lucidum cannot be isolated from the other layers. The stratum granulosum is constituted by one or three layers of cells containing keratohyalin granules. Melanin granulations are mainly concentrated in the basal cells of the epidermal ridges. Dendritic melanocytes and amelanotic melanocytes containing alkaline phosphatase are found among the epidermal cells. Glycogen, UDPG-GT and phosphorylases are mainly present in the middle and lower Malpighian cells of the epidermal ridges. Alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, alanyl amino-peptidase and leucine aminopeptidase were absent in the epidermal cells. SDH, cytochrome oxidase, MAO and a certain number of NAD-dependent dehydrogenases (LDH, ADH, MDH, alpha-GPDH, beta-OHBDH and GDH) showed a stronger reactivity in the basal cells and Malpighian layer. The NADP-dependent enzymes (G-6-PDH, 6-PGDH, cis-aconistase and ICDH) were more reactive in the upper Malpighian layer and stratum granulosum. The stratum corneum showed some acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase reactivity. The collagenous fibers intertwined with a small number of very thin elastic ones and a larger amount of reticular fibers run almost parallel to the epidermal ridges in the papillary body. In the reticular dermis some fibers are disposed transversely to the epidermal ridges. Meissner corpuscles reactive to butyrylcholinesterase, acetylcholinesterase, nonspecific esterase and G-6-PA are disposed at regular intervals and frequently at each side of the epidermal ridges. Pacinian corpuscles were found only in the hypodermis. The eccrine sweat glands contain glycogen, UDPG-GT and phosphorylase in their secretory, ductal and myoepithelial cells. The secretory part shows a uniform reactivity for every dehydrogenase because it contains only one type of cells (clear cells). The intraepidermal segment of the ducts shows a stronger reactivity to nonspecific esterase and NADP-dependent dehydrogenases than the epithelial cells around it.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Histochemical studies on the submandibular ganglia of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penecillata).

The histochemistry of the neural cells was studied in the submandibular ganglia of 5 Callithrix jacchus (3 males and 2 females) and 4 Callithrix penicillata (2 males and 2 females). These cells contain neutral mucopolysaccharides, nucleoproteins and lipidic materia, but are apparently devoid of glycogen. It is impossible to demonstrate in them any reactivity for UDPG-GT, phosphorylases, ATPase at pH 6.3, leucine aminopeptidase and alanyl aminopeptidas. The reaction for the other searched enzymes was as follows: weak (F-1,6-P Ald and cytochrome oxidase), weak to moderate (ADH, 6-P-GDH, ICDH, SDH, MDH, alpha-GPDH and beta-OHBDH), moderate (G-6-PDH, F-1,6-PA, LDH and GDH), moderate to strong (ATPase at pH 7.4, nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase) and strong (G-6-PA, NADH2,-TR, NADPH2-TR, ATPase at pH 8.5 and 9.4 and alkaline phosphatase).

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1975

Histochemical localization of enzyme activity in the kidneys of male marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata).

The distribution of several hydrolases and oxidoreductases was studied in the renal parenchyma of adult male marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata). The oxidative enzymes showed a high reactivity in the proximal and distal tubules, whereas the hydrolases reacted strongly in the proximal tubules but only weakly or not at all in the thick limb of Henle's loop, distal tubules and collecting ducts. The NAD-dependent enzymes (except alpha-GPDH) showed a stronger reactivity in the proximal tubules, while the NADP-dependent ones were more reactive in the thick limb of Henle's loop and distal convoluted tubules. Two groups of interstitial cells were found in the medulla. A first group inside the outer medulla, showing cells rich in acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterases and a second group, close to the papilla, reactive to a certain number of oxidative enzymes. A different reactivity in cells of the distal convoluted tubules, thick limb of Henle's loops and collecting ducts (dark cells) was seen in the case of some enzymes like nonspecific esterase, alpha-GPDH and SDH.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Histochemical differences between the major salivary glands of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata).

Histoenzymologic differences between the parotid, paramandibular and submandibular glands were studied in six Callithrix jacchus (four males and two females) and four Callithrix penicillata (three males and one female). The acinous cells of the paramandibular glands showed a stronger reactivity for the diaphorases (NADH2-TR and NADPH2-TR) and for a certain group of enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism (F-1-6P Ald, LDH, ADH, G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH), lipid metabolism (alpha-GPDH, beta-OHBDH, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase), protein metabolism (alanyl aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase and GDH) and respiratory chain (cris-aconitase and ICDH). The nonspecific esterase was more reactive in the basal part of of the mucous cells of the submandibular glands. Conversely, some enzymes of the respiratory chain (SDH, cytochrome oxidase and ATPases) showed a stronger reactivity in the serous cells of the parotid and submandibular glands. The paramandibular glands exhibited a lesser autonomic innervation than the parotid and submandibular.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Histochemical studies on the adrenal glands of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata).

The histrochemistry of the adrenal glands was studied in four adult male marmosets (two Callithrix jacchus and two Callithrix penicillata). It was impossible to demonstrate any reactivity to UDPG-GT, ADH, alanyl aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, xilitol (NAD-dependent) dehydrogenase, beta-glucuronidase and aryl-sulfatase in these glands. Total phosphorylase was found in scattered cells of the glomerulosa and adjacent outer fasciculata of one C. penicillata. The dehydrogenases (LDH, G-6-PDH,6-PGDH, NADPH2-TR,ICDH,SDH,NADH2-TR, alpha-GPDH, beta-OHBDH) as well as the hydrolases (except alkaline phosphatase, ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase) showed a stonger reactivity in the cortical part. Some hydrolases (naphthol acetate esterase, acid phosphatase) and cytochrome oxidase were less reactive in the zona glomerulosa, where the dehydrogenases were more abundant. The outer fasciculata and the reticularis also showed a strong dehydrogenase reactivity.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1986

[Comparative scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies of the ependyma of the central canal in the spinal cord of primates. I. Electron optical image of the ependyma in the central canal of the spinal cord of the callithrix monkey (Callithrix jacchus, Linné 1758)].

The ependyma lining the central canal of the spinal cord of adult males and females monkey, Callithrix jacchus, was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The cross section of the lumen of the central canal are round, oval, or triangular. Light and dark ependymal cells, depending on the density of the cytoplasm, were found. The light ependymal cells are fewer than the dark cells. The ependyma cytoplasm contained numerous mitochondria, filamentous structures, one or more well-developed Golgi-complexes, vesicles of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes, multivesicular bodies, profiles of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, large osmophilic bodies, and microtubules. The nuclei of the ependyma cells usually have a simple, regular round or oval shape. They occupy a relatively large portion of the cell volume and lie in the central or mediobasal position. Some of the nuclei show deep invaginations into the karyoplasm. Most of the mitochondria occupy mainly the supranuclear portion of the apical cytoplasm. There are of the crista-typ. Ribosomes occur free in the cytoplasm, but some attached to the profiles of the rough endoplasmic reticulum or being arranged as polysomes. The filamentous structures are generally prominent cytoplasmic components and are distributed at the apical, lateral, or basal region of the ependymocytes. They are grouped into bundles and arranged in parallel arrays. Some of these bundles reach the plasmamembrane at the free lumina of the central canal, others take contact to the filamentous structures of the zonulae adherentes of the junctional complex below the free surface. The granular endoplasmic reticulum shows specializations. There profiles surrounding granular substances and widely distributed granulations in connection with the nuclear envelope. The functional significance of the deposition of these granulations is still unknown. The luminal surface of the ependymocytes bears many microvilli and cilia. The cilia are regularly arranged in cranio-caudal direction. Each cilium has the typical (9 + 2)-subfibres. The intercellular space at the surface of the ependymal layer shows a single zonula adherens or zonulae adherentes in the row. Tight junctions and gap junctions were not found in the material examined. Cell processes of liquor contacting neurons between adjacent ependyma cells, protruding into the lumen of the central canal, could be observed. The termination of these neurons contains accumulations of mitochondria in the central part, large amounts of vesicles, and small dense bodies. They have short microvilli and some stereocilia at the free surface.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1977

The Rete ovarii and follicle formation in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata).

The Rete ovarii in young marmosets shows a strong reactivity for a certain number of enzymes (LDH; NADH2-TR; NADPH2-TR; G-6-PDH; 6-PGDH; alpha-GPDH; beta-OHBDH and nonspecific esterase). The granulosa cells of the cortical innermost placed follicles have the same enzymatic reactivity. The germinal epithelium results negative to the mentioned group of enzymes at this phase of the development. The Rete ovarii must play an important rôle in the granulosa cells differentiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Histochemical observations on the taste buds of the marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penicillata).

The epithelial cells in the taste buds of C. jacchus and C. penicillata show a moderate amount of ribonucleic acid an a concentration of a PAS-positive diastase-resistant material at their apical part. These cells are devoid of UDPG-GT, phosphorylases, G-6-PA, alanyl aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, cholinesterase and MAO; they present a weak reaction of F-1, 6-P Ald, LDH, SDH, MDH, cytochrome oxidase, beta-OHBDH, nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase and a stronger reaction to ADH, NADPH2-TR, ATPases, alpha-GPDH, alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase and GDH. Although some enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase and ATPases) have an almost uniform reactivity by the several taste buds, the other ones react with a lesser intensity in the smaller uniform reactivity by the several taste buds, the other ones react with a lesser intensity in the smaller taste buds of the fungiform papillae. As a rule the apical part of the cells shows a stronger enzymatic reactivity. The taste buds of the marmosets are penetrated by acetylcholinesterase positive nerve fibers whereas the autonomic ganglia in the connective tissue contain both-acetyl and butyrylcholinesterase.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative chromosome morphology in three Callitrichid genera: Cebuella, Callithrix, and Leontopithecus.

A G-band karyotypic analysis was carried out in individual species groups of three Callitrichid primate genera: Cebuella, Callithrix, and Leontopithecus. Within Callithrix, the karyotypes of the morphologically distinct and geographically isolated morphotypes C. jacchus jacchus and C. jacchus penicillata were identical. Within the lion tamarin genus, Leontopithecus, the karyotypes of the three morphotypes (L. rosalia rosalia, L. rosalia chrysomelas and L. rosalia chrysopygus) were also indistinguishable from one another. These results are consistent with the taxonomic designation of subspecies rank to the different morphotypes. A comparison of type specimens among the three Callitrichid genera showed that their phyletic radiation has been paralleled by a limited number of chromosome rearrangements and a relatively high amount of karyotypic invariance. A fusion/fission event has been postulated to account for the difference in diploid number between Cebuella (2n = 44) and the other species (2n = 46). The karyotype of Callithrix jacchus was found to be more directly derived from Cebuella than was that of Leontopithecus. These findings differ from the previous proposition that Leontopithecus might have diverged from a common Callitrichid ancestor before the emergence of the genus Callithrix.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Gummivory and gut morphology in two sympatric callitrichids (Callithrix emiliae and Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli) from western Brazilian Amazonia.

A comparative analysis of the gastrointestinal tracts of wild-caught marmosets, Callithrix emiliae, and tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis weddelli, was undertaken in order to evaluate the degree of specialisation for digestion of plant exudates. Compared to S.f. weddelli, C. emiliae exhibits a reduced small intestine and a relatively large, compartmentalised caecum in which gum is probably fermented. The apparent specialisation of the digestive tract in C. emiliae correlates with that of its dentition, which is adapted for gouging the bark of gum-producing plants. A similar degree of specialisation of the caecum is predicted for other marmosets (Callithrix spp. and Cebuella pygmaea).

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

Karyotypic comparison among Cebuella pygmaea, Callithrix jacchus and C. emiliae (Callitrichidae, Primates) and its taxonomic implications.

The karyotype of Cebuella pygmaea (2n = 44) obtained by G-, C-banding, and NOR-staining is described. This species presents a heteromorphic C band in the intersticial region of the short arm of chromosome 2. The data obtained were compared with those previously described for the karyotypes of Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix emiliae. The three species differ in the amount and distribution of non-centromeric constitutive heterochromatin. The importance of the variation in constitutive heterochromatin for the phylogeny of the group is discussed. Comparison of the karyotypes in terms of G-banding patterns showed that C. pygmaea and C. emiliae differ from C. jacchus by a Robertsonian translocation and a paracentric inversion, whereas C. pygmaea and C. emiliae differ from each other by a reciprocal translocation between an acrocentric autosome and the short arm of the submetacentric chromosomes that distinguishes their karyotypes from that of C. jacchus. The possible evolutionary paths followed by the karyotypes of the three species are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Chromosomal evolution in Callithrix emiliae.

We studied the karyotype of specimens of Callithrix emiliae (Callithricidae, Primates) from Rondonia, Brazil. Comparison with the karyotype of Callithrix jacchus showed that, even though these two species show many karyotypic similarities, they differ by a Robertsonian translocation, a paracentric inversion and large-scale addition of heterochromatin. The C. emiliae species appears to be in an active phase of chromosome evolution by the addition of constitutive heterochromatin.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Influence of dexamethasone on the RM 3/1-positive macrophages in the peripheral blood and tissues of a New World monkey (the marmoset Callithrix jacchus).

Subcutaneous injection of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone in the primate Callithrix jacchus increased the proportion of the macrophage subtype RM 3/1 in the blood from a basic level of 16% positive monocytes to about 65%. The elevated numbers of RM 3/1-positive cells were seen 24 and 72 h after application and were independent of the dosages used (50 or 150 micrograms/kg). Oral administration had no effect. CD4-, CD14- and CDw14-antigen expression of monocytes was not influenced by the dexamethasone treatment. In tissues, e.g. spleen, thymus, liver, skin and kidney, RM 3/1-positive macrophages revealed a similar distribution as in human tissues but no differences in glucocorticoid treated to control animals could be observed. These results show that glucocorticoids induce in the monkey Callithrix jacchus a distinct monocyte subtype similarly as in man while other macrophage phenotypes were not influenced.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Experimental infection with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in the marmoset, Callithrix penicillata (Primates:Callithricidae).

Fourteen marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) were inoculated intradermally with promastigotes and/or amastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis (L. (V) b.) strains MHOM/BR/83/LTB-300 MHOM/BR/85/LTB-12 MHOM/BR/81/LTB-179 and MHOM/BR/82/LTB-250. The evolution of subsequent lesions was studied for 15 to 75 weeks post-inoculation (PI). All but 3 of the L. (V) b. injected marmosets developed a cutaneous lesion at the point of inoculation after 3 to 9 weeks, characterized by the appearance of subcutaneous nodules containing parasites. Parasites were isolated by culture (Difco Blood Agar) from all 11 positive animals. The maximum size of the lesions was variable and ranged between 37 mm2 to 107 mm2. Ulceration of primary nodules became evident after 3 to 12 weeks in all infected marmosets, but was faster and larger in 5 of the 11 animals. The active lesions persisted in 9 out of 11 Callithrix until the end of the observation period, which varied from 15-75 weeks. In 3 animals spontaneous healing of their lesions (13 to 25 weeks, PI) was observed but with cryptic parasitism. In another 2 infected animals there was regression followed by reactivation of the cutaneous lesions. The appearance of smaller satellite lesions adjacent to primary ones, as well as metastatic lesions to the ear lobes, were documented in 2 animals. Promastigotes of L. (Leishmania) amazonensis (L. (L) a.) MHOM/BR/77/LTB-16 were inoculated in 1 marmoset. This animal remained chronically infected for 6 months and the lesion developed in a similar manner to L. (V) b. infected marmosets. No significant differences in clinical and parasitological behaviour were observed between promastigote or amastigote derived infections of the 2 species.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

The mossy fiber terminals in the hippocampal formation of Callithrix jacchus: comparative and evolutionary considerations.

The distribution of mossy fiber terminals in the regio inferior of the hippocampus of Callithrix jacchus was studied by means of Timm's method. The topographic distribution of Timm-positive zones in the hilus, in the suprapyramidal and intrapyramidal areas of the CA3 subfield is described. A Timm-positive reaction in intragranular strips and supragranular zones, the presence of Timm-negative zones in the infragranular border of the fascia dentata were found in this species. A comparison between mossy fiber distribution in Callithrix jacchus and that in human was carried out in an attempt to identify interspecies differences in the mossy fiber system in the hippocampus of primates. The hypothesis of a possible functional relevance of the supra- and intrapyramidal mossy fiber terminals on the control of hippocampal pyramidal neurons is expressed.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The retino-geniculo-cortical pathway in Callithrix. I. Intraspecific variations in the lamination pattern of the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Injections of tritiated tracer precursors into one eye revealed a highly variable lamination pattern of the LGN in the marmoset Callithrix. In one specimen, only four cell layers were apparent with some indication of further differentiation. In a second specimen, six almost complete relay layers were found in the occipital portion of the LGN. Three other animals showed stages between these two extremes. The lamination pattern of Callithrix thun represents an intermediate stage between a four-layered LGN suggested as the basic primate pattern, and the advanced six-layered LGN of most other anthropoid monkeys. In addition, bilateral retinal terminations were found consistently in layer 0, and contralateral terminations in a narrow band between the magnocellular and parvocellular portions of the nucleus, and within the interlaminar zone which separates the two magnocellular layers.

Animals↗