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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

[Cryptorchism: long-term results in subjects evaluated in a conjugal infertility service (monolateral cryptorchism fertility)].

Infertile male subjects because of cryptorchidism have an overall rate of 0.5-1%. Undescended testis even if treated by surgery and/or hormonal therapy have a bad seminal map. However in Author's experience, the hormonal treatment give a significant improvement in terms of fertility. Biopsies carried out on undescended testis demonstrated an early cellular damage of the testis.

Cryptorchidism↗
PubMed1992

[Long-term outcome of cryptorchism after orchiopexy].

The long-term outcome of cryptorchism (undescended testis) was studied in 43 patients who underwent orchidopexy at pre-puberty ages and who were over 15 years of age at the time of this study. The follow-up period after operation was 11 approximately 23 years. Cryptorchism was unilateral in 39 patients and bilateral in 4 patients. The sperm concentration and motility were examined, using a cut-off level of 20 x 10(6)/ml for sperm concentration and 50% for sperm motility. In the unilateral cryptorchism group, 16 patients (61.5%) had normal semen quality, 8 patients (30.8%) oligozoospermia, 1 (3.8%) asthenozoospermia and 1 (3.8%) azoospermia. In the bilateral cryptorchism group, 3 patients (75.0%) were normal and 1 (25.0%) had azoospermia. Eight patients with unilateral cryptorchism were married and 7 of them (87.5%) had children. The sperm concentration had no inverse correlation with the age at operation. In patients with unilateral cryptorchism, the testicular volume on the healthy side was significantly higher than that on the affected side. The sperm concentration tended to correlate with the testicular volume on the healthy side rather than that on the affected side. These findings suggest that the sperm profiles in patients with unilateral cryptorchism are chiefly associated with the testicular function on the healthy side.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Risk factors for cryptorchism among populations at differing risks of testicular cancer.

BACKGROUND: Cryptorchism is strongly associated with the development of testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs), possibly owing to a common aetiology. However, while TGCT incidence varies greatly between white and black men, little variability has been reported between the two groups in cryptorchism prevalence. This may suggest that cryptorchism risk factors differ by ethnicity. METHODS: To examine this hypothesis, a prospective analysis was conducted among black and white participants in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project. White participants included 238 cryptorchid sons and 12,296 non-cryptorchid sons, while black participants included 188 cryptorchid sons and 11,942 non-cryptorchid sons. RESULTS: While cryptorchism was significantly more common among white sons (1.90% vs 1.55%; P = 0.04), the difference was incompatible with the 5-fold difference in TGCT rates. The principal maternal risk factors among white sons were age (P = 0.03), hypertension/proteinuria (P = 0.006), and length of time to become pregnant (P = 0.055), while major maternal risk factors among black sons were age (P = 0.06), height (P = 0.007), weight (P = 0.06), and radiation exposure (P = 0.02). Only maternal height, however, had a different relationship with risk among black and white sons. Neonatal associations with risk (shorter gestational age, lower birthweight, shorter length) were similar in the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results do not support the hypothesis that the risk factors for cryptorchism vary dramatically by ethnicity but may suggest that cryptorchism is not as closely linked to TGCT among black men as among white men.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1984

Dizygotic twinning, cryptorchism, and seminoma in a sibship.

Cryptorchism was diagnosed in all 3 male members of 2 pairs of dizygotic twins in a sibship. Two of these brothers developed seminomas at age 31 and 33 years. Studies revealed a nephew with an atrophic testicle, but no additional instances of twinning, cryptorchism or testis cancer. Cryptorchism has been reported previously in 3 of 8 sets of twins with testis cancer, but rarely in familial testis cancer affecting other relatives. Hormonal factors may be involved in the association of twinning, cryptorchism and testis cancer in this family.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Management of cryptorchism and risk of testicular cancer.

Cryptorchism is an established risk factor for testicular cancer, but the role of age at surgical correction is unclear. The authors investigated this relation using information obtained from comprehensive medical records dating to childhood. They conducted a case-control study of 183 Kaiser Permanente members, who were diagnosed with testicular cancer during 1973-1996 and who were 15 years or younger when they first joined the health plan, and 551 controls. Notes pertaining to the testes were reviewed up to the case's diagnosis date or comparable date among the controls. The odds ratio for the association of a history of cryptorchism with testicular cancer risk was 4.8 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9, 11.8). Compared with no history of cryptorchism, men with a history who had natural descent or successful orchiopexy by the 11th birthday were not at increased risk of testicular cancer (odds ratio = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.08, 5.4). However, successful treatment of cryptorchism only after the 11th birthday, or never, was related to a 32-fold increased risk (95% CI: 4, 250). Orchiopexy was performed before the 11th birthday on three men who developed testicular cancer but, in each, the procedure failed. In contrast, all four of the early orchiopexies performed on the controls were successful. Boys with failed orchiopexy should be considered for reoperative orchiopexy or orchiectomy to prevent testicular cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Cryptorchism and related defects in dogs: epidemiologic comparisons with man.

In a study of 1266 dogs with cryptorchism from a large clinic/hospital series 8 breeds were found to be at excess risk of the defect and 3 breeds at significantly low risk. Review of the medical histories revealed that hip dysplasia, patellar dislocation, defects of the penis and prepuce, and umbilical hernia were excessively associated with cryptorchism. Testicular tumors were diagnosed 10.9 times more commonly among cryptorchid dogs. The epidemiologic features of canine cryptorchism were compared with those in man. Cryptorchid dogs could be used as models for etiologic research.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Canine cryptorchism and subsequent testicular neoplasia: case-control study with epidemiologic update.

A retrospective study of 2,912 cryptorchid dogs identified 14 breeds with significantly high risk. Among six distinct closely interrelated breed groups (e.g., toy, miniature, and standard poodles), the risk in the smaller breed was always greater than that in the larger relative, suggesting that genetically influenced maldescent could be, in part, related to physical size or the rate of growth of the involved structures. Testicular tumors were diagnosed in 5.7% of the cryptorchid dogs; half had only Sertoli cell tumors, one-third had only seminomas. The relative risk for Sertoli cell tumor or seminoma was not directly related to a familial risk for cryptorchism. Using the health experience of a control population composed of male dogs with anal sac disease (N = 4,184), there is an estimated relative risk of 9.2 in cryptorchid dogs to develop a testis tumor (95% confidence interval, 5.9-14.3) and 4.2 in dogs with inguinal hernia (95% confidence interval, 1.8-9.5). Considering that the anatomical development of the genital tract, testis descent, and tunic relationships in dog are very similar to that in man, and that the associations of cryptorchism and inguinal hernia with testis neoplasms are also similar, the dog should be an excellent model system to further investigate the causes of human cryptorchism.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Effect of human chorionic gonadotrophin on the dog seminiferous tubule, with and without experimental unilateral cryptorchism.

The effect on human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) on the testes of pubertal and postpubertal Beagle dogs was studied, in the one instance in bilaterally normotopic testes and in the other on the still scrotally located gonad of dogs which had been subjected to unilateral experimental cryptorchism. The area of the cross-sectioned seminiferous tubules served as a parameter for evaluating the effect of HCG. Administration of therapeutic doses of HCG produced, in animals with bilaterally normotopic testes, a marked diminution of the area of the seminiferous canals. This means that HCG application at normal dosage impairs the seminiferous tubules in the dog. In animals with unilateral cryptorchism, HCG application produced no significant change in the tubule area of the scrotally located testis beyond that which is ascertainable anyway on the orthotopic testis following translocation of the contralateral gonad to within the abdominal cavity. Hence, HCG does not influence the degenerative change in the orthotopic testis in experimental unilateral cryptorchism. Rather, an adverse effect of HCG on the seminiferous tubule is evident, independently of the hitherto published reports of successfully attained descent.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Inconstant ascending testis as a potential risk factor for spermatogenesis in infertile men with no history of cryptorchism.

The usual testicular location, either low or high in the scrotum, as well as testis ascent into suprascrotal position at least once a week from a usually scrotal position reported by the patient to occur spontaneously and regularly, were recorded in 85 fertile and 1014 infertile men, including 95 with a history of cryptorchism. The frequency of at least one testis being in a high scrotal location was similar in fertile (16.5%) and non-cryptorchid infertile (17%) men but higher in previously cryptorchid infertile men (27.2%), a difference probably due to cryptorchism. Testicular ascent was more frequent when scrotal location was high rather than low. An ascending testis was encountered more frequently in previously cryptorchid (30.4%) than in non-cryptorchid infertile men without any history of cryptorchism (18.3%) or in fertile men (11.8%). Moreover, in infertile men, spermatogenesis was more depressed in cases of testicular ascent than when both testes were never ascending, independently of a varicocele. Testis ascent could be a risk factor for spermatogenesis in infertile men without any history of maldescended testicle.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Cryptorchism and maternal estrogen exposure.

A case-control study of in utero estrogen exposure and cryptorchism was carried out using as cases males born in Rochester, Minnesota, during the years 1943-1973 who were diagnosed as having cryptorchism. Two different control groups were selected for comparison, control group I being more closely matched than control group II. The estimated relative risks (RR) for estrogen exposure were 1.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.5-3.1) and 1.1 (95% CI = 0.5-2.6) for control groups I and II, respectively. In the univariate analysis, the only significantly elevated relative risks found were those for bleeding and spotting in the third trimester for cases versus control group II (RR = 3.7; 95% CI = 1.1-15.7), birth weight less than 2,500 g for cases versus control group II (RR = 3.4; 95% CI = 1.3-9.9), and gestational age of 40 weeks or less for cases versus control group I (RR = 1.8; 95% CI = 1.2-2.9). No elevated relative risks were associated with other problems during the index pregnancy or with prior pregnancies, nor with progestin exposure, smoking, presentation at delivery, or mode of onset of labor. Multivariate analysis also provided no evidence to suggest that in utero estrogen exposure is associated with cryptorchism in male offspring.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Cryptorchism, orchiopexy, and the risk of testicular cancer.

Adult white male residents of 13 counties of western Washington State in whom germ cell testicular cancer was diagnosed between 1977 and 1983 (n = 333) were interviewed by telephone regarding their history of cryptorchism and its treatment. The same interview was given to a sample of 675 men selected from the population of these counties by dialing telephone numbers at random. Men who reported a history of cryptorchism were 5.9 times (95 per cent confidence interval 3.4-10.2) more likely than men without such a history to develop testicular cancer. Compared with noncryptorchid men, those with unilateral cryptorchism were at greater risk of developing a tumor on the side of nondescent (relative risk = 8.0) than on the opposite side (relative risk = 1.6). The size of the increased risk tended to be smaller among cryptorchid men who had undergone orchiopexy by age 10 than for other cryptorchid men, but the influence of orchiopexy in early childhood could not be evaluated in this population. These observations offer support for the hypothesis that one or more local factors (e.g., temperature elevation) account for the major part of the increased risk of germ cell testicular tumors in cryptorchid men.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Maternal hormone levels and risk of cryptorchism among populations at high and low risk of testicular germ cell tumors.

Cryptorchism is one of the few well-described risk factors for testicular cancer. It has been suggested that both conditions are related to increased in utero estrogen exposure. The evidence supporting the "estrogen hypothesis" has been inconsistent, however. An alternative hypothesis suggests that higher in utero androgen exposure may protect against the development of cryptorchism and testicular cancer. In order to examine both hypotheses, we studied maternal hormone levels in two populations at diverse risks of testicular cancer; Black Americans (low-risk) and White Americans (high-risk). The study population of 200 mothers of cryptorchid sons and 200 mothers of noncryptorchid sons was nested within the Collaborative Perinatal Project, a cohort study of pregnant women and their children. Third trimester serum levels of estradiol (total, free, bioavailable), estriol, testosterone (total, free, bioavailable), sex hormone-binding globulin, alpha-fetoprotein, and the ratios of estradiols to testosterones were compared between the case and control mothers. The results found no significant differences in the levels of testosterone (total, free, bioavailable), alpha-fetoprotein, sex hormone-binding globulin, or in the ratios of estrogens to androgens. Total estradiol, however, was significantly lower in the cases versus the controls (P = 0.03) among all mothers and, separately, among White mothers (P = 0.05). Similarly, estriol was significantly lower among all cases (P = 0.05) and among White cases (P = 0.05). These results do not support either the estrogen or the androgen hypothesis. Rather, lower estrogens in case mothers may indicate that a placental defect increases the risk of cryptorchism and, possibly, testicular cancer.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Cryptorchism: basic concepts and hormonal therapy].

The authors analyze the clinical results of 368 cryptorchid testis that received intramuscular human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), at the dose of 50 U/kg once a week for 6 weeks. The patients with inguinal anatomical abnormalities or only with subtle retractility were excluded. There was a correlation among the testicle position, the cryptorchism side, the patient's age at the time of the therapy and the results obtained. We observed (i) a delay on child referral; (ii) concurrence of cryptorchism and systemic diseases, most of them with genetical origin; (iii) better results was obtained in children with retractile testis, older than 4 years old and with bilateral cryptorchism. The efficacy of second hormonal treatment was only present in retractile testis that showed partial response to the first hormonal therapy. It is argued that, although the treatment of children under 2 is less effective, the possible prevention of testicular lesions for this early intervention justify the hormonal therapy between 6 and 9 months of life.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1977

Cryptorchism.

Our results from 121 patients as well as data from the literature prove that fertility rates after treatment of uni- or bilateral cryptorchism remain unsatisfactory. There is no statistically significant difference in fertility between a group of patients treated with human-chorionic-gonadotrophin and another group treated by orchidopexy after unsuccessful hormonal therapy. On the other hand, late results in unilateral cryptorchism are to a statistically significant extent better than in bilateral cryptorchism (46/29%). According to our histological findings in maldescended testicles, early treatment (before the age of 3 years) is advocated.

Age Factors↗