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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1994

pH-induced conformational transitions of Cry IA(a), Cry IA(c), and Cry IIIA delta-endotoxins in Bacillus thuringiensis.

Three protoxins and corresponding delta-endotoxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) were studied by means of circular dichroism spectroscopy and size-exclusion HPLC. At neutral pH, the Cry IIIA toxin exists only as a 65-kDa monomer. The toxins of Cry IA(a) and Cry IA(c) exist both as 66-kDa monomers and as oligomers with apparent molecular masses greater than 220 kDa. At neutral pH, interconversion between monomer and oligomer is slow, and the two, separate forms exist for several days. Equilibration between the monomer and oligomer in both Cry IA(a) and Cry IA(c) toxins is facilitated by increasing the pH of the solutions to above 10. The relative amounts of monomer and oligomer depend upon temperature, pH, and buffer composition. CD spectra of the protoxins and toxins indicate a large helix content. The CD spectra of HPLC-isolated, monomeric Cry IA(a) and Cry IA(c) are quite similar, but are different from the spectrum of Cry IIIA. The Cry IA(a) and Cry IA(c) protoxins exhibit more helical CD spectra than the corresponding toxins. The CD spectra, with the pH titration of Cry IA(a), reveal that there is a significant increase in helical content as the pH is changed from neutral to alkaline values, but no decrease at low pH. A similar titration of Cry IIIA revealed no significant change in structure from pH 6 to pH 11. The CD spectrum of Cry IIIA at pH 2 indicates that the helical content of the toxin has significantly decreased. The magnitude of the 222-nm signal decreases from pH 7 to 2, with a midpoint of approximately pH 4.5.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Assessment of infant cry: acoustic cry analysis and parental perception.

Infant crying signals distress to potential caretakers who can alleviate the aversive conditions that gave rise to the cry. The cry signal results from coordination among several brain regions that control respiration and vocal cord vibration from which the cry sounds are produced. Previous work has shown a relationship between acoustic characteristics of the cry and diagnoses related to neurological damage, SIDS, prematurity, medical conditions, and substance exposure during pregnancy. Thus, assessment of infant cry provides a window into the neurological and medical status of the infant. Assessment of infant cry is brief and noninvasive and requires recording equipment and a standardized stimulus to elicit a pain cry. The typical protocol involves 30 seconds of crying from a single application of the stimulus. The recorded cry is submitted to an automated computer analysis system that digitizes the cry and either presents a digital spectrogram of the cry or calculates measures of cry characteristics. The most common interpretation of cry measures is based on deviations from typical cry characteristics. Another approach evaluates the pattern across cry characteristics suggesting arousal or under-arousal or difficult temperament. Infants with abnormal cries should be referred for a full neurological evaluation. The second function of crying--to elicit caretaking--involves parent perception of the infant's needs. Typically, parents are sensitive to deviations in cry characteristics, but their perception can be altered by factors in themselves (e.g., depression) or in the context (e.g., culture). The potential for cry assessment is largely untapped. Infant crying and parental response is the first language of the new dyadic relationship. Deviations in the signal and/or misunderstanding the message can compromise infant care, parental effectiveness, and undermine the budding relationship. (c) 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:83-93.

Acoustics↗
PubMed1996

Th1/Th2 response profiles to the major allergens Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 of Japanese cedar pollen.

Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 are known to be the major allergens of Japanese cedar pollen. A comparative study was carried out on the immune responses to stimulation with Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 in 24 symptomatic patients and six nonallergic subjects. In T-cell proliferation assays, mean stimulation indexes (SI) were 10.6 for Cry j 1 and 11.7 for Cry j 2 stimulation, respectively, in the allergic patients. Two of the nonallergic subjects showed strong T-cell proliferation to both allergens, while the remainder did not. All the allergic subjects (17/17) showed high titers of anti-Cry j 1 IgE antibody at a mean value of 165 U/ml, whereas only 64% responded to Cry j 2 with low titers at a mean value of 26 U/ml. Nonallergic subjects did not respond with IgE production. Allergic subjects were further examined for their cytokine production profiles. All allergic subjects tested (16/16) produced high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in response to Cry j 1 with a mean value of 918 pg/ml, while only five subjects showed significant elevation of IFN-gamma production in response to Cry j 2 with a mean value of 679 pg/ml. The remainder produced small amounts of IFN-gamma. Cry j 1 induced higher levels of interleukin (IL)-10 gene expression than did Cry j 2 stimulation, while both allergens induced IL-4 expression at a similar level. The IL-12 p35 gene was constitutively expressed, whereas the IL-12 p40 gene expression in Cry j 1-stimulated cells was elevated eightfold over that of nonstimulated cells. Increased expression of the IL-12 p40 gene was negligible in Cry j 2-stimulated cells. Thus, Cry j 1 stimulated mixed features of Th1 and Th2-like responses, while Cry j 2 played a minor role in inducing IgE production and cytokine (IFN-gamma, IL-10, and IL-12) production, except for IL-2 production and strong T-cell proliferative activity. Therefore, it was concluded that Cry j 1 is the more important allergen, and that T-cell proliferation assays do not necessarily reflect the level of allergenicity.

Allergens↗
PubMed1998

T cell epitopes in Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen allergens: choice of major T cell epitopes in Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 toward design of the peptide-based immunotherapeutics for the management of Japanese cedar pollinosis.

Japanese cedar pollinosis is caused by exposure to Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen, of which two components, Cry j 1 and Cry j 2, are believed to be the major allergens. T cell lines specific to either Cry j 1 or rCry j 2 were reactive to various portions of each panel of overlapping peptides derived from Cry j 1 or Cry j 2. Two peptides, p211-225 and p108-120, from among six major T cell epitopes identified in Cry j 1 sequence, and three peptides, p182-200, p344-355, and p66-80, from among five in Cry j 2, were chosen to design an artificial polypeptide (named Cry-consensus) based on a difference among the types of the restriction molecules capable of presenting these peptides. After construction of a DNA encoding these peptides in order, Cry-consensus was expressed in Escherichia coli. Five of six T cell epitopes, except for Cry j 2 p344-355, in Cry-consensus were recognized by the T cell clones specific to each peptide. PBMC from allergic patients induced higher proliferation under stimulation from Cry-consensus than individual peptides. Eighty-eight percent of the PBMC (15 of 17) showed proliferation under the Cry-consensus stimulation. Thus, several major T cell epitopes from Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 can be chosen in the design of peptide-based immunotherapeutics for the management of Japanese cedar pollinosis in subjects having various types of HLA class II molecules.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

[Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the quantification of Cry j I and Cry j II].

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were developed to specifically quantify the two major allergens from Japanese cedar pollen, Cry j I and Cry j II. Polystyrene microplates coated with antibodies specific for Cry j I or Cry j II were incubated with an allergen and then with biotinylated anti-Cry j I or Cry j II antibody. The bound allergen-biotin Ab complexes were detected with HRPO-conjugated streptavidin and an enzyme substrate. The working ranges of Cry j I ELISA and Cry j II ELISA were 0.3-20 ng/ml and 0.6-20 ng/ml, respectively. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation for reproducibility were 1.5-10.3% and 0.9-12.9%. These ELISA systems showed no cross-reactivity between Cry j I and Cry j II and showed little cross-reactivity with pollen allergens of plants botanically related to the Japanese cedar. Using the Cry j I ELISA and the Cry j II ELISA, it was possible to quantify Cry j I and Cry j II easily and accurately. These ELISA systems will be useful in various fields, especially for the analysis and standardization of the allergens necessary for diagnosis and treatment of Japanese cedar pollinosis.

Allergens↗
PubMed2002

Post-licensure comparative study of unusual high-pitched crying and prolonged crying following COMVAX and placebo versus PedvaxHIB and RECOMBIVAX HB in healthy infants.

BACKGROUND: In a previous clinical trial comparing COMVAX with its monovalent components, PedvaxHIB and RECOMBIVAX HB, one of 92 comparisons of post-vaccination adverse experiences revealed a higher rate of unusual, high-pitched crying following the second, but not the first or third doses of COMVAX compared with two monovalent control vaccines. Rates of prolonged crying were similar between groups at each visit. OBJECTIVES: To compare the frequencies of unusual, high-pitched crying between recipients of COMVAX plus placebo and recipients of PedvaxHIB plus RECOMBIVAX HB following the second vaccine doses (primary) and to summarize the frequency of unusual, high-pitched crying and prolonged crying after each vaccination visit. DESIGN: We enrolled 1215 healthy infants in a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. Participating infants received study vaccines at 2 and 4 months of age and other routine childhood vaccines at 6-7 weeks and 3 months of age. Crying was evaluated via questionnaire at the time of enrollment (baseline) and daily from days 0 to 2 after each injection. RESULTS: Reports of unusual, high-pitched crying and prolonged crying were uncommon (<1%) prior to the first vaccination visit and were comparable in both treatment groups. After each injection, rates of unusual, high-pitched crying (range: 4.26-6.96%) and prolonged crying (range: 0-1.36%) appeared similar between treatment groups and for each vaccination visit. Crying resolved in all infants; no neurological impairment was reported. CONCLUSION: This study found no statistically significant differences in rates of unusual, high-pitched crying and prolonged crying in infants vaccinated with COMVAX plus placebo compared with infants vaccinated with its monovalent components, PedvaxHIB and RECOMBIVAX HB.

Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins↗
PubMed1995

Sensitivity to two major allergens (Cry j I and Cry j II) in patients with Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis.

BACKGROUND: Japanese cedar (Cryptmeria japonica: CJ) pollinosis is one of the most important allergic diseases in Japan. Recently, the second major allergen (Cry j II) was isolated from CJ pollen. There have been no prevalence studies of sensitivity to Cry j I and Cry j II among a large number of patients with pollinosis. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of sensitivity to Cry j I and Cry j II. We measured specific IgE antibodies to these allergens in the sera of 145 patients. Furthermore, comparison of the sensitivity to Cry j I and Cry j II was examined by the histamine release assay. METHODS: Specific IgE antibodies to Cry j I and Cry j II were assayed by a fluorometric ELISA. Allergen-specific histamine release was measured by a radioimmunoassay kit. RESULTS: More than 90% of 145 patients had specific IgE antibodies to both allergens, the remainder had specific IgE to either one or the other. There were seasonal changes in the level of specific IgE. The changes in the levels of anti-Cry j II IgE antibodies were parallel to those of anti-Cry j I IgE. The histamine release assay with leucocytes from the patients demonstrated that the allergenic potency of the two allergens is almost the same. CONCLUSION: Cry j II is an as important a major allergen as Cry j I.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Uncontrolled crying: characteristics and differences from normative crying.

BACKGROUND: Uncontrolled crying (UC) is a prevalent poststroke phenomenon of elderly patients, socially disabling and interfering with rehabilitation. There are many differences in opinions and nonclarity in the literature relating to UC. OBJECTIVE: To examine two basic questions regarding UC that have as yet not been experimentally studied: typical situations where UC occurs and how UC differs from normative crying (NC). METHODS: Crying episodes of elderly patients suffering from poststroke UC were documented. From 235 crying documented episodes, instructions for further follow-up documentation were received. According to these instructions, 1,098 crying episodes were documented. Using the 'truncated pyramid' model developed during this study, 47 crying situations typical of poststroke UC processed into seven categories were identified. Based on these findings, we compared UC and NC. RESULTS: UC and NC were found to differ in all tested variables: crying situations, content areas of crying situations, crying frequency, crying frequency of men as compared with that of women, and crying frequency when alone as compared with the crying frequency in the presence of others. CONCLUSIONS: UC should be approached as an entity totally different from NC within a wide range of variables. The study's findings assist in understanding UC, the reasons for its disabling effect, and the need for exploring ways to aid elderly patients suffering from poststroke UC. The situations typical of UC and their categories found in this study may serve as additional clinical and research means for these purposes.

Affective Symptoms↗
PubMed1999

Peptide specificity, HLA class II restriction, and T-cell subsets of the T-cell clones specific to either Cry j 1 or Cry j 2, the major allergens of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen.

BACKGROUND: Cry j 1 and Cry j 2 are thought to be the major allergens of Japanese cedar pollen. HLA class II types capable of presenting T-cell epitopes in both allergens and their role in induction of T-cell subsets are not well known. METHODS: CD4+ T (Th)-cell clones (TCCs) specific to either Cry j 1 or Cry j 2 were generated. HLA class II restrictions were determined by their reactivity to the T-cell epitope in the presence of antigen presenting cells sharing matched types. Interleukin (IL)-2, interferon-gamma, IL-4, and IL-5 contents in the supernatants of TCCs were estimated using enzyme immunoassay. RESULTS: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients induced proliferation with 100 microgram/ml Cry j 1 or 3-10 microgram/ml rCry j 2 stimulation. T-cell epitopes in Cry j 1 were presented to Th cells by the gene products of DRA1*01/DRB1*0901, DRA1*01/DRB5*0101, DQA1* 0102/DQB1*0602, and DPA1*01/DPB1*0501; those in Cry j 2 were restricted by DRA1*01/DRB1*0901, DRA1* 01/DRB1*1501, DRA1*01/DRB4*01, DRA1*01/DRB5* 0101, DQA1*0102/DQB1*0602, DPA1*01/DPB1*0201, and DPA1*01 and *0202/DPB1*0501. Type 2-like cells were preferentially induced in Cry j 1 stimulation, while an almost equal number of type 2- and type 1-like cells was induced in rCry j 2. CONCLUSIONS: No clear correlation existed between peptide specificity, HLA class II restriction and induction of Th-cell subsets, suggesting that the requirement of different dose of Cry j 1 or Cry j 2 to induce proliferation in PBMC may lead to distinguishable difference in induction of Th subsets between TCCs specific to Cry j 1 and Cry j 2.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Changes in infants' cries as a function of time in a cry bout.

The present study examines changes in cry sounds over the course of a relatively long bout of crying. Specifically, differences in acoustic characteristics of 5 cries from early and 5 cries from late in a prolonged cry bout were assessed. The results indicated that several features changed in means and/or variances between early and late in the bout. A subset of 9 acoustic features was chosen to evaluate changes in the interrelations of features over time. Cries from late in the bout appeared to result from a smaller number of factors, which were more readily interpretable in terms of a standard model of cry production. Thus, it appears that as infants' level of arousal or distress changes, so do the acoustic features of their cries. Further, the results support the notion that bouts of crying settle into a "basic" or regular cry whose acoustic features provide a reasonable match with a theoretical model of cry production.

Arousal↗
PubMed2000

Clinical assessment of crying and crying inhibition based on attachment theory.

Crying is attachment behavior triggered in infancy by separation and throughout life by loss. Adult crying, as reported and demonstrated in psychotherapy, reflects the quality of early attachment experiences as well as current adult bonds. Specific instances, as well as overall patterns, of crying and inhibited crying may be understood in light of attachment styles, biological factors, and socialization. Types of adult crying (healthy crying, crying for no reason, prolonged or frequent crying associated with depression or physiological disorders) and types of inhibited crying (healthy tearlessness, pervasive emotional control, detached tearlessness, and displaced crying) reflect attachment style and may, in addition, be assessed as healthy or symptomatic of psychological or physiological disorders or a combination.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Preclinical evaluation of an immunotherapeutic peptide comprising 7 T-cell determinants of Cry j 1 and Cry j 2, the major Japanese cedar pollen allergens.

BACKGROUND: Peptide immunotherapy is a new approach to treating allergic diseases, but a therapeutic peptide for Japanese cedar pollinosis has not yet been developed. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to prepare and preclinically evaluate a hybrid peptide comprising 7 T-cell determinants of Cry j 1 and Cry j 2, the major Japanese cedar pollen allergens. METHODS: The recombinant hybrid peptide was prepared after immunodominance of 7 T-cell determinants was confirmed by means of PBMC proliferation assay in 113 volunteers with pollinosis. The hybrid peptide was compared with a mixture of the 7 T-cell determinants in a dose-dependent PBMC proliferation assay in 6 volunteers with pollinosis. PBMC proliferation and binding activity of serum IgE antibody against the hybrid peptide, Cry j 1, and Cry j 2 were investigated in 48 volunteers with pollinosis. RESULTS: The hybrid peptide induced T-cell proliferation with an average 100-fold lower concentration than a mixture of the 7 peptides. PBMCs from 44 (92%) of 48 volunteers proliferated against the hybrid peptide, with significant correlation (r = 0.87) in T-cell proliferation against Cry j 1 and Cry j 2. No serum IgE antibodies specific to Cry j 1 or Cry j 2 bound to the hybrid peptide. CONCLUSION: A hybrid peptide comprising 7 T-cell determinants has the potential for inducing T-cell proliferative responses that is superior to the potential of a mixture of the T-cell determinants and comparable with that of Cry j 1 and Cry j 2. The hybrid peptide will be of use in specific immunotherapy against Japanese cedar pollinosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Adult perception of emotion intensity in human infant cries: effects of infant age and cry acoustics.

The relation between adult perception of emotion intensity in the cries of 1- and 6-month-old infants and the acoustic characteristics of the cries was examined. In the first study, adults who were inexperienced in child care rated 40 cries on 3 emotion intensity scales: anger, fear, and distress. The cries of 6-month-olds were rated as being significantly more intense. Different acoustic variables accounted for emotion intensity ratings for the 2 infant ages. Peak amplitude and noisiness of the cry predicted adult judgments of intensity ratings of 1-month-olds' cries; a measure of amplitude ratio (in 2 frequency bands) was the best predictor of intensity ratings of 6-month-olds' cries. In the second study, parents of infants rated the same cries on the same scales. They also rated the older infants' cries as being more intense. The 2 adult groups did not differ on their ratings, and a regression equation derived from one adult group predicted the other adult group's rating of the same infant age better than it predicted its own ratings for the other infant age. Infant age, and its associated acoustic features, seems to be a more important determinant of adults' perception of emotion intensity than are such adult characteristics as gender or infant-care experience.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Developmental outcome as a function of the goodness of fit between the infant's cry characteristics and the mother's perception of her infant's cry.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the "goodness of fit" between infant cry characteristics and the mother's perception of the cry is related to developmental outcome at 18 months of age. DESIGN: This was a prospective, longitudinal study from birth to 18 months performed in a blinded manner. SETTING: The study was conducted in a maternity hospital, including normal and special care nurseries and a laboratory for developmental follow-up. PATIENTS: The 121 term and preterm infants and their mothers were selected to meet medical criteria. MEASUREMENT: Acoustic analysis of 1-month infant cry and the mother's perception of the same cry was used to divide subjects into four groups representing matches and mismatches between infant cry characteristics and maternal cry perception. Primary outcome measures of cognitive, language, motor, and neurologic outcome were administered at 18 months. Caretaking environment measures were also recorded. RESULTS: Statistically significant (P < .05) findings showed that matched groups scored higher on measures of language and cognitive performance than infants in the mismatch groups, with a particular advantage for infants in the matched group in which mothers accurately perceived the higher-pitched cries of their infants. There were no differences between the groups in biologic or sociodemographic factors. Group differences were observed in social support and maternal self-esteem. CONCLUSIONS: Matches and mismatches between infant cry characteristics at 1 month and the mother's perception of the cry are related to cognitive and language outcome at 18 months in term and preterm infants. This relation is probably due to transactional processes in which developmental outcome is affected by the clarity of the infants' signals and by the ability of the mother to accurately perceive her infant's signals. The mother's ability to read her infant's cues may be affected by factors such as social support and self-esteem.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

IgE-reactivity to major Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen allergens (Cry j 1 and Cry j 2) by ELISA in dogs with atopic dermatitis.

The present study investigated IgE-reactivity to two major Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica, C. japonica) pollen allergens (Cry j 1 and Cry j 2) in dogs with atopic dermatitis by use of a fluorometric ELISA. The serum samples from 27 dogs that showed IgE-sensitivity to crude C. japonica pollen allergen by ELISA were tested for specific IgE to the two major allergens. All 27 dogs had anti-Cry j 1 IgE, and 10 (37%) had anti-Cry j 2 IgE. Inhibition of binding of dog specific IgE to crude C. japonica pollen allergen was carried out by addition of Cry j 1. When serum samples containing anti-Cry j 1 IgE but no anti-Cry j 2 IgE were incubated with Cry j 1, specific IgE binding to crude C. japonica pollen allergen was almost abolished. These findings suggest that Cry j 1 is a major allergen in dogs.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Light-dependent interaction between Drosophila CRY and the clock protein PER mediated by the carboxy terminus of CRY.

BACKGROUND: The biological clock synchronizes the organism with the environment, responding to changes in light and temperature. Drosophila CRYPTOCHROME (CRY), a putative circadian photoreceptor, has previously been reported to interact with the clock protein TIMELESS (TIM) in a light-dependent manner. Although TIM dimerizes with PERIOD (PER), no association between CRY and PER has previously been revealed, and aspects of the light dependence of the TIM/CRY interaction are still unclear. RESULTS: Behavioral analysis of double mutants of per and cry suggested a genetic interaction between the two loci. To investigate whether this was reflected in a physical interaction, we employed a yeast-two-hybrid system that revealed a dimerization between PER and CRY. This was further supported by a coimmunoprecipitation assay in tissue culture cells. We also show that the light-dependent nuclear interactions of PER and TIM with CRY require the C terminus of CRY and may involve a trans-acting repressor. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that, as in mammals, Drosophila CRY interacts with PER, and, as in plants, the C terminus of CRY is involved in mediating light responses. A model for the light dependence of CRY is discussed.

Animals↗