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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1987

[Morphology and development of the cranium of Felis silvestris f. catus Linné 1758--a contribution to comparative anatomy of Carnivora. I. Introduction, material and methods, complete cranium and regio ethmoidalis].

In the present study, the morphology and development of the cartilaginous and osseous cranium of Felis silvestris f. catus is analysed by investigating 2 advanced embryonic stages of 51.1 mm (Felis 1) and 95.5 mm (Felis 2) crown-rump-length, respectively. The heads of Felis 1 and 2 were serially sectioned transversely to produce some models of the cranium and the nasal capsule (wax-plate reconstruction after Born). The investigation of the advanced embryonic cat stages pursues Terry's studies on younger ones of 10 mm to 23.1 mm c.r.l. So, by now, there is an almost complete embryonic series for comparative examination. On the other hand, our knowledge about craniogenesis of fissiped carnivores as a whole will be augmented. The present 1st part of this study gives a detailed description and discussion of the development of the general form of the cranium, the flexures of the skull base, and the ethmoidal region. It is evident that besides general eutherian features, specific characteristics of terrestrial carnivores and felids, resp., can be demonstrated during the development of the embryonic chondrocranium. Special interest lies upon morphogenesis of the whole nasal capsule, which is comparatively short in late embryogenesis, and solum nasi, with its highly differentiated Cartilago ductus nasopalatini and allied structures.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Dynamic responses in adult and infant monkey craniums during occlusion and mastication.

Using occlusion without food as a basis, this study elucidated the dynamic responses and associated buffer mechanisms in the monkey cranium and its component bones during mastication. In addition, investigations were carried out on the relationship of these factors to the growth and development of the cranium. Using strain gauges, the masticatory buffer capacity and dynamic responses in the bone were investigated from the standpoint of the magnitude and direction of strain in the individual bones of the cranium. Compared with the occlusion without food, there were greater stresses during mastication in the bones of both the masticating and non-masticating sides of the cranium. These stresses were greater when masticating hard than soft foods, and greater in the cranium of the adult than infant monkey. On the masticating side of the cranium, the buffer effect to masticatory forces in the adult cranium was carried out by the inherent form of each bone in response to the firmness of the food, while in the infant cranium it was carried out by the entire cranium independent of the firmness of the food. On the non-masticating side of the cranium in both the adult and infant craniums, the zygomatic arch, temporal bone, and the bones of the temporomandibular joint region balanced the masticatory forces of the masticating side of the cranium, and played an important role in buffering these forces. The direction of the principal strain arising in the bones of the infant cranium corresponded to the direction of growth and development of the respective bone. However, in spite of the fact that large strains were observed in each bone on the non-masticating side during mastication of hard foods, the strains were very small on this side during mastication of soft foods. Consequently, it is necessary to masticate hard foods in order to promote the growth and development of the cranial bones. Viscoelasticity in the cranial bones could be explained by a three-element model.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Correlation of brain stem auditory-evoked responses with cranium size and body weight of dogs.

Brain stem auditory-evoked responses were recorded in 9 male and 11 female clinically normal mature dogs, weighing between 2 and 36 kg. Mean wave latency for the entire group of dogs, using 60-dB hearing level click stimuli at 11/s for waves I to VII was: 1.41, 2.21, 2.85, 3.31, 3.71, 5.12, and 6.46 ms, respectively. The mean interpeak latency for waves I and V (IPLIV) was 2.32 ms. Neither gender nor ear effect was detectable. Positive correlation was observed between cranium length, cranium width, nasion-external auditory meatus interval, and body weight for wave-V latency and IPLIV. Such correlation was not documented for wave I. The regression equations for their effects on IPLIV were: cranium length, y = 0.05x + 1.85; cranium width, y = 0.07x + 1.32; nasion-external auditory meatus interval, y = 0.05x + 1.79; and body weight, y = 0.01x + 2.15. On the basis of any of the 3 variables of cranium size or body weight, the study population could be classified into groups of large and small dogs, with the large group having significantly (P less than 0.05) longer latency for wave V and IPLIV. It is recommended that the effect of size variation in dogs on brain stem auditory-evoked responses should be compensated for by use of the regression equation based on cranium length.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Hereditary cranium bifidum and symmetric parietal foramina are the same entity.

Cranium bifidum is literally "cleft skull." Numerous reports describe the anatomy of this defect, and crude estimates of the population prevalence suggest it is a relatively infrequent occurrence. McKusick's catalog contains only one family with cranium bifidum but several familial reports of symmetrical parietal foramina. Available information indicates that cranium bifidum and symmetrical parietal foramina are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion and occur in orientals, blacks, whites, and native Americans. Here we report on a family with serial radiographs that document ontogenic development of parietal foramina in late childhood and adulthood from apparent cranium bifidum and parietal foramina during infancy and early childhood. We conclude that these are the same entity, differentiated only by the time during life in which the defect is demonstrated.

Cranial Sutures↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of oral Ginkgo biloba supplementation on cataract formation and oxidative stress occurring in lenses of rats exposed to total cranium radiotherapy.

PURPOSE: To determine the antioxidant role of Ginkgo biloba (GB) in preventing radiation-induced cataracts in the lens after total-cranium irradiation of rats with a single radiation dose of 5 Gy. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 received neither GB nor irradiation (control group). Group 2 was exposed to total-cranium irradiation of 5 Gy in a single dose [radiation therapy (RT) Group], and group 3 received total cranium irradiation from a cobalt-60 teletherapy unit, plus 40 mg/kg per day GB (RT+GB group). At the end of the tenth day, the rats were killed and their eyes were enucleated to measure the antioxidant enzymes, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the lipid peroxidation level [malondialdehyde (MDA)]. RESULTS: Irradiation significantly increased both the MDA level and the activity of GSH-Px, and significantly decreased the activity of SOD in the rat lenses. GB supplementation significantly increased the activities of SOD and GSH-Px enzymes and significantly decreased the MDA level. Total cranium irradiation of 5 Gy in a single dose promoted cataract formation, and GB supplementation protected the lenses from radiation-induced cataracts. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that Ginkgo biloba is an antioxidant that protects the rat lens from radiation-induced cataracts.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

Hereditary cranium bifidum persisting as enlarged parietal foramina (Catlin marks) on cephalometric radiographs.

Cranium bifidum occultum is a rare skull ossification disorder referred to as the Catlin mark characterized by ossification defects in the parietal bones. Evidence suggests that this condition has a strong genetic heterogenicity. It is believed that, as calvarial growth continues, ossification in parietal bones fills these defects, and they can remain as parietal foramina on either side of the sagittal suture. During the conversion phase of cranium bifidum to the persistent parietal foramen, there will be periods when the brain is unprotected because of the delay in the ossification of the parietal bones. This report describes cranium bifidum occultum diagnosed as an incidental finding in a 14-year-old boy who initially had large bilateral unossified parietal bones and many congenital abnormalities. The patient underwent various surgical procedures over 6 years for the correction of cleft lip and palate. With craniofacial corrections and orthodontic treatment, the patient now has stable dentition and a firm palate with most of the parietal bones ossified. Cranioplasty was not recommended by his family physician after consultation with a neurosurgeon. Orthodontists should be familiar with this genetic abnormality because it causes delay in parietal bone ossification, and they should be able to distinguish between anatomic parietal foramina and enlarged parietal foramina (persistent unossified areas of cranium bifidum occultum), especially when craniofacial abnormalities are noticed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Controlling for premorbid brain size in imaging studies: T1-derived cranium scaling factor vs. T2-derived intracranial vault volume.

Intracranial vault (ICV) volume, obtained from T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is generally used to estimate premorbid brain size in imaging studies. T1-weighted sequences lack the signal characteristics for ICV measurements [they have poor contrast at the outer boundary of sulcal cranium scaling factor (CSF)] but are valuable in imaging studies due to their excellent gray vs. white matter contrast. Smith et al. [NeuroImage 17 (2002) 479] suggested a T1-derived cranium scaling factor as an alternative control variable for premorbid brain size in cross-sectional studies. This index, which is computed using the SIENAX software, is a scaling factor comparing an individual's skull to a template skull derived from the Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) average of 152 T1 studies (the MNI152). SIENAX computes coarsely defined estimates for the individual and MNI skulls rather than well-defined volumes. To test how well this approach would work as a control variable for premorbid brain size in cross-sectional studies, we compared the T1-derived cranium scaling factor to T2-derived ICV measurements in a sample of 92 individuals: 39 white males, 22 white females, and 31 African-American males, with an age range of 26-78 years. The correlation between T1- and T2-derived variables was 0.94 and did not differ across subject groups. The T1-derived cranium scaling factor accounted for a statistically significant portion (87%) of the variance of the T2-derived ICV measure and thus is a good surrogate for ICV measurement of premorbid brain size as a reference measure in MRI atrophy studies. Furthermore, neither race, sex, nor age accounted for any additional variance in ICV, indicating that neither race-, gender-, nor age-associated cranial bone thickness effects were present in this data set.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

An osteometrical study of the cranium and mandible of Ryukyu wild pig in Iriomote island.

We measured crania and mandibles of Ryuku wild pigs from Iriomote Island. Sex and age were determined by observation of lower teeth. From the present data, the growth pattern was established for some items. For several parts of the cranium and mandible, the relative growth coefficient was compared. The results obtained here are summarized as follows: (1) Although sexual dimorphism was already shown in the younger group, a significant difference in profile length and length from the angle was not seen in the adult group. (2) As the animal grew, the proportion of length to width became larger in the skull. (3) The visceral cranium grew more rapidly in length than the cerebral cranium. On the other hand, growth of the cerebral cranium contributed to width in cranial development. (4) The body of the mandible was shown to grow more rapidly in length than the ramus of the mandible. (5) The growth pattern of some items was related to that of their associated muscles. These basic data are expected to be compared with data from other population of the same subspecies and Japanese wild pig. The comparisons will contribute to the establishment of origin and phylogeny of this animal.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

[A cranium relates].

In 1987 the Swedish zoologist Karl Georg Wingstrand, (1919-92), who was professor of comparative anatomy at the University of Copenhagen, was going to retire. In that connection he handed over as a gift to the Historical Museum of Malmö a cranium, which he had inherited after his paternal grandfather's brother, Fr. august Wingstrand. It had been found, when the latter's home was emptied in the beginning of the 1910's after his death. On the inside of the sawed-off top of the cranium was written "Housewife Elsa Nilsdotter from Bäsinge, hanged on the Castle of Malmö in 1882". According to family tradition August Wingstrand had acquired it when serving as a prison doctor in Malmö. August Wingstrand was born in 1855 and started his medical studies at the University of Lund in 1878. After studies there and at the Medical School of Stockholm he took his degree as Licentiate of Medicine in 1897. The exceptionally long study period of 40 semesters can partly be explained through his active participation in the student life of his "Nation". After taking his degree he became a psychiatrist in mental hospitals and died in 1910. The background of the cranium was that in 1881 a farmer, Månsson, in the province of Skåne was shot and killed. The reason was that his wife, Else Nilsdotter, and the hired man, Sjöstedt, were in love with each other and had instigated the hired man's uncle, Eld, to shoot him. The crime was immediately solved and Else Nilsdotter, Sjöstedt and Eld were sentenced to death on January 7, 1882. Before the sentence had been submitted to the Court of Appeal Else Nilsdotter committed suicide on January 25, 1882, through hanging or rather strangling herself in her cell at the Prison in Malmm, the old fortress Malmöhus, where the Historical Museum now is situated. According to regulations her body was handed over to the Anatomical Institution of the University of Lund for use in dissection and afterwards she was buried there. The probable reason why the cranium did not follow the body was that some medical student had grabbed it in order to put it on his desk according to the habit of the period and that it had ended up in the possession of August Wingstrand. The latter had no post in the Anatomical or Patological institutions during the spring semester of 1882. Eld and Sjöstedt were reprieved from the death sentence and released in 1908 after serving 26 years of hard labour.

Anatomy↗
PubMed1997

[The structural typology of the human cerebral cranium].

819 skulls (250 of them were represented as frontal sections) obtained from men and women of different age were examined in order to study the variability of human cerebral cranium biomechanical stability to external mechanical influences and to work out its morphological constructional typology. Methods were based considering cerebral cranium as a coat, approximating to half of the rotation ellipsoid in shape. The following craniotypes are the extreme types of cerebral cranium construction stability, a) morphologically-stable one, where strength is provided both by great bone thickness and small curvature radiuses, 6) structurally-stable, in which strength is provided by great bone thickness, B) configurationally stable in which strength is provided by curvature small radiuses, r) morphologically unstable with small bone thickness and great curvature radiuses. Phylo-ontogenetic dynamics of human cerebral cranium construction stability was followed up.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1983

The Lake Ndutu cranium and early Homo sapiens in Africa.

The partial cranium from Lake Ndutu, near Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania, has generally been viewed as Homo erectus, although points of similarity to H. sapiens have also been recognized. Bones of the vault are in fact quite thick, and the cranium is small. Length and breadth dimensions are comparable to those of earlier H. erectus from Koobi Fora and Ileret, and the Ndutu individual is more similar in size to O.H. 12 than to O.H. 9. Unfortunately, the facial skeleton and frontal bone are very incomplete, and little useful information can be obtained from these parts of the existing reconstruction. The parietals are also damaged, but the left temporal is more satisfactorily preserved, and the occiput is nearly complete. Occipital morphology, mastoid shape, and characteristics of the glenoid cavity and tympanic plate probably provide the best available guide to affinities of the Ndutu hominid. In many of these features the cranium resembles Broken Hill, Elandsfontein, and other African fossils referred to archaic H. sapiens. There are some similarities to modern humans also, but no ties to the Neanderthals of Europe. Allocation of Ndutu to an African subspecies of H. sapiens seems most appropriate, even if the pattern of relationships between such archaic populations and recent humans is still unclear.

Animals↗