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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1985

Characterization of cpd-1 and cpd-2 mutants which affect the activity of orthophosphate regulated cyclic phosphodiesterase in Neurospora.

Enzymatic and genetic characterization of cpd-1 and cpd-2, which exhibit rhythmic conidiation in liquid media and on solid media, were described with band (bd) strain as a reference. Cpd-1 and cpd-2 showed reduced growth in orthophosphate-free cyclic 3',5'-AMP media, while bd showed wild-type level of growth in the media. In low-phosphate media, cpd-1 and cpd-2 produced 19.2% and 9.8% of orthophosphate-regulated cyclic phosphodiesterase (cPDase) in culture media, while bd produced 123%. The intracellular levels of cPDase with Km of 1 x 10(-5) M in high-phosphate media in cpd-1, cpd-2 and bd were about 20%, 15%, and 10% of that in wild-type, respectively. In low-phosphate media roughly equal levels of cPDase with Km of 1 x 10(-5) M were produced in all strains, whereas the production of cPDase with Km of 2 x 10(-3) M was reduced in cpd-2, and that of cPDase with Km of 1 x 10(-2) was reduced in cpd-1 and cpd-2. The levels of intracellular cyclic 3',5'-AMP in cpd-1, cpd-2, and bd in high-phosphate media were 13.1%, 10.1%, and 69.6% of that in wild-type. Adenylate cyclase activity in cpd-1, cpd-2, bd, and cr-1 was 69.3%, 34.0%, 63.2%, and 20.3% of that of wild-type (74A). The levels of Mg++-stimulated cyclic phosphodiesterase in cpd-1, cpd-2, bd, and cr-1 at 0.2 microM cyclic 3',5'-AMP were 199%, 137%, 329%, and 293% of that of wild-type.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1979

The storage of hard-packed red blood cells in citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) and CPD-adenine (CPDA-1).

The preservation of red cells "hard packed" to a hematocrit of over 80% from blood collected in citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) or CPD-adenine (CPDA-1) has been investigated. After 21 days of storage, cells that had been collected in CPD solution had consumed most or all of the available glucose and manifested markedly impaired viability after reinfusion into the normal donor. In contrast, red cells prepared from blood collected in CPDA-1, a medium containing supplementary adenine and an increased amount of glucose, maintained higher glucose and adenosine triphosphate levels and, in most instances, manifested satisfactory posttransfusion viability. We emphasize that in addition to providing longer shelf life of stored blood, CPDA-1 provides a better hard-packed red cell concentrate for transfusion at 21 days.

Adenine↗
PubMed1992

Peritonitis in children undergoing chronic peritoneal dialysis (CPD): data from the Italian Registry of Pediatric CPD.

During the period 1986-1990, 119 patients were enrolled in the Italian Registry of Pediatric CPD. CAPD was largely predominant in the first 3 years, while CCPD accounted for 48% of dialysis months in the period 1989-1990. The connect-disconnect system was a Y set for all patients during the whole observation period. The incidence of peritonitis decreased from 1 episode: 10.9 patient-months in 1986 to 1:19.8 in 1988, and then passed to 1:16.2 in 1990. A comparison of the incidence of peritonitis between CAPD and CCPD, referring to the 1989-1990 period, showed no significant difference. The percentage of positive peritoneal fluid cultures changed from 48% in 1986 to 73% in 1990. Gram-positive bacteria, primarily Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, accounted for most of the isolated organisms. Candida albicans was cultured in 3 cases both in 1986 and 1987. Exit site infection was the predominant (82%) complication, followed by leakage and catheter cuff extrusion. The hospitalization rate for peritonitis resulted persistently high (61% of episodes) and the mean duration was 12.7 days. Of the 8 patients who were switched to hemodialysis, 4 had recurrent peritonitis and 1 Candida albicans peritonitis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Chlorophyll derivatives (CpD) extracted from silk worm excreta are specifically cytotoxic to tumor cells in vitro.

Among chlorophyll derivatives (CpD-A, -B, -C, and -D) extracted from silk worm (Bombyx mori) excretas, CpD-A was extensively studied to clarify its role as a "photosensitizer" for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumors in vitro. It was found that CpD-A was photoreactive both in itself and also in its cell bound forms. The cell bound CpD-A produced fluorescent light and singlet oxygen following the exposure to lights of varied wave length. Among them, lights of near 650 nm, which was the maximum absorbance band, efficiently activated CpD-A following the application of only 10 minutes of irradiation. CpD-A was found to have specificity for the human and mouse tumor cells regardless of their species difference. A higher intensity of fluorescence and a larger amount of CpD-A were found in the tumor cells as opposed to the intensity found in normal cells. Only 10 minutes of light irradiation of the CpD-A treated tumor cells resulted in their rapid and complete destruction within 2 hours of irradiation. Simultaneously, more than 80% of the normal human and mouse control cells remained alive after receiving treatment. These findings suggested that CpD-A produced by use of silkworm excreta could be used as a photosensitizer for PDT of tumors by the use of lights of near 650 nm.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Contaminating fibrin in CPD-blood: solubility in plasma and distribution in blood components following separation.

In order to estimate the solubility of contaminating fibrin in CPD-blood, thrombin induced fibrin polymerzation in CPD-plasma was examined by light scattering and fibrinopeptide A (FPA) determinations. In addition, I125 fibrin monomer enriched CPD-blood was used to investigate fibrin monomer retention in blood bags and transfusion filters (170 microns) and fibrin distribution in blood components derived from CPD-blood. Initial fibrin polymerization in CPD-blood occurred after conversion of 15 per cent of the fibrinogen to fibrin, implying that substantial amounts of fibrin may be kept solubilized in CPD-blood bags. Only minor amounts of I125 fibrin monomers were retained in blood bags (2.4 per cent) and in transfusion filters (2.9 per cent) after sham transfusions. After separating I125-fibrin monomer enriched CPD-blood into its constituent components, the major part of fibrin (75.0 per cent) could be traced in the cryoprecipitate.

Adenine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The in vivo survival of red blood cells stored in modified CPD with adenine: report of a multi-institutional cooperative effort.

In order to provide data in support of licensure applications for citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) supplemented with adenine, a multi-institutional cooperative effort was organized to determine survivability of red blood cells subjected to prolonged liquid storage. Two manufacturers supplied plastic multiple bag blood storage containers prefilled with modified CPD (glucose 25% greater than the normal concentration) supplemented with adenine (17.0 to 17.3 mg per 63 ml of anticoagulant; 0.25 millimolar approximate final concentration when diluted with 450 ml of whole blood for 35 days showed a mean survival of 80.53 +/- 6.44 per cent (1 SD). Both red blood cell and supernatant plasma biochemical characteristics were comparable to those reported for whole blood stored for 21 days in either acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD) or CPD. Red blood cells from 19 units stored as concentrates for 35 days (Hct 75.03 +/- 3.74%) had a mean survival of 71.38 +/- 10.3 per cent with considerable interdonor variation in survival and interlaboratory variation in some biochemical characteristics. Red blood cells from eight units stored as concentrates (Hct 75.38 +/- 4.30%) for 28 days showed a mean survival of 83.97 +/- 6.10 per cent and biochemical characteristics comparable to those reported for red blood cell concentrates stored in CPD or ACD for 21 days. Modified CPD with adenine as formulated offers an improved anticoagulant for blood banking by extending the permissible red blood cell storage period.

Adenine↗
PubMed1979

Complement components detected on normal red blood cells taken into EDTA and CPD.

Normal red blood cells (RBC) from fresh EDTA and CPD blood and from stored CPD blood were examined for the presence of bound subcomponents of C3 and C4. By serologic agglutination tests, only C3d was detectable on the cells. Incubation in compatible fresh normal serum (FNS) at 37 degrees C appeared to increase the amount of 3Cd on the RBC. C3b was serologically detectable only on stored CPD cells and only after incubation in compatible FNS. No. C4 components were detected on the cell surfaces in agglutination tests. Using an indirect labeling technique, small, but significant, amounts of C3d and C4d were found on all three types of untreated cells. C3b was present on stored CPD cells only. The indirect labeling technique showed a significant increase in C3d and C4d on all cells following incubation i- compatible FNS, whereas bound C3b was significantly increased only with stored CPD cells. There was no increase in bound C4b following serum incubation. The average number of C3d molecules per cell on normal EDTA cells was 557 and average Ko was 3.6 x 10(7) l/mol.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Oxygenation properties and intraerythrocytic constituents of human blood when stored in different media of ACD and CPD.

In the blood stored in acid-citrate-dextrose solution (ACD blood), the oxygen affinity and red cell 2, 3-diphosphoglycerate (2, 3-DPG) content showed parallel exponential decays with half-lives of 3 to 4 days. In the blood stored in citrate-phosphate-dextrose solution (CPD blood), the two parameters increased during the first 4 days before showing the same decay as that seen in the ACD blood. There was no significant change in the transmembrane pH gradient of the red cells, and thus the intracellular pH at the plasma pH of 7.40 was always in the range of 7.17 +/- 0.02 throughout the period of storage in ACD medium. In both ACD and CPD blood, the Hill exponent n was always normal (approximately 2.8) while the Bohr coefficient (delta log P50/delta pH) rose along with the lapse of time for preservation. The oxygen affinity of the CPD blood was less influenced by the red cell 2, 3-DPG than was that of the ACD blood. This phenomenon was thought to derive from higher concentration of salts within the CPD-stored red cells. The efficiency of blood oxygen transport in ACD and CPD blood was compared.

Blood Preservation↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blood preservation XVI packed red cell storage in CPD-adenine.

Interest has been renewed in CPD-adenine as a long-term liquid blood preservative. The question of whether the metabolic product of adenine, 2,8-dioxyadenine was toxic to humans has apparently been resolved by extensive animal and human studies in favor of there being no potential toxicity in the amounts used in blood preservation. Sweden is adopting CPD-adenine (0.25 mM) as its national blood preservative after ten years of clinical experience in trials. They have shown that each additional week of storage time beyond the current three weeks with CPD results in a 50 per cent reduction of wasteage caused by outdating. They are adopting the 35-day time for regular use with 42 days for an emergency reserve supply. However, many units of blood in the U.S. are stored as packed red blood cells and the question has been raised as to whether there is sufficient glucose in the preservative to maintain red blood cell metabolism in the packed cell unit. The present investigation indicates that there is sufficient glucose for 35 days of packed cell storage in CPD-adenine (0.25 mM) but in some units this might be marginal at 42 days of storage.

Adenine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blood storage XXIII: 2,3-DPG maintenance for six weeks in a CPD-adenine-inosine preservative with and without methylene blue.

In a pilot study the optimal concentration of inosine for 2,3-DPG maintenance in a CPD-adenine (0.25 mM) preservative was confirmed to be at lease 10 mM. In these experiments, 2,3-DPG maintenance was nearly normal for six weeks of storage in CPD-adenine-inosine (10 mM) preservative with or without methylene blue. The control preservative lacking inosine showed a statistically significant decrease in 2,3-DPG concentrations after the 3rd week. Finally, 2,3-DPG levels were significantly better maintained in CPD-adenine preservatives that contained 15 mM concentrations of inosine, whether methylene blue was present or not (10(-6)M), compared to CPD-adenine-inosine preservatives that contained 5 mM inosine, with or without methylene blue. The methylene blue effect, while it can be demonstrated in most experiments to help the red blood cell maintain 2,3-DPG during prolonged blood storage, is judges to be a slight value. However, inosine is of great value in maintaining 2,3-DPG for prolonged (five to six weeks) liquid storage.

Adenine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blood preservation XXVI, CPD-adenine packed cells: benefits of increasing the glucose.

In searching for the optimal glucose concentration, this lab has monitored ATP, 2,3-DPG, pH, and glucose levels of samples taken from full blood units stored for 6 weeks at 4 C. The blood was collected into CPD-adenine containing 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 per cent of the glucose present in CPD. The units were stored as whole blood, soft packed (50 to 70% Hct), or hard packed units (80 to 95% Hct). ATP values in general did not decrease very greatly in whole blood units and only moderately in soft packed units. However, in hard packed units a steady progressive decrease in the ATP values was seen to begin at day 14. In these hard-packed units the only improvement with extra glucose was seen beginning at day 14 when ATP maintenance was better with 200 per cent glucose, but the improvement was not significant until day 42. However, at 35 days the ATP values for 200 and 175 per cent glucose were noticeably better than for the other preservatives. Therefore, it appears from this study that the glucose concentration in CPD-adenine for hard-packed cells should be at least 175 per cent of that in regularly formulated CPD. Also, there would appear to be an advantage of having 200 per cent glucose in those units of blood that may be stored beyond 35 days for emergency blood shortage times.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1975

Studies on citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) blood supplemented with adenine.

The effect of varying adenine concentrations in citrate-phosphate-dextrose (CPD) blood was studied in an attempt to optimize the storage conditions for human erythrocytes with regard to posttransfusion viability and oxygen release function. The maintenance of diphosphoglycerate (DPG) was impaired by adenine supplementation; this effect was closely related to the adenine concentration. A 0.25 mM adenine concentration in CPD blood improved the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels and the posttransfusion viability markedly, without appreciably impairing the DPG maintenance. The results suggest that CPD solution supplemented with adenine to give a 0.25 mM concentration in the blood is a better preservative for human erythrocytes than the commonly used acid-citrate-dextrose (ACD), CPD, and ACD-adenine solutions with regard to posttransfusion viability and oxygen release function. Adenine addition to this low concentration is not expected to cause renal damage even after massive transfusion.

Adenine↗
PubMed1990

Anti-retroviral effect of chlorophyll derivatives (CpD-D) by photosensitization.

A new photosensitizer, CpD(chlorophyll derivatives), previously reported as a promising agent for tumor therapy, was studied to determine its inhibitory effects on Gross leukemia virus(GLV), a mouse retrovirus isolated from the GLV-producing TGV cell line, and the cytocidal effect on the GLV infected cells in vitro, following photodynamic treatment with CpD-D and red light, the viral inactivation and infectivity were examined by measuring the reverse transcriptase(RT) activity of the virus itself and that in cell-free culture supernatant of freshly GLV-infected secondary mouse embryo cells respectively. The cytocidal activity was measured by trypan blue exclusion test. Inhibition of GLV associated RT activity resulted from CpD-D and red light treatment. The RT inhibition effect was immediate and the infectivity of these photodynamically treated GLV to mouse embryo cells was also inhibited. However, specific cytotoxicity of GLV infected cells was not found. Thus, it is concluded that CpD-D may be used as an effective antiviral agent.

AKR murine leukemia virus↗
PubMed1979

[Changes in ionized calcium and citrate levels in dogs during mechanical autotransfusion with heparin, ACD and CPD].

The control of ionized calcium (Ca++), total calcium, and citrate levels in serum were determined in dogs during autotransfusion (AT) of blood stabilized with heparin, ACD (formula B) and CPD. Blood samples were taken according to the changes of aortic pressure (AOP), which was continuously monitored. Taking the values during the stable phase of AOP preceding the AT as baseline, Ca++ dropped by 27% with ACD and by 34% with CPD at the maximum decrease of AOP immediately after the AT. The corresponding increase of citrate was 174% with ACD and 521% with CPD, while total calcium remained stable. Thus cardiac depression after AT of citrated blood seems to be mainly caused by the drop of Ca++, which is significantly more pronounced with CPD, corresponding to the higher content of citrate.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Hemoglobin function in stored blood, XVII. Maintenance of red cell 2,3 DPG (function) and ATP (viability) for six weeks in ACD or CPD-adenine-inosine-methylene blue.

Blood preservatives containing adenine for six week storage have been prepared with inosine and methylene blue at various pH levels in order to maintain, 23-DPG levels for immediate oxygen transport upon transfusion. In one experiment, the adverse effect of a high pH on ATP maintenance was demonstrated in the presence of methylene blue and inosine. In this and other experiments it was clear that ATP was better maintained in low pH preservatives and DPG better maintained in higher pH preservatives. However, 2,3-DPG levels were kept from falling with CPD-adenine-inosine over a wide range of pH values. A CPD-adenine-inosine preservative at a pH 5.8 maintained normal DPG levels for three weeks of storage. A similar preservative but with a pH of 6.6 maintained normal DPG levels for 35 days of storage. It is suggested that if all blood bank units are going to have normal DPG levels for optimal oxygen transport at the time of transfusion then a CPD preservative with a higher pH and/or metabolic nutrients and regulators such as inosine or methylene blue would be required.

Adenine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of agitation on in vitro metabolism of erythrocytes stored in CPD-adenine.

Agitation of blood stored in plastic containers has been reported to lead to improved posttransfusion survival and it has been found that, in some media, agitation has improved erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) levels. Using CPD II media (CPD with 277.5 mM glucose and 2.04 mM adenine), we were not able to identify any improvement in levels of adenosine triphosphate, 2,3-DPG or glucose in whole blood under various agitation conditions when compared with nonagitated control. The 2,3-DPG level was moderately improved through 28 days in the 90 per cent hematocrit packed erythrocytes but the results were not considered to be significantly beneficial to warrant agitation. Thus, the application of agitation to the CPD II blood storage system was of no great benefit in improving metabolic intermediate levels.

Adenine↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blood storage XXII. Improvement in red blood cell 2,3-DPG levels at six weeks by 20 mM PO4 in CPD-adenine-inosine.

Inorganic phosphate has been known to assist red blood cell maintenance of ATP and in the presence of inosine to assist in the maintenance of 2,3-DPG. High concentrations of phosphate, while helping ATP maintenance, were found to be deleterious to 2,3-DPG maintenance in CPD-adenine preservatives. However, in the presence of inosine, concentrations of phosphate as high as 10 mM were advantageous to 2,3-DPG maintenance. The present study extends the observations on ATP and 2,3-DPG maintenance in CPD-adenine-inosine preservatives from the previous 10 mM to 20 mM phosphate. A high phosphate (20 mM) effect has been seen as improved maintenance of 2,3-DPG levels during the fifth and sixth weeks of storage of whole blood at 4C. This supports the previously reported observation of improved maintenance of 2,3-DPG in a 10 mM phosphate preservative. This is ten times the 2 mM phosphate concentration in CPD-adenine. In the low phosphate preservative (2 mM), 2,3-DPG maintenance is less than that in all of the higher phosphate preservatives after the second week of storage. ATP concentrations in this experiment show good maintenance throughout six weeks of storage.

Adenine↗