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PubMedDate not supplied

Infectious coryza: preventing complicated coryza with Haemophilus gallinarum and Mycoplasma gallisepticum bacterins.

Three types of infectious coryza were produced in unvaccinated chickens by challenge inoculums containing different combinations of Haemophilus gallinarum (HG) and Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG). Monovalent and combination bacterins of HG and MG were tested to determine their efficacy against chronic complicated infectious coryza. Challenge exposure of vaccinates with MG and HG showed protection against the HG component to be immunotype-specific. Some protection against complicated coryza resulted from HG bacterins only, whereas MG bacterin was ineffective. Protection against transient and chronic coryza was provided by a combination MG-HG bacterin. Two doses of this bacterin gave better protection against upper respiratory clinical signs and lowered the incidence of airsacculitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Bacterial coryza in turkeys in Texas.

A motile, gram-negative, short bacillus was isolated from the tracheas of turkey poults with coryza. An Escherichia coli also was isolated from the tracheas of poults. The former bacterium possessed characteristics similar or identical to those isolated from coryza outbreaks in other states. The characteristics were similar to those described for Alcaligenes fecalis. Cultures of the turkey coryza isolate produced coryza when inoculated intranasally in 1 to 3-day-old poults. The bacterium was reisolated consistently from the tracheas of the affected poults. In one experiment, poults inoculated with the coryza bacterium and the E. coli isolate had an apparent increased incidence of air sacculitis. No viruses were isolated from the tracheas of coryza-affected poults. Blood serums were negative for precipitating and hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies to avian influenza and Newcastle disease viruses, respectively. The serum neutralizing antibody titers to infectious bursal disease virus in noninoculated poults, and poults inoculated with the coryza bacterium, or E. coli or both, were undetectable or low. Serum agglutination was not a reliable method for determining infection by the coryza bacterium.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Complicated infectious coryza outbreaks in Argentina.

Seventeen complicated outbreaks of infectious coryza in layer, broiler-breeder, and broiler flocks were studied. In the layer flock outbreaks, drops in egg production of up to 35% were seen. In the broiler flocks and several of the layer flocks, losses due to persistent mortality and/or culling varied between 2 and 5%. Signs of infectious coryza in both layers and broiler-breeders were typical; in broilers, however, swollen head-like syndrome was seen. Except in one flock, no viral diseases were clinically or serologically detected. Excluding broiler-breeders, birds from most other flocks were serologically positive for Mycoplasma gallisepticum, and some were also positive for M. synoviae. Haemophilus paragallinarum was isolated from all of the outbreaks, but only as a pure culture in three outbreaks. Isolation of H. paragallinarum from sites such as liver, kidney, and particularly tarsal arthritis and ocular globes appears to be reported for the first time. Serovar A was isolated in eight outbreaks, serovar B in six, serovar C in one, and untypable serovars in two. The severity of these infectious coryza outbreaks may have been increased by concurrent salmonellosis, pasteurellosis, and mycoplasmosis, although under certain conditions H. paragallinarum is able to cause septicemia. Ten of the outbreaks occurred in birds vaccinated against infectious coryza; this may be due to the use of vaccines that do not provide protection against the types of H. paragallinarum that affect poultry in the region.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pseudoephedrine in coryza.

1. The aim of the present study was to assess the efficacy of pseudoephedrine in coryza. 2. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design, 48 adults with acute coryza received a single oral dose of 60 mg pseudoephedrine (Sudafed; Pfizer Consumer HealthCare Group, Caringbah, NSW, Australia) or matching placebo. Before and after dosing, nasal airway resistance (NAR), nasal volume, the minimum intranasal cross-sectional area (MCA) and the symptom of nasal congestion were measured. 3. Pseudoephedrine produced a significant decrease in NAR (P = 0.005; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.073, 0.383). Nasal volume increased, but this did not reach significance (P = 0.07; 95% CI -0.842, 0.034). There was no change in MCA and symptoms. 4. In conclusion, pseudoephedrine has a moderate effect in decreasing objective measures of nasal congestion in coryza.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Infectious coryza: overview of the disease and new diagnostic options.

Infectious coryza is a well-recognized and commonly encountered upper respiratory tract disease of chickens that is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus paragallinarum. The occurrence of recent outbreaks in North America has emphasized that the disease can be significant in meat chickens as well as layer chickens. In developing countries, coryza is commonly complicated by the presence of a range of other infections, resulting in severe disease and significant economic losses. Unusual forms of the disease, involving arthritis and septicemia, again associated with the presence of other pathogens, have been found in South America. Newly recognized bacteria such as Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale and phenotypic variant forms of both H. paragallinarum and close relatives (variant in that they no longer require V-factor for growth in vitro) have increased the difficulty associated with diagnosing the disease. There have been suggestions in both South America and South Africa that new serovars or serovar variants, associated with unusual clinical manifestations and causing vaccine failures, are emerging. Definitive evidence to confirm or deny the role of these "variants" in vaccine failures is currently not available. A new DNA-based diagnostic technique, involving PCR, has been recently described and will greatly assist in the diagnosis of infectious coryza.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Survey of infectious coryza of chickens in Indonesia.

A survey of infectious coryza of chickens was performed in West Jawa of Indonesia between 1987 to 1988 by the detection of hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody against Haemophilus paragallinarum (Hpg) in non-vaccinated healthy laying (12 farms, 196 chickens) and native (8 farms, 197 chickens) chickens. HI antibodies against Hpg were detected not only in the native chickens but also in the laying chickens, regardless of the district, and were observed in 70% (14/20) of farms and 19% (73/393) of chickens. HI antibodies against serotype A were detected from 11 farms (55%) and 11% (45/393) in chickens. Those against serotype C were detected from 5 farms (25%) and 8% (30/393) in chickens. Three Hpg strains were isolated from different chickens affected with infectious coryza. Two of them were identified as type A and the other as type C by the rapid plate agglutination test. These results demonstrated that the outbreaks of infectious coryza caused by serotype A and C strains had occurred in Indonesia.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Efficacy of a commercially available coryza vaccine against challenge with recent South African NAD-independent isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum in chickens.

In South Africa the incidence of NAD-independent Haemnophilus paragallinarum isolation from clinical cases is increasing. This study was carried out to test whether a commercially available coryza vaccine (Nobilis Coryza, Intervet International BV) could protect chickens against challenge with recent NAD-independent isolates. SPF chickens were vaccinated twice at 3 and 7 weeks of age and were challenged at 9 weeks of age with 5 different NAD-independent isolates of serotype A or C-3. The results after challenge show that the coryza vaccine induces good protection against challenge with the different South African NAD-independent isolates of H. paragallinarum, including serotype C-3.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Limitation of the spread and impact of infectious coryza through the use of a continuous disinfection programme.

The effect of a continuous disinfection programme, using the non-toxic disinfectant Virukill, in layers, on the spread and impact of infectious coryza, caused by Haemophilus paragallinarum was evaluated. In this experiment, both unvaccinated layers and layers vaccinated against infectious coryza were used. Duplicate smaller groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated chickens were challenged with different serovars of both NAD-dependent as well as NAD-independent isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum. One group of chickens challenged with each of the different becterial serovars was treated with the continuous disinfection programme, while the other group remained as the untreated controls. The clinical signs of infectious coryza were evaluated over a period of 20 days in each group. The egg production over this period was also evaluated. It was found in all experimental challenges, that the severity of the symptoms was reduced in the birds receiving the continuous disinfection programme. The drop in egg production was also found to be less severe in the treated groups when compared to the untreated control groups. The duration of infection was found to be either unchanged, or shorter in the birds treated with the continuous disinfection programme. In none of the experimental challenges was the duration or expression of clinical signs of IC increased due to the continuous disinfection programme.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiologic studies on infectious coryza outbreaks in northern New South Wales, Australia, using serotyping, biotyping, and chromosomal DNA restriction endonuclease analysis.

The epidemiology of 16 cases of infectious coryza, an upper respiratory tract disease of chickens caused by Haemophilus paragallinarum, was investigated in a retrospective study. The cases occurred over a 14-month period on 10 farms in northern New South Wales. The available field data indicated that the cases formed six unrelated outbreaks. The 16 isolates of H. paragallinarum were subjected to serotyping by the Page and Kume schemes and biotyping based on carbohydrate fermentation and antimicrobial drug-resistance patterns. As well, newer fingerprinting techniques--plasmid profiles, whole-cell protein profiles, immunoblots of whole-cell protein profiles and total DNA restriction endonuclease analysis (REA)--were evaluated. Antimicrobial biotyping and REA profile typing proved most useful, allowing the recognition of three groups among the isolates. The other techniques gave either limited or no subdivision among the isolates. The combined results of the laboratory study indicated that, rather than six unrelated outbreaks, the 16 isolates represented three pairs of related outbreaks. This study represents the first application of sensitive biotyping and fingerprinting techniques to outbreaks of infectious coryza. The results have established that farms can be repeatedly infected with a single strain of H. paragallinarum that re-emerges at intervals. This study also obtained the first detailed evidence that replacement stock are a major source of infectious coryza.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

An evaluation of the cross-protection afforded by inactivated infectious coryza vaccines.

The cross-protection afforded by three inactivated infectious coryza vaccines was evaluated. Each vaccine contained one of the following strains of Haemophilus paragallinarum, HP31, HP60 and HP14. Strain HP31 belongs to Kume serovar C-2, strain HP60 belongs to Kume serovar C-4 while strain HP14 belongs to Kume serovar A-4. Four groups of twenty six-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were either given a single dose of an aluminium-hydroxide based vaccine (three groups) or left as unvaccinated controls. Three weeks after vaccination, all four groups were challenged with virulent H paragallinarum. One half of each group was challenged with the strain HP31 and the other half with strain HP60. The efficacy of the vaccines was assessed in terms of the prevention of the typical clinical signs and macroscopic lesions of infectious coryza as well as the prevention of any colonisation by the challenge organism. The serovar C-2 and serovar C-4 vaccines protected more than 50% of birds against either a serovar C-2 or C-4 challenge while the serovar A-4 vaccine protected less than 50% of birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Survival of the bacterial turkey coryza agent.

The survival of the turkey coryza agent was tested on wood, aluminium, glass, dust and faeces. Temperature of 10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees and 40 degrees C and relative humidities of 32, 58 and 78 per cent were chosen as test conditions. The survival of the turkey coryza agent was prolonged by low temperatures and low humidities. The only exception was wood, on which the bacteria showed the shortest survival periods, possibly because of intrinsic bactericides in the wood. In additional experiments the resistance of the agent was found to be greatest at about pH 7.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2002

Isolation of serovar C-3 Haemophilus paragallinarum from Zimbabwe: A further indication of the need for the production of vaccines against infectious coryza containing local isolates of H. paragallinarum.

Various isolates of Haemophilus paragallinarum, collected from a severe outbreak of infectious coryza in poultry from Zimbabwe, were serotyped and were found to belong to serovar C-3. Previously, isolates were serotyped using polyclonal antiserum produced against serogroup reference strains (0083 for serogroup A, 0222 for serogroup B and Modesto, or H-18 for serogroup C) of H. paragallinarum. In this case, polyclonal antiserum produced against these reference isolates were used, as well as polyclonal antiserum that has been raised specifically against the serovar C-3 isolate 46 C-3. When using the latter serum at a 1 in 50 dilution, no cross-reaction with other members of serogroup C were found. The severity of the disease outbreak in Zimbabwe, the vaccination history of the infected flocks on the sites and the isolation of the uniquely southern African serovar C-3, further highlights the need for vaccines composed of local isolates to control infectious coryza in regions where vaccination failures occur.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Pigeon coryza--ornithosis--pigeon breeder's lung].

The published informations on the entities pigeon coryza and ornithosis are reviewed. On the basis of own experiences and experimental data obtained in the Landesveterinäruntersuchungsamt Koblenz, pigeon coryza apparently is a symptom rather than a clearly defined disease. Finally pigeon breeder's lung is discussed in front of the background of own observations and recommendations to be of allergic origin.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Infectious coryza in meat chickens in the San Joaquin Valley of California.

Two cases of infectious coryza in meat chickens are reported. The first case involved 6-week-old broiler chickens in which only Haemophilus paragallinarum was isolated. The second case involved 11-week-old roaster chickens in which H. paragallinarum and Mycoplasma synoviae were isolated. Both farms were in close proximity to layer-chicken farms where infectious coryza had been previously diagnosed. In both cases, only certain houses on the farm were affected, and mortality in these houses increased slightly. At processing, the condemnation rates for affected houses were considerably higher than rates for unaffected houses. Condemnations for affected houses were mostly due to airsacculitis. A dissecting fibronopurulent cellulitis was a prominent lesion in the second case. This lesion could lead to confusion with chronic fowl cholera and swollen-head syndrome.

Air Sacs↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Contribution to the taxonomy of the turkey coryza agent: cellular fatty acid analysis of the bacterium.

Gas-liquid chromatography was used to analyze bacterial cellular fatty acids to elucidate the relatedness of the turkey coryza (TC) bacterium to Alcaligenes spp., Bordetella spp., and other gram-negative bacteria. The results indicated that the TC bacterium is not closely related to Alcaligenes faecalis or any of the reference strains of Alcaligenes and Bordetella studied. Most urease-positive bacterial isolates obtained from the upper respiratory tract of turkeys were identified as Bordetella bronchiseptica. It is suggested that Bordetella avium is a suitable designation for the TC bacterium formally called Bordetella-"like" and A. faecalis type I. It is also suggested that the nonpathogenic bacterium previously identified as type II A. faecalis be designated B. avium-like until further taxonomic studies are available. Furthermore, it is proposed that the term turkey coryza be used to refer to the disease induced by this bacterium.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Further characterization of the agent causing coryza in turkeys.

A total of 128 isolates of Alcaligenes faecalis, from the respiratory tract of turkeys and chickens, were identified and divided into two types designated type I and type II. Type I isolates were pathogenic in poults, hemagglutinated guinea pig red blood cells (RBCs), and did not grow on minimal essential medium (MEM) agar, and most did not grow in 6.5% NaCl broth. Type II isolates were nonpathogenic and nonhemagglutinating and grew on MEM agar, and most grew in 6.5% NaCl broth. Hemagglutination of guinea pig RBCs was a reliable characteristic for distinguishing type I from type II isolates, and it correlated with pathogenicity. In serological studies using 62 type I and 21 type II isolates, cross-reactions were observed when type I but not type II antigens were used to test antisera in the microagglutination test. Eleven bacterial isolates, different from type I and type II isolates, were urease-positive. Although frequently isolated from turkeys with coryza, these isolates were nonpathogenic and were always found in association with type I A. faecalis. Urease-positive isolates and type I and type II A. faecalis isolates were stable following 50 in vitro passages. Bordetella avium sp. nov. (the nomenclature suggested in Europe for A. faecalis) was pathogenic in poults. The colonial morphology, biochemical characteristics, and hemagglutinating activity of B. avium sp. nov. were the same as those of type I A. faecalis isolates. Based on the results of these studies, it was concluded that type I A. faecalis is the etiologic agent of turkey coryza.

Alcaligenes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Field studies with convalescent serum and infectious bursal disease vaccine to control turkey coryza.

Convalescent serum given to 1-day-old poults delayed clinical signs of turkey coryza by several days and reduced mortality on infected farms. Turkey breeders immunized with cell-culture-adapted infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) or turkey infectious bursal disease virus (TIBDV) had a marked increase in virus-neutralization (VN) antibody titers. The VN antibody titer was significantly higher in progeny poults than in poults from unimmunized breeders. Clinical turkey coryza and mortality was considerably less in poults from IBD- or TIBD-vaccinated breeders than in control poults. They also responded more favorably to hemorrhagic enteritis and fowl cholera vaccination.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Clinical cases of infectious coryza and the properties of isolated Haemophilus strains].

Studied were a total of sixteen cases with the clinical picture of coryza. Leading role in eleven of them had Haemophilus, in one the signs of chronical cholera and pox were seen, and in three there was a Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. All cases were serologically positive for CRD. By their needs of nutrient growth factors the isolated Haemophilus strains belonged to H. paragallinarum, and they proved pathogenic for 8-week-old birds and poults that were about to lay their first eggs, killing 4-7-day-old chick embryos up to the 48 h hour. Tests for resistance to therapeutic means with the use of the disk-diffusion method revealed sensitivity to streptomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, gentamycin, erythromycin, spectinomycin, furazolidon, imekil, cosumix, trimetoprim, and sulfadoxin. Good and very good therapeutic and prophylactic effects were produced with the use of sulfotin, cosumix, linkospectin, and trimedin coupled with aerosol disinfection with rivanol, the birds being present on the premise. It is stated that with regard to differential diagnosis coryza caused by Haemophilus paragallinarum should not be confused with fowl cholera, pox, CRD, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection which may run their course in a mixed infection.

Animals↗