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Detection of pharmaceutical contaminations of river, pond, and tap water from Cologne (Germany) and surroundings.
A method for the simultaneous determination of polar pharmaceutical compounds in water is presented. Samples from 27 rivers and ponds were investigated for contents of Gemfibrocil, a lipid blood regulating compound, Clofibric acid, a metabolite of lipid regulating compounds (Clofibrat, Etofibrat, Etofyllinclofibrat), antirheumatics (Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Ketoprofen, Indomethacin, Fenoprofen) and Sarkosin-N-(phenylsulfonyl) (SPS), a metabolite of a corrosion inhibiting agent. In addition water samples were investigated for some main metabolites of Ibuprofen, 2-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl)phenyl]propionic acid (hydroxy-ibuprofen) and 2-[4-(2-carboxypropyl)phenyl]propionic acid (carboxy-ibuprofen), which are excreted after oral intake. For gas chromatographic analysis the drugs were converted into their methyl-derivatives by "on column" reaction with TMSH, TMAH and "pre column" with diazomethane. The detection limits with TMSH were in the same range or lower than those with diazomethane or TMAH. The compound most frequently found was SPS which was only absent in waters with natural surroundings. Diclofenac could be detected in 10 out of 27 water samples in concentrations of up to 15 micrograms/l. In contrast, none of the pharmaceuticals investigated were present in 8 drinking water samples from Cologne and surroundings. Though concentrations measured were far below pharmacological doses, the data suggest a steady flux of these drugs into the environment.
Cologne water-induced visual loss.
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Liquid chromatographic separation and fluorometric determination of cis- and trans-isoeugenol in perfumes, colognes, and toilet waters.
A liquid chromatographic (LC)-fluorometric method is described for the determination of cis- and trans-isoeugenol (2-methoxy-4-propenylphenol) in perfumes, colognes, and toilet waters. A test portion of the product is added to diethyl ether, and the isoeugenol isomers are extracted with sodium hydroxide solution. The basic extract is then acidified, and the isoeugenol isomers are extracted with isooctane. Aliquots of the isooctane extract are analyzed by using a silver ion cation exchange LC column interfaced to a spectrophotofluorometer. Each isomer in the product is determined by comparing its fluorescence emission intensity with that of an external standard consisting of a mixture of both isomers in which the relative concentration of each has been determined. Average recoveries from various commercial fragrances fortified with a mixture of cis- and trans-isoeugenol with total isoeugenol content of 0.1, 0.5, and 4.0 mg/mL ranged from 87 to 105% for the trans-isomer (SD = 4.6%) and from 83 to 113% for the cis-isomer (SD = 6.7%). The limit of determination is approximately 0.002 mg/mL.
High-performance liquid chromatographic-fluorometric determination of cinnamaldehyde in perfume, cologne and toilet water.
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC)-fluorometric method is described for the determination of trans-cinnamaldehyde in fragrances. The fragrance is added to isooctane and extracted with an aqueous solution of the sodium salt of 6-aminocaproic acid to isolate the aldehyde fraction. After dilution with water, an aliquot of the extract is added to a solution of 1,2-diaminonaphthalene monosulfate in dilute formic acid. The fluorescent derivative of cinnamaldehyde, 2-styrylnaphth[1,2-d]imidazole, is prepared by incubating and then cooling the solution and adding pyridine. Aliquots of the fluorophore solution are analyzed on a reversed-phase C18 HPLC column by using a buffered tetrahydrofuran-water eluent. Cinnamaldehyde is quantitated by comparing fluorescence emission intensity with that of a standard. Recoveries from samples of various commercial fragrances, spiked with cinnamaldehyde at the 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1% levels, ranged from 94 to 112% with a mean of 103% and a standard deviation of 5.3. The limit of detection is approximately 1 ng.
Liquid chromatographic-fluorometric determination of cinnamyl alcohol in perfumes, colognes, and toilet waters.
A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for the determination of cinnamyl alcohol (3-phenyl-2-propen-1-ol) in fragrance compositions. The fragrance product is partially cleaned up by diluting the fragrance with a 95% ethanol-water mixture and passing it through a short column containing RP-8 packing. An aliquot of the effluent is then analyzed by LC using an RP-18 column interfaced to a spectrophotofluorometer equipped with double monochromators. The fluorescence emission intensity of the eluted cinnamyl alcohol is measured and compared with that of a standard to calculate the amount of cinnamyl alcohol present. Recoveries from fragrance products fortified with cinnamyl alcohol at levels ranging from 0.0020 to 0.060 mg/mL ranged from 85 to 105% with a mean of 94%. The lowest level of determination was 0.0005 mg/mL.
Determination of cinnamyl anthranilate in perfume, cologne, and toilet water by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
A liquid chromatographic method with fluorescence detection was developed for the determination of cinnamyl anthranilate in perfumes and other fragrance compositions. The method was evaluated by conducting recovery studies of 10 different commercial fragrance compositions to which cinnamyl anthranilate had been added at levels of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL. Recoveries ranged from 91 to 103% with a mean of 97% and a standard deviation of +/- 3.3%.
[My masters; memories of a physician of the beginning of the century; the surgeons].
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Berloque dermatitis induced by "Florida water".
Phytophotodermatitis is a phototoxic dermatitis resulting from contact with psoralen-containing plants such as celery, limes, parsley, figs, and carrots. Berloque dermatitis is a variant of phytophotodermatitis and is caused by high concentrations of psoralen-containing fragrances, most commonly oil of bergamot. Berloque dermatitis is rarely seen today because of the removal of these fragrances from most cosmetic products in the United States. We report, however, a group of patients still at risk for berloque dermatitis. These patients use the colognes "Florida Water" and "Kananga Water," which are popular in Hispanic, African American, and Caribbean populations. These fragrant waters are used for spiritual blessing, treating headaches, and personal hygiene.
The effects of early experience on subsequent feeding responses in the Tegu, Tupinambis teguixin (Squamata : Teiidae).
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of early feeding experiences on subsequent responses to prey in the tegu, Tupinambis teguixin. Five-day old lizards were exposed to the odors of various prey and control substances on cotton-tipped applicators with the tongue-flick attack score (TFAS) chosen as the dependent variable. Each lizard was exposed to four stimuli: two controls (deionised water and cologne), and extracts from a mouse Mus musculus, and a lizard Ameiva ameiva, in a repeated measures, randomized block design, receiving one stimulus training session / day over a 40-day period. Tongue-flicks directed toward the applicator were counted over a 1 min period as well as the amount of time that elapsed from the first tongue flick to any bite that may have occurred. Live neonatal mice (but not A. ameiva), offered on a weekly basis, were used as a food source for tegus over a 10-month period. After 10 months, tegus were exposed to applicators containing control odors as well as those containing extracts from mice and lizards (A. ameiva). Mouse extracts elicited significantly higher TFAS as compared to those elicited by A. ameiva or control odors, suggesting that prey odors encountered in the environment shortly after hatching can influence prey preferences by these lizards later in life. These results also indicate that tegu lizards can learn to use specific odor cues associated with naturally occurring prey as releasers for subsequent hunting behaviors.
Options for alternative types of sewerage and treatment systems directed to improvement of the overall performance.
Technology for future houses may well include a high-tech water recycling unit that makes tapwater while people drink bottled water of high quality. There may be toilets that produce just a bag of dry fertiliser per year, hopefully without fossil energy. Rainwater infiltration is increasingly replacing storm sewers anyway. Many urban areas of the future could simply be without sewerage systems. Technical feasibility is given even today and economic feasability is coming closer by advances in membrane technology. However, there are more likely scenarios than this. One person produces about 500 litres of urine and 50 litres of faeces per year (= blackwater). The same person, produces in a range of 20,000 to over 100,000 litres of wastewater. Black- and greywater (wastewater without toilet) do have very different characteristics. If blackwater is collected separately with low dilution it can be converted to safe natural fertiliser, replacing synthetic products and preventing spreadout of pathogens and other pollutants to receiving waters. New sanitation concepts are now built in several countries as pilot projects. One example is a vacuum-biogas system for around 400 inhabitants that has been built in Lübeck, Germany. It does perform recovery of resources and energy in an urban area. This type of sanitation can serve around up to 10,000 people and can be arranged in independent modules for larger settlements. Another pilot project based on urine-sorting flush toilets (no-mix-toilets) has been built in the rural water-mill museum "Lambertsmühle" near Cologne, Germany. Urine or yellow water is collected with low dilution and can be used as fertiliser as projects in Sweden have shown--the nutrient composition suits many types of soil. Brownwater (the solids and flush from the sorting toilet) is converted to small volume by a two-chamber composting tank with a filtration system. The compost can be used as soil conditioner. These and other concepts can be economic and show new ways for the many water scarce areas around the world, too.
Removal of purgeable organic chlorine compounds by activated carbon adsorption.
The increasing demand for drinking water in the city of Cologne could no longer be met solely by ground water resources. A group of wells was placed in a meander of the Rhine River south of Cologne in order to draw bank-infiltrated ground water from the river. Geohydrological conditions at that location assure that the pumped raw water is mainly bank-infiltrated water from the Rhine River. The relatively long underground passage, of about 600 m, provides significant pretreatment of the river water.
Acute toxic effects of fragrance products.
To evaluate whether fragrance products can produce acute toxic effects in mammals, we allowed groups of male Swiss-Webster mice to breathe the emissions of five commercial colognes or toilet water for 1 h. We used the ASTM-E-981 test method to evaluate sensory irritation and pulmonary irritation. We used a computerized version of this test to measure the duration of the break at the end of inspiration and the duration of the pause at the end of expiration. Decreases in expiratory flow velocity indicated airflow limitation. We subjected the mice to a functional observational battery to probe for changes in nervous system function. The emissions of these fragrance products caused various combinations of sensory irritation, pulmonary irritation, decreases in expiratory airflow velocity, as well as alterations of the functional observational battery indicative of neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicity was more severe after mice were repeatedly exposed to the fragrance products. Evaluation of one of the test atmospheres with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed the presence of chemicals for which irritant and neurotoxic properties had been documented previously. In summary, some fragrance products emitted chemicals that caused a variety of acute toxicities in mice.
Determination of bergapten in fragrance preparations by thin layer chromatography and spectrophotofluorometry.
A method has been developed for the determination of bergapten (5-methoxypsoralen), a known phototoxin, in perfumes,colognes, and toilet waters. The bergapten and other lactonic compounds were first isolated from the sample by a series of extractions. The extract containing the bergapten was diluted to a known volume and a aliquot was spotted on a thin layer chromatographic (TLC) plate coated with silica gel G. After 2-dimensional development with hexane - carbon tetrachloride - tert - butylamine (180+12+9) and hexane-toluene-ethyl acetate-acetic acid (100+10+15+0.5), the TLC plate was dried and the emitted fluorescence of bergapten was measured, using a spectrophotofluorometer equipped with a TLC accessory and coupled to an automatic digital integrator. The amount of bergapten was determined by comparing its peak area to those of bergapten standards. The average recovery for levels of 0.001, 0.005, and 0.01% bergapten was 88%.
Western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis) chemical signals. II. A replication with naturally breeding adults and a test of the Cowles and Phelan hypothesis of rattlesnake olfaction.
The capacity of naturally breeding western fence lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis biseriatus) to discriminate and respond to conspecific and control chemical cues was examined. Lizards were presented with markings and exudates of male and female donors, as well as cologne (a pungency control) and water, in a successive discrimination procedure. Behavioral actions quantified after exposure to the different chemical cue types included lingual extrusions (tongue flicks and substrate licks), rapid nasal inhalations, and the performance of push-up visual displays. Initial latencies to lingual investigation of the different extracts and markings also were recorded as a measure of the extent to which nasal olfaction would switch on the tongue-Jacobson's organ (vomeronasal olfactory) system. Although no sex differences in total levels of response were noted, males and females exhibited significant lingual discriminations equally to exudates collected from male or female conspecifics. Push-up visual displays also were noted in response to conspecific markings. Cologne-marked surfaced, however, elicited nonsignificant levels of lingual investigation and push-up displaying. Latencies to initial tongue flicks, but not substrate licks, were significantly shorter when any material other than water was present. Therefore, as suggested by Cowles and Phelan ('58), nasal olfaction may indeed be more of a "quantitative," distance sensing system that responds to the presence of any pungent substance by initiating further investigation via the tongue-Jacobson's organ system. The latter appears to be more "qualitative," or discriminating, as indexed by relatively greater levels of lingual investigation of conspecific markings than cologne. No differences were noted in rapid nasal inhalation activity. The results suggest that pheromone markings, along the ground or other surfaces, may be important to spacing and territorial maintenance in nature. This could occur through direct pheromone effects on signal recipients, or indirectly, through the stimulation of increased push-up activity, which could make lizards more visible to one another.
The efficacy of a range of contact media as coupling agents in extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.
OBJECTIVE: To determine if the nature of the coupling agent normally used between the lithotripter and the patient affects the stone fragmentation rate during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A jig designed to hold 'phantom' 10-mm stones at the focal point was fixed against the shock wave delivery point of an electromagnetic lithotripter (Dornier Compact, Germany). A layer of either petroleum jelly (Vaseline, Cheeseborough-Ponds Ltd, London, UK) ultrasonography jelly, a eutectic mixture of local anaesthetic (EMLA) cream, Instillagel (Farco-Pharma, Cologne, Germany) or a commercial water-soluble lubricating jelly was placed between the jig and shockwave head, and the number of shock waves required to fragment the stones was recorded. RESULTS: Significantly more shock waves were required to fragment stones when petroleum jelly was used as the coupling agent than with all the other agents under test, whereas significantly fewer shock waves were required when using Instillagel or lubricating jelly than for all other agents. CONCLUSION: The coupling agent used in water-free lithotripsy can affect the stone fragmentation rate and should not be considered inert. Ultrasonography jelly is probably the optimum agent available for use as a lithotripsy coupling agent.
Homicide in the bathtub.
Retrospective analysis of the deaths investigated in the Institute of Forensic Medicine of the University of Cologne (1980-1993) revealed 215 fatalities in the bathtub comprising 11 homicides. In six cases mouth and nose were found beneath the surface of the water, and signs of drowning were encountered in four cases. In two cases drowning was the cause of death, the remaining fatalities being due to strangulation or sharp violence. Four corpses had merely been deposited in the bathtub, four homicides were committed in the bath, and three victims were put into the bathtub to control or ensure the occurrence of death. Two homicides were not recognized before autopsy. The particular difficulties of establishing the diagnosis of strangulation under the conditions of water-logging are discussed.