Code of ethics: CMA policy summary.
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Codes of ethics stand as a promise to society about the integrity of a profession in return for the power and authority given to that profession by society. The revised CMA Code of Ethics (see pages 1176A to 1176B) is timely and significant and should be applauded and supported by all physicians. It speaks clearly to competence, high standards of practice and communication, and the importance of informed patient choice. Nonetheless, the code provides no systematic justification for the principles it asserts. Although these principles are helpful tools, they are insufficient to resolve major ethical dilemmas. The code provides no means of ordering ethical priorities and fails to address issues such as peer review and conflict of interest. It is deafeningly silent on both abortion and euthanasia. In view of these limitations, the code must be seen as an important but unfinished reflection on the essence of being a good physician.
Canadian physicians now operate under a revised Code of Ethics. In August General Council endorsed a revised code put forward by the CMA's Committee on Ethics. The endorsement brings 4 years' work to a positive conclusion.
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The Canadian Medical Association's (CMA) Code of Ethics applies to all physicians, residents, and medical students in Canada. Learning about the code must be a part of every physician's education, and keeping current with it must be a part of every physician's continuing medical education. This article, based on a review of the 19 CMA codes of ethics issued from 1868 to 1996, shows how deeply the Code of Ethics is tied to the past, highlights those topics that have been part of every version, and demonstrates how the code changed over time. This article should assist medical educators as they develop teaching material on codes of medical ethics, and would be of interest to practising physicians.
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The literature on codes of ethics suggests that grammatical and linguistic structures as well as the theoretical ethical orientation conveyed in codes of ethics have implications for the manner in which such codes are received by those bound by them. Certain grammatical and linguistic structures, for example, tend to have an authoritarian and disempowering impact while others can be empowering. The authors analyze and compare the codes of ethics of the Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) and the Canadian Medical Association (CMA) in terms of their ethical orientation and grammatical/linguistic structures. The results suggest that the two codes differ substantially along these two dimensions. The CNA code contains proportionally more statements that provide a rationale for ethical behaviour; the statements of the CMA code tend to be more dogmatic. Functional grammar analysis suggests that both codes convey a strong deontological tone that does not enhance the addressee's ability to engage in discretionary decision-making. The nurses' code nonetheless implies a collaborative relationship with the client, whereas the medical code implies that the patient is the recipient of medical wisdom. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Physician-assisted death includes both euthanasia and assistance in suicide. The CMA urges its members to adhere to the principles of palliative care. It does not support euthanasia and assisted suicide. The following policy summary includes definitions of euthanasia and assisted suicide, background information, basic ethical principles and physician concerns about legalization of physician-assisted death.
The CMA's Committee on Ethics will present a revised Code of Ethics for consideration by General Council during the annual meeting in Sydney, NS, later this month. This article outlines the reasons for updating the current (1990) version of the code and explains some of the significant changes and omissions. If approved by General Council, the revised code will take effect immediately.
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The Canadian Medical Association (CMA) regards medical records as confidential documents, owned by the physician/institution/clinic that compiled them or had them compiled. Patients have a right to information contained in their records but not to the documents themselves. The first consideration of the physician is the well-being of the patient, and discretion must be used when conveying information contained in a medical record to a patient. This medical information often requires interpretation by a physician or other health care professional. Other disclosures of information contained in medical records to third parties (eg. physician-to-physician transfer, lawyer, insurance adjuster) require written patient consent or a court order. The CMA is opposed to legislation at any level which threatens the confidentiality of medical records.