[Maritime climate therapy. Maritime climate therapy in endogenous eczema. The importance of maritime climate therapy in endogenous eczema in comparison with other climates].
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Climate↗
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[Studies on climate factors influencing the effectiveness of cattle production in the Syrian Arabic Republic. I. Effect of climate factors; climatic conditions in the SAR].
No previous investigations are available on climatic influences on the performance in cattle production in the Syrian Arab Republic. The reports found in the literature on the effect of the climate, especially of temperature and atmospheric moisture, are classified into physiological compatibility ranges for cattle. This makes it possible to compare different climatic regions. In the second part of the paper the values found for temperature and moisture in an experimental cowshed in the SAR will be assessed.
Animals↗
Climate strength: a new direction for climate research.
Climate strength was conceptualized within D. Chan's (1998) discussion of compositional models and the concept of culture strength from the organizational culture literature. Climate strength was operationalized in terms of within-group variability in climate perceptions-the less within-group variability, the stronger the climate. The authors studied climate strength in the context of research linking employee service climate perceptions to customer satisfaction. The hypothesis was tested that climate strength moderates the relationship between employee perceptions of service climate and customer satisfaction experiences. Partial support for the hypothesis was reported in both a concurrent and predictive (3-year) test across 118 branches of a bank. In the predictive study only the interaction of climate and climate strength predicted customer satisfaction. Implications for future research on climate and climate strength are discussed.
Consumer Behavior↗
A common-sense climate index: is climate changing noticeably?
We propose an index of climate change based on practical climate indicators such as heating degree days and the frequency of intense precipitation. We find that in most regions the index is positive, the sense predicted to accompany global warming. In a few regions, especially in Asia and western North America, the index indicates that climate change should be apparent already, but in most places climate trends are too small to stand out above year-to-year variability. The climate index is strongly correlated with global surface temperature, which has increased as rapidly as projected by climate models in the 1980s. We argue that the global area with obvious climate change will increase notably in the next few years. But we show that the growth rate of greenhouse gas climate forcing has declined in recent years, and thus there is an opportunity to keep climate change in the 21st century less than "business-as-usual" scenarios.
Climate↗
[Maritime climate therapy. Subjective well-being during climate therapy in asthmatics dependent upon climates].
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Adolescent↗
[Climate and life span: the centenarian living in the village of Kashiwabara and its climate--in relation to climate and longevity (author's transl)].
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Aged↗
Abrupt climate change and transient climates during the Paleogene: a marine perspective.
Detailed investigations of high latitude sequences recently collected by the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) indicate that periods of rapid climate change often culminated in brief transient climates, with more extreme conditions than subsequent long term climates. Two examples of such events have been identified in the Paleogene; the first in latest Paleocene time in the middle of a warming trend that began several million years earlier: the second in earliest Oligocene time near the end of a Middle Eocene to Late Oligocene global cooling trend. Superimposed on the earlier event was a sudden and extreme warming of both high latitude sea surface and deep ocean waters. Imbedded in the latter transition was an abrupt decline in high latitude temperatures and the brief appearance of a full size continental ice-sheet on Antarctica. In both cases the climate extremes were not stable, lasting for less than a few hundred thousand years, indicating a temporary or transient climate state. Geochemical and sedimentological evidence suggest that both Paleogene climate events were accompanied by reorganizations in ocean circulation, and major perturbations in marine productivity and the global carbon cycle. The Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum was marked by reduced oceanic turnover and decreases in global delta 13C and in marine productivity, while the Early Oligocene glacial maximum was accompanied by intensification of deep ocean circulation and elevated delta 13C and productivity. It has been suggested that sudden changes in climate and/or ocean circulation might occur as a result of gradual forcing as certain physical thresholds are exceeded. We investigate the possibility that sudden reorganizations in ocean and/or atmosphere circulation during these abrupt transitions generated short-term positive feedbacks that briefly sustained these transient climatic states.
Animals↗
Climate quality and climate consensus as mediators of the relationship between organizational antecedents and outcomes.
Research has shown that climate quality (average climate ratings) is related to organizational antecedents and outcomes, but researchers have yet to examine climate consensus (the variance of climate ratings). Similarly, studies have investigated typical behavior (members' average performance), but have neglected behavioral similarity (within-group variance). Data from 1,196 members in 180 organizations were used to test relationships of climate quality and consensus with organizational antecedents and outcomes. Climate quality and consensus both had significant correlations with organizational antecedents and outcomes, but climate consensus did not contribute a significant increment to the prediction of organizational outcomes. Finally, quality mediated many relationships between organizational antecedents and outcomes.
Decision Making↗
[Maritime climate therapy. Maritime climate therapy in bronchial asthma. Indications and contraindications for maritime climate therapy in bronchial asthma].
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Asthma↗
A group-level model of safety climate: testing the effect of group climate on microaccidents in manufacturing jobs.
This article presents and tests a group-level model of safety climate to supplement the available organization-level model. Climate perceptions in this case are related to supervisory safety practices rather than to company policies and procedures. The study included 53 work groups in a single manufacturing company. Safety climate perceptions, measured with a newly developed scale, revealed both within-group homogeneity and between-groups variation. Predictive validity was measured with a new outcome measure, microaccidents, that refers to behavior-dependent on-the-job minor injuries requiring medical attention. Climate perceptions significantly predicted microaccident records during the 5-month recording period that followed climate measurement, when the effects of group- and individual-level risk factors were controlled. The study establishes an empirical link between safety climate perceptions and objective injury data.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Climate as a moderator of the relationship between leader-member exchange and content specific citizenship: safety climate as an exemplar.
The present study integrates role theory, social exchange, organizational citizenship, and climate research to suggest that employees will reciprocate implied obligations of leadership-based social exchange (e.g., leader-member exchange [LMX]) by expanding their role and behaving in ways consistent with contextual behavioral expectations (e.g., work group climate). Using safety climate as an exemplar, the authors found that the relationship between LMX and subordinate safety citizenship role definitions was moderated by safety climate. In summary, high-quality LMX relationships resulted in expanded safety citizenship role definitions when there was a positive safety climate and there was no such expansion under less positive safety climates. The authors also found that safety citizenship role definitions were significantly related to safety citizenship behavior. Implications for both social exchange theory and safety research are discussed.
Adult↗
Quantifying uncertainties in climate system properties with the use of recent climate observations.
We derive joint probability density distributions for three key uncertain properties of the climate system, using an optimal fingerprinting approach to compare simulations of an intermediate complexity climate model with three distinct diagnostics of recent climate observations. On the basis of the marginal probability distributions, the 5 to 95% confidence intervals are 1.4 to 7.7 kelvin for climate sensitivity and -0.30 to -0.95 watt per square meter for the net aerosol forcing. The oceanic heat uptake is not well constrained, but ocean temperature observations do help to constrain climate sensitivity. The uncertainty in the net aerosol forcing is much smaller than the uncertainty range for the indirect aerosol forcing alone given in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Third Assessment Report.
Journal Article↗
Influence of mean climate change on climate variability from a 155-year tropical Pacific coral record.
Today, the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) system is the primary driver of interannual variability in global climate, but its long-term behaviour is poorly understood. Instrumental observations reveal a shift in 1976 towards warmer and wetter conditions in the tropical Pacific, with widespread climatic and ecological consequences. This shift, unique over the past century, has prompted debate over the influence of increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases on ENSO variability. Here we present a 155-year ENSO reconstruction from a central tropical Pacific coral that provides new evidence for long-term changes in the regional mean climate and its variability. A gradual transition in the early twentieth century and the abrupt change in 1976, both towards warmer and wetter conditions, co-occur with changes in variability. In the mid-late nineteenth century, cooler and drier background conditions coincided with prominent decadal variability; in the early twentieth century, shorter-period (approximately 2.9 years) variability intensified. After 1920, variability weakens and becomes focused at interannual timescales; with the shift in 1976, variability with a period of about 4 years becomes prominent. Our results suggest that variability in the tropical Pacific is linked to the region's mean climate, and that changes in both have occurred during periods of natural as well as anthropogenic climate forcing.
Animals↗
Herbivory, plant resistance, and climate in the tree ring record: interactions distort climatic reconstructions.
To understand climate change, dendrochronologists have used tree ring analyses to reconstruct past climates, as well as ecological processes such as herbivore population dynamics. Such reconstructions, however, have been hindered by a lack of experiments that separate the influences of confounding impacts on tree rings, such as herbivores and the interactions of multiple factors. Our long-term experiments with scale insects on resistant and susceptible pines demonstrate three major points that are important to the application of this commonly used tool. (i) Herbivory reduced tree ring growth by 25-35%. (ii) The impact on ring growth distorted climate reconstruction, resulting in the overestimation of past moisture levels by more than 2-fold. Our data suggest that, if distortion because of herbivory has been a problem in previous reconstructions, estimates of the magnitude of recent climate changes are likely to be conservative. (iii) Our studies support a detectible plant resistance x herbivore x climate interaction in the tree ring record. Because resistance and susceptibility to herbivory are known to be genetically based in many systems, the potential exists to incorporate plant genetics into the field of dendrochronology, where it may be used to screen distortions from the tree ring record.
Animals↗
Impacts of climate and climate change on medications and human health.
OBJECTIVE: To examine impacts of climate and climate change on medications and human health. METHODS: Literature review and analysis of MIMS. RESULTS: Changed climate associated with the enhanced Greenhouse Effect (e.g. increased temperature) may lead to medication-related health impacts through deterioration of storage conditions, increased heat stress from medication-induced heat intolerance, and by influencing pharmacokinetics. Increases in UV radiation from stratospheric ozone depletion may increase the significance of medications that can lead to an increased sensitivity to the damaging effects of UV radiation (i.e. photosensitivity). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Raising awareness of the impacts of climate on medications, and of climate-related side-effects, among both health care professionals and the public, should modify behaviour and therefore reduce the risks of such adverse impacts.
Climate↗
[Assessment of eco-climatic suitability and climate change impacts of/on broad-leaved Korean pine forest in northeast China].
Based on growing degree days (GDD) and potential evapotranspiration ratio (PER), the temperature-water effect function (f(GDD, PER)) was established and the assessment of eco-climatic suitability and climate change impacts of/on broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China was studied. The results showed that the present distribution area of broad-leaved Korean pine forests in Northeast China was 39.99 km2, which included the optimum distribution area 7.13 km2, suitable area 12.27 km2, and marginal area 20.59 km2. Under GISS and OSU climate change scenarios, the climate of Northeast China changed to warming and dry in some degree. Under this tendency, the distribution area of broad-leaved Korean pine forests would be reduced, and the eco-climatic suitability would be declined.
Carbon Dioxide↗
[Comparative studies of climatic factors effecting the performance of cattle in different climatic zones of Egypt].
In continuation of previous analogous studies on climatic factors influencing the performance of cattle in Northern Egypt (climate types III4a/IV: etesian climate of the Mediterranean type) the present investigation deals with the temperature and humidity for Southern Egypt (climate type III1; arid, subtropical desert climate) and classifies them according to the physiological tolerability ranges set up for cattle. In Northern Egypt (Maryut) 23.8% of the temperatures were beyond the optimum and physiologically still tolerable range (0 to 24 degrees C) and were thus in the intolerable range; 45.8% were within the optimum tolerability range. In Southern Egypt (El Menia) 46.7% were within the intolerable range and only 25.7% in the optimum range (5 to 18 degrees C). The relative humidity values had 21.9% within the optimum range and 63.9% in the intolerable range in the North; in the South 22.9% were within the optimum and 55.5% in the intolerable range.
Acclimatization↗
Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model.
Abrupt changes in climate, termed Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich events, have punctuated the last glacial period (approximately 100-10 kyr ago) but not the Holocene (the past 10 kyr). Here we use an intermediate-complexity climate model to investigate the stability of glacial climate, and we find that only one mode of Atlantic Ocean circulation is stable: a cold mode with deep water formation in the Atlantic Ocean south of Iceland. However, a 'warm' circulation mode similar to the present-day Atlantic Ocean is only marginally unstable, and temporary transitions to this warm mode can easily be triggered. This leads to abrupt warm events in the model which share many characteristics of the observed Dansgaard-Oeschger events. For a large freshwater input (such as a large release of icebergs), the model's deep water formation is temporarily switched off, causing no strong cooling in Greenland but warming in Antarctica, as is observed for Heinrich events. Our stability analysis provides an explanation why glacial climate is much more variable than Holocene climate.
Journal Article↗