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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1988

Respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function as predictors of 10-year mortality from respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and all causes in the Whitehall Study.

Relationships between various measures of respiratory impairment and 10-year mortality from chronic respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease and all causes have been investigated in 17,717 male London civil servants aged 40-64 years. Controlling for age and smoking habits, chronic phlegm production was significantly associated with all-causes and respiratory disease mortality. These associations did not persist after controlling for breathlessness or FEV1 percent predicted. Breathlessness was significantly associated with mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and all causes. The associations persisted after controlling for age, smoking habits, employment grade, blood pressure, antihypertensive medication, plasma cholesterol level, diabetes, ECG changes, myocardial ischemia, and FEV1 percent predicted. Anti-hypertensive medication, myocardial ischemia and breathlessness showed the strongest associations with cardiovascular disease mortality. FEV1 less than 65% predicted was significantly associated with mortality from respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and all causes; for the latter two, the rate ratios were not as high as those for breathlessness.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Major and minor electrocardiographic abnormalities and risk of death from coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases and all causes in men and women.

The independent contributions of baseline major and minor electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities to subsequent 11.5 year risk of death from coronary heart disease, all cardiovascular diseases and all causes were explored among 9,643 white men and 7,990 white women aged 40 to 64 years without definite prior coronary heart disease in the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry. At baseline, prevalence rates of major ECG abnormalities were higher in women than in men, with age-adjusted rates of 12.9 and 9.6% (p less than 0.01), respectively. Minor ECG abnormalities were more common in men than in women (7.3 versus 4.5%, p less than 0.01). Both major and minor ECG abnormalities were associated with an increased risk of death from coronary heart disease, all cardiovascular diseases and all causes. The strength of these associations was greater in men than in women. When baseline age, diastolic pressure, serum cholesterol, cigarettes smoked per day, diabetes and use of antihypertensive medication were taken into account, major abnormalities continued to be significantly related to each cause of death in both genders with much larger adjusted absolute excess risk and relative risk for men than for women. In multivariate analyses, minor ECG abnormalities contributed independently to risk of death in men, but not clearly so in women. The results indicate the independent association between ECG abnormalities and mortality from coronary heart disease, all cardiovascular diseases and all causes, with greater relative significance in middle-aged United States men than women.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Familial occurrence in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovascular involvement in genetic disorders (2).

Current knowledge and assumptions about inheritance of cardiovascular diseases are reported in this review. They are examined from two different points of view. In the first section (familial cardiovascular diseases) discussion centered on main cardiovascular diseases with a definite clinical and pathophysiological feature in which familial occurrence has been extensively demonstrated. The genetic aspects of the primary cardiomyopathies, mitral valve prolapse, arrhythmias and conduction disturbances, long QT syndromes and abnormalities of ventricular repolarization, cardiovascular malformations, coronary artery disease, essential hypertension and rheumatic fever were examined. In this section discussion will be confined to the inherited multisystem disorders involving the cardiovascular system that most frequently occur in clinical practice. Currently known cardiovascular findings in relationship to chromosomal aberrations, connective tissue disorders, metabolic and enzymatic disorders, neuromuscular disorders and other rarer syndromes will be reported.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed2001

Relationship of blood pressure to 25-year mortality due to coronary heart disease, cardiovascular diseases, and all causes in young adult men: the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry.

BACKGROUND: Data are limited on blood pressure (BP) in young adults and long-term mortality. Moreover, screening and hypertension treatment guidelines have been based mainly on findings for middle-aged and older populations. This study assesses relationships of BP measured in young adult men to long-term mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD), cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and all causes. METHODS: This cohort from the Chicago Heart Association Detection Project in Industry included 10 874 men aged 18 to 39 years at baseline (1967-1973), not receiving antihypertensive drugs, and without CHD or diabetes. Relationship of baseline BP to 25-year CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality was assessed. RESULTS: Age-adjusted association of systolic BP to CHD mortality was continuous and graded. Multivariate-adjusted CHD hazard ratios (HRs) for 1 SD higher systolic BP (15 mm Hg) and diastolic BP (10 mm Hg) were 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11-1.44) and 1.17 (95% CI, 1.01-1.35), respectively. Compared with the Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure stratum with normal BP (and lowest mortality rates), the large strata with high-normal BP and stage 1 hypertension had 25-year absolute risks for death of 63 and 72 per 1000, respectively, and absolute excess risks of 10 and 20 per 1000, respectively; accounted for 59.8% of all excess CHD, CVD, and all-cause mortality; and were estimated to have life expectancy shortened by 2.2 and 4.1 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In young adult men, BP above normal was significantly related to increased long-term mortality due to CHD, CVD, and all causes. Population-wide primary prevention, early detection, and control of higher BP are indicated from young adulthood on.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Noncontraceptive effects of hormonal contraceptives: bone mass, sexually transmitted disease and pelvic inflammatory disease, cardiovascular disease, menstrual function, and future fertility.

Noncontraceptive actions of oral contraceptives (OCs) include hormonal effects on bone mass, sexually transmitted disease, pelvic inflammatory disease, the cardiovascular system, menstrual function, and future fertility. Information about the effects of OCs on bone mass is limited and contradictory. Two recent studies failed to show a positive effect of OC use on bone mass or density compared with the three cross-sectional studies and one longitudinal study that showed favorable effects. A recently completed study of 156 healthy females indicated a significant correlation between OC use and the rate of change in total body bone-mineral content. One study involving depot medroxyprogesterone acetate suggests bone density decreases with long-term use of the drug. The use of OCs does not reduce the risk of gonococcal or chlamydial infection of the lower tract and in fact may enhance spread of lower tract infection. However, OCs may exert a protective effect against some types of pelvic inflammatory disease. Regarding transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, the results of recent studies are conflicting. Research related to newer OC formulations containing 35 micrograms or less of ethinyl estradiol suggests that the risk of a negative cardiovascular effect is substantially reduced. All forms of hormonal contraception alter menstrual function to some degree, but most patterns improve with duration of use. No evidence exists that hormonal contraception permanently affects fertility, although fertility restoration may be delayed with some agents.

Bone Density↗
PubMed1997

Cardiovascular disease, selected cardiovascular disease risk factors, and age-related cataracts: the Beaver Dam Eye Study.

PURPOSE: To examine the associations of cardiovascular disease and selected cardiovascular disease risk factors with the prevalence of age-related cataract. METHODS: We conducted a population-based prevalence study of adults aged 43 to 86 years (n = 4,926) in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. An ocular examination including lens photographs, medical history, height and weight measurement, blood testing, and photograph grading was performed according to standard protocols. RESULTS: Age and sex influenced most of the relationships between risk variables and cataract. Many relationships apparent in univariate analyses were not significant when controlling for confounders. In multivariate models, higher glycated hemoglobin was significantly and consistently associated with increased risk of nuclear cataract in women. For cortical cataract, higher serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol was associated with decreased risk in women. For posterior subcapsular cataract, men with higher ratios of total to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were at increased risk. History of cardiovascular disease was not associated with cataracts in persons with or without diabetes after controlling for additional risk indicators. CONCLUSIONS: Some risk factors for cardiovascular disease were associated with increased frequency of age-related lens opacities. Age and sex influenced these relationships but did not entirely explain them. Longitudinal follow-up is necessary to determine antecedent-consequent relationships that may suggest causal associations.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Familial occurrence in cardiovascular diseases. Familial cardiovascular diseases (1).

Current knowledge and assumptions about inherited cardiovascular diseases are reported in this review. They are examined from two different points of view. In the first section (familial cardiovascular diseases) discussion will center on the main cardiovascular diseases that have a definite clinical and pathophysiological feature in which familial occurrence has been extensively demonstrated. The genetic aspects of the primary cardiomyopathies, mitral valve prolapse, arrhythmias and conduction disturbances, long QT syndromes and abnormalities of ventricular repolarization, cardiovascular malformations, coronary artery disease, essential hypertension and rheumatic fever will be examined. In the second section (cardiovascular involvement in genetic disorders) discussion will be confined to the inherited multisystem disorders involving the cardiovascular system that most frequently occur in clinical practice. Currently known cardiovascular findings in relationship to chromosomal aberrations, connective tissue disorders, metabolic and enzymatic disorders, neuromuscular disorders and other rarer syndromes will be reported.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, selected cardiovascular disease risk factors, and the 5-year incidence of age-related cataract and progression of lens opacities: the Beaver Dam Eye Study.

PURPOSE: To describe the relationships of diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and selected cardiovascular disease risk factors to cumulative incidence of age-related cataract and to progression of lens opacities over a 5-year interval. METHODS: A follow-up examination of the Beaver Dam Eye Study cohort was performed 5 years after the baseline evaluation. Ages at the census prior to baseline ranged from 43 to 84 years of age. Protocols for examination, lens photography, and grading were the same for both examinations. RESULTS: Age at baseline was the most significant characteristic associated with incidence of nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataract in those without diabetes (P < .001) for all cataracts. The positive association of age with cataract was found for nuclear and cortical cataract in the worse eye (P < or = .04) but not posterior subcapsular cataract in those with diabetes. Progression of nuclear sclerosis was common, occurring in about 70% of subjects when considering either eye. Incident cortical and posterior subcapsular cataracts (P < or = .001 for worse eye for each lesion) and progression of cortical and posterior subcapsular opacities were more common in those with diabetes (P < or = .001 for either eye for each lesion). Increased glycated hemoglobin level was associated with increased risk of nuclear and cortical cataracts in those with diabetes. Relationships of risk factors to posterior subcapsular cataracts, especially among those with diabetes, were often in the expected direction but lacked significance possibly due to small samples. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes mellitus is associated with incidence over 5 years of cortical and posterior subcapsular cataract and with progression of more minor cortical and posterior subcapsular lens opacities. These changes may be related to level of glycemia. Cardiovascular disease and its risk factors have little effect on incidence of any age-related cataract.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Selected topics related to occupational exposures. Part V. Occupational cardiovascular disease

Cardiovascular disease is common in the United States. Several occupational exposures, such as carbon disulfide and organic nitrates, are believed to cause occupational cardiovascular disease. In addition some other agents, such as lead and cadmium, may indirectly cause cardiovascular disease through their effects on blood pressure. For other agents (ie, carbon monoxide, solvents, and chlorofluorocarbons), acute exposure and high levels may cause cardiovascular disease but may not cause cardiovascular disease through long-term or low levels. A primary care physician who has a patient with a new or unstable cardiovascular disease should obtain an occupational history to assess whether occupational exposures may be playing a role. An occupational history may indicate potential cardiovascular risks. Such risks can include exposure to certain chemicals and metals, physical factors, exertion, or psychological stress. The primary care physician should be able to assess the situation and advise the patient, as well as the employer, about restrictions or accommodations that may need to be made.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1993

Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease is the chief cause of death among women in industrialized countries. Even breast cancer deaths, at 100/100,000 annually, are only 20% those from cardiovascular disease. However, the research effort in the area of cardiovascular disease among postmenopausal women is far smaller than those for osteoporosis or cancer. In postmenopausal women, the risk of cardiovascular disease rises dramatically, and among the elderly exceeds that of males. Although there is overwhelming evidence that HRT reduces the incidence, many physicians assume that it may cause hypertension and thrombosis, perhaps under the mistaken impression that HRT has the same side effects as the first generation of steroid contraceptives. A number of studies have demonstrated that cardiovascular mortality of postmenopausal women on HRT decreases by approximately one-half. The main epidemiologic evidence for this is a series of case-control and prospective (cohort) studies. Some 20 studies over the last 15 years could be briefly summarized by saying that approximately one third found cardiovascular risk among HRT users to be reduced by > 50% compared with non-users; one third found risk reductions < 50%; and one third found increased risks. HRT appears to affect a large number of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease; but many formerly thought to be of significance have little clinical relevance, whereas some factors, such as peripheral vascular resistance and certain prostanoids, are apparently much benefited. The benefits of HRT for lipid factors (HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, etc.) are well known, but recent evidence indicates that changes in these lipids account for only 20-25% of the cardiovascular benefits of HRT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1994

Theoretical rationale of community intervention for the prevention and control of cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability in the developed world, accounting for slightly more than 40% of all mortality. Along with the resultant disability of those who survive with the disease it costs the health care system in Canada approximately $17 billion on an annual basis. The known risk factors for cardiovascular disease are widespread within the population; in Canada, approximately 70% of individuals have one or more of the major risk factors. Research over the past 25 years has disclosed that a significant proportion of the cause of heart disease and its risk factors are rooted in the unhealthy habits of average living in conjunction with unfavorable physical, economic and psychosocial environments. The primary prevention of cardiovascular disease has focused on individual risk factor change combined with approaches to community organization in an effort to produce a more conducive environment for behavior change to be carried out. First-generation community programs for cardiovascular disease prevention, as illustrated by the North Karelia Project, Stanford Five City Project and others in the United States, have relied heavily on social learning theory as advanced by Bandura, from Stanford University. Second-generation prevention programs, such as the Nova Scotia Heart Health Program, have relied on these theories as well as theories of participation and community development in the prevention of major noncommunicable diseases. This paper gives an overview of the theoretical basis of community intervention programs for cardiovascular disease. Included will be a discussion of some of the various theoretical approaches used in Canada and the United States and elsewhere over the past 25 years.

Canada↗
PubMed2003

Targeting the cell cycle machinery for the treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Cardiovascular disease represents a major clinical problem affecting a significant proportion of the world's population and remains the main cause of death in the UK. The majority of therapies currently available for the treatment of cardiovascular disease do not cure the problem but merely treat the symptoms. Furthermore, many cardioactive drugs have serious side effects and have narrow therapeutic windows that can limit their usefulness in the clinic. Thus, the development of more selective and highly effective therapeutic strategies that could cure specific cardiovascular diseases would be of enormous benefit both to the patient and to those countries where healthcare systems are responsible for an increasing number of patients. In this review, we discuss the evidence that suggests that targeting the cell cycle machinery in cardiovascular cells provides a novel strategy for the treatment of certain cardiovascular diseases. Those cell cycle molecules that are important for regulating terminal differentiation of cardiac myocytes and whether they can be targeted to reinitiate cell division and myocardial repair will be discussed as will the molecules that control vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) and endothelial cell proliferation in disorders such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. The main approaches currently used to target the cell cycle machinery in cardiovascular disease have employed gene therapy techniques. We will overview the different methods and routes of gene delivery to the cardiovascular system and describe possible future drug therapies for these disorders. Although the majority of the published data comes from animal studies, there are several instances where potential therapies have moved into the clinical setting with promising results.

Animals↗