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PubMed2002

Composition and stability of herring oil recovered from sorted byproducts as compared to oil from mixed byproducts.

Herring oils produced from three different types of byproducts, only heads, mixed, and headless byproducts, were compared. Heads byproducts and its oil presented the highest oxidation levels and the lowest alpha-tocopherol content. Heads contained the lowest polyunsaturated fatty acids content and the highest amount of saturated fatty acids. No significant differences were found between the fatty acid composition of the mixed and the headless either in byproducts or in its oil. The oil was stored at two different temperatures (20 and 50 degrees C). Testing general linear models showed that oxidation was related to the peroxide value with a positive significant effect of the temperature, while the free fatty acids' model was more complex, with significant contribution of all of the effects studied. Fluorescence measurement was the one that correlated best with the oxidation progress.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Effects of a new molasses byproduct, concentrated separator byproduct, on nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in cattle.

Continuous chromatographic separator techniques have allowed the extraction of more simple sugars from molasses (MOL). The resultant byproduct, concentrated separator byproduct (CSB), has reduced readily fermentable carbohydrates but elevated CP and mineral content. The feed value of CSB was compared to that of MOL in two separate trials. In Trial 1, a chopped forage mixture containing 84% meadow grass hay and 8% alfalfa hay was mixed with either CSB or MOL at 7.3% of DM. Diets were administered to four ruminally cannulated cows in a single reversal design. digestibility of DM, ADF, NDF, and CP were measured. Ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3), VFA, total viable bacteria (TVB), cellulose-xylan fermenting bacteria (CXFB), and ciliated protozoa (PTZ) were evaluated. Blood profiles of electrolytes were also measured. Digestibility of DM, ADF, NDF, and CP were 69.03, 68.58; 57.48, 57.77; 65.62, 64.75; and 67.63, 65.07% for the MOL and CSB diets, respectively. Only CP digestibility differed (P less than .02). Ruminal pH, NH3, VFA, TVB, CXFB, and PTZ were 6.97, 6.93; 14.21, 16.71 mg/dL; 74.30, 74.78 mumol/mL; 26.79, 27.36 x 10(9)/mL; 21.72, 21.36%; and 13.90, 7.80 x 10(3)/mL for the MOL and CSB diets, respectively. Ruminal measurements did not differ. Blood electrolyte profiles were not altered. Trial 2 was similar to Trial 1 except the basal diet used was 47% barley grain, 35% alfalfa hay, and 10% barley straw. Either MOL or CSB was added at 7.3% of the DM. Digestibilities of DM, ADF, NDF, and CP were 69.52, 71.33; 35.96, 37.11; 27.93, 33.47; and 71.10, 73.66% for the MOL and CSB diets, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Potential of fermentation byproducts as nitrogen supplements for lactating dairy cows.

Two feeding trials evaluated several byproducts from commercial amino acid fermentations as N supplements for lactating cows. Trial 1 was a replicated 5 x 5 Latin square that used 2-wk periods and 25 Holstein cows (five with ruminal cannulae) fed diets containing [dry matter (DM) basis] 28% alfalfa silage, 31% corn silage, 28% high moisture ear corn plus 4 percentage units of crude protein (CP) from: soybean meal, urea, commercial fermentation byproduct 1 or 2, or a blend of fermentation byproducts plus wheat middlings. Diets averaged 15.1% CP and 32% neutral detergent fiber. Intake of DM, body weight (BW) gain, and yield of milk and milk components were greatest for cows fed soybean meal; animal performance was similar with urea, byproduct 1 and the byproduct blend. Intake, BW change, and yield of milk and protein when cows were fed byproduct 2 were lower than when fed urea. Urine output (estimated with creatinine in spot urine samples) was greater on fermentation byproduct 1 and the byproduct blend. There were no differences due to N source in microbial synthesis (based on estimated purine derivative excretion), in situ digestion of alfalfa hay DM, or molar proportions of ruminal volatile fatty acids. Trial 2 was a replicated 5 x 5 Latin square using 2-wk periods and 10 Holstein cows fed diets containing (DM basis) 37% alfalfa silage, 28% corn silage, 29% high moisture ear corn plus 2 percentage units of CP from urea, fermentation byproduct 1, or one of three blends of fermentation byproducts plus wheat middlings. Except for greater DM intake in cows fed the byproduct blends, performance and urinary metabolite excretion did not differ because of N supplement. Relative to other fermentation byproducts and urea, byproduct 1 resulted in reduced milk urea N in both trials. Under the conditions of these trials, fermentation byproducts were less effective than soybean meal, and no more effective than urea, as N supplements.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1997

Evaluation of corn and sorghum distillers byproducts.

Two trials were conducted to determine the feeding value of sorghum distillers byproducts. Trial 1, a finishing trial, used 160 yearling steers (327 kg). Treatments consisted of dry-rolled corn (DRC) control, sorghum wet distillers grains (SWDG), sorghum wet distillers grains plus solubles (SWDGS), and sorghum dried distillers grain plus solubles (SDDGS). Distillers byproducts were fed at 40% of the diet DM. Cattle fed diets containing SWDG, SWDGS, or DRC were similar in efficiency of gain (P > .10); cattle fed SDDGS were less efficient (P < .10) than all other treatments. Sorghum wet distillers grains, SWDGS, and SDDGS contained 96, 102, and 80% relative NEg of corn, respectively. In Trial 2, 16 crossbred lambs (55 kg) were used to determine the digestibility of sorghum and corn distillers byproducts. Byproducts were fed at 80% of the diet DM and treatments consisted of corn wet distillers grains (CWDG), corn dried distillers grains plus solubles (CDDGS), SWDG, and SDDGS. Neutral detergent fiber digestibility was not different among treatments (P > .10). Corn wet distillers grains were higher in true nitrogen (P < .001), apparent nitrogen (P < .01), and organic matter digestibility (P < .05) than SWDG. Wet distillers byproducts were higher (P < .01) in apparent organic matter and nitrogen digestibility than dried distillers byproducts. Digestibility of distillers byproducts and subsequent energy values are influenced by type of grain used in the fermentation process and drying of the finished byproduct.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Part-per-trillion level determination of antifouling pesticides and their byproducts in seawater samples by off-line solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry.

A new method for the simultaneous determination of antifouling pesticides and some of their byproducts such as dichlofluanid, diuron and its byproducts [demethyldiuron and 1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)urea], (2-thiocyanomethylthio)ben: zothiazole, chlorothalonil, Sea-nine 211, Irgarol 1051 and one of its byproducts (2-methylthio-4-tert.-butylamino-s-triazine) in seawater was developed. The extraction of these compounds from the filtered seawater samples was performed off-line with different solid-phase extraction sorbents using (I) a 500 mg graphitized carbon black cartridge (ENVI-Carb) and (II) 200 mg polymeric cartridges (LiChrolut EN and Isolute ENV+) and passing 500 ml of the sample through these cartridges. The detection was carried out by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry both in the negative and positive ion modes. The recovery ranged from 76 to 96% for the whole antifouling group with the ENVI-Carb cartridges and the detection limit was at the part-per-trillion level except for TCMTB. The method utilizing the polymeric cartridge proved to be very useful, time saving and with good recoveries when only Irgarol and its byproduct, Sea-nine 211 and diuron and its byproducts, have to be analyzed. The different cartridges were applied to the analysis of these pesticides in different marinas of the Catalan coast; diuron, dichlofluanid, Sea-nine 211, Irgarol as well as demethyldiuron and the Irgarol byproduct being the must ubiquitous pollutants. Maximum concentration levels were 2-3.5 microg/l of diuron and Sea-nine 211, respectively.

Atmospheric Pressure↗
PubMed2002

Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts as a potential source of health-promoting antioxidant phenolics.

The present study reports a fast, economical, and feasible way to extract antioxidant phenolics from artichoke byproducts: raw artichoke (RA), blanched (thermally treated) artichoke (BA), and artichoke blanching waters (ABW). These byproducts represent a huge amount of discarded material in some industries. Two protocols, with possible industrial applicability, based on both methanol and water extractions were used. Phenolic contents (expressed as caffeic acid derivatives) (grams per 100 g of dry extract) were 15.4 and 9.9 for RA when extracted with methanol and water, respectively; 24.3 and 10.3 for BA when extracted with methanol and water, respectively; and finally, 11.3 g of phenolics/100 mL of ABW. Therefore, methanol extracts yielded more phenolics than water extracts, especially when BA byproducts were used. The higher amount of phenolics in BA could be due to the inactivation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) at the industrial scale (due to blanching process), avoiding PPO-catalyzed oxidation of these phenolics, a phenomenon that could occur in RA byproducts. Artichoke extracts from industrial byproducts showed a high free radical scavenging activity (versus both DPPH* and ABTS*+ radicals) as well as capacity to inhibit lipid peroxidation (ferric thiocyanate method). According to these results, the use of artichoke extracts from industrial byproducts as possible ingredients to functionalize foodstuffs (to decrease lipid peroxidation and to increase health-promoting properties) is suggested.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1993

Feeding value of wet distillers byproducts for finishing ruminants.

Yearling and calf finishing trials (replicated over 2 yr) evaluated the feeding value of wet distillers byproducts (wet distillers grains and thin stillage). An additional trial estimated the amount of thin stillage bypassing the rumen when consumed by drinking. Yearlings were 5, 10, and 20% more efficient (linear, P < .01; quadratic, P = .05), whereas calves were 2, 6, and 14% more efficient (linear, P < .01) when fed 5.2, 12.6, and 40.0% (DM basis) wet distillers byproducts, respectively, compared with cattle fed a 79% dry-rolled corn diet. Cattle fed 5.2 or 12.6% wet distillers byproducts, or the dry-rolled corn diet, received similar amounts of protein (crude or metabolizable), which exceeded the metabolizable protein requirement of all cattle. Therefore, differences in efficiency were attributed to differences in energy utilization of the diets. Wet distillers byproducts fed at 5.2, 12.6 and 40.0% contributed 80, 62, and 47% more net energy for gain than corn when fed to yearlings and 17, 33, and 29% more net energy for gain than corn when fed to calves, respectively. Wet distillers byproducts averaged 169% the energy value of corn (2.53 Mcal of NEg/kg) when fed to yearlings and 128% the energy value of corn (1.96 Mcal of NEg/kg) when fed to calves. The increased energy values cannot be explained by increased digestibility, but they may be due to a combination of factors (reduced acidosis, increased energy utilization, yeast end products, etc.) that increase the net energy content of distillers byproducts. Approximately 50% of the thin stillage consumed by drinking bypassed ruminal fermentation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2000

Characterization of Cr(VI) binding and reduction to Cr(III) by the agricultural byproducts of Avena monida (oat) biomass.

Chromium contamination of the environment has become an important issue due to the potential health threat it poses. Conventional technologies to clean up heavy metal ions from contaminated waters have been utilized, but these technologies are not cost-effective. However, the use of agricultural waste byproducts for the removal of Cr(VI) from contaminated waters may be a new cost-effective alternative. Oat byproducts from the Juarez Valley in Mexico were studied for the ability to bind Cr(VI) under different temperature and time conditions. The metal binding ability of oat byproducts was calculated from experimental data collected at temperatures of 8, 26, and 54 degrees C, and time exposures of 1, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h at each temperature. These results showed that the binding of Cr(VI) to oat biomass increased as time and temperature increased. The bound chromium was recovered from the oat biomass by treatment with 0.2M HCl. Through the use of X-ray absorption spectroscopy, the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) was determined to occur by the oat byproducts. These results indicate that the use of agricultural waste byproducts could be a better alternative for the removal and subsequent reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) from contaminated waters.

Agriculture↗
PubMed1991

Byproduct feeds. Feed analysis and interpretation.

Any byproduct of animal, plant, or industrial processing that contains nutrients is potentially useful as an animal feed. The nutrient content and any other potential limitations must be known in order to incorporate the byproduct into nutritionally balanced animal diets. Byproducts that are high in energy and protein may allow the product's incorporation into the diets of highly productive animals. Other, primarily roughage byproducts may merit only limited use in maintenance diets. Cost, availability, and handling are other considerations when evaluating the potential use of byproducts in animal diets.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Chemical and sensory evaluation of crude oil extracted from herring byproducts from different processing operations.

Fish oils extracted from marinated herring (frozen and unfrozen) byproducts and maatjes herring byproducts were evaluated on their chemical and sensory properties. The obtained crude oils had very low content of copper (<0.1 mg/kg oil), and iron values were 0.8, 0.1, and 0.03 mg/kg oil, respectively, for oil from maatjes and frozen and fresh byproducts. For the maatjes oil, a much lower value was found for alpha-tocopherol compared to the other oils. Storage stability results showed that the oils behave differently. Secondary oxidation products were measured for fresh oil, while for the maatjes and frozen byproducts' oil, tertiary oxidation products were detected. Over storage time, the maatjes and frozen byproducts' oils became more intense in odor, correlating positively at the end with sensory attributes of train-oil, acidic, marine and fishy. The best correlation between sensory and chemical analyses was found for FFA and fishy off-odor (r = 0.781).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anaerobic treatment of animal byproducts from slaughterhouses at laboratory and pilot scale.

Different mixtures of animal byproducts, other slaughterhouse waste (i.e., rumen, stomach and intestinal content), food waste, and liquid manure were codigested at mesophilic conditions (37 degrees C) at laboratory and pilot scale. Animal byproducts, including blood, represent 70-80% of the total biogas potential from waste generated during slaughter of animals. The total biogas potential from waste generated during slaughter is about 1300 MJ/cattle and about 140 MJ/pig. Fed-batch digestion of pasteurized (70 degrees C, 1 h) animal byproducts resulted in a fourfold increase in biogas yield (1.14 L/g of volatile solids [VS]) compared with nonpasteurized animal byproducts (0.31 L/g of VS). Mixtures with animal byproducts representing 19-38% of the total dry matter were digested in continuous-flow stirred tank reactors at laboratory and pilot scale. Stable processes at organic loading rates (OLRs) exceeding 2.5 g of VS/(L.d) and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) less than 40 d could be obtained with total ammonia nitrogen concentrations (NH4-N + NH3-N) in the range of 4.0-5.0 g/L. After operating one process for more than 1.5 yr at total ammonia nitrogen concentrations >4 g/L, an increase in OLR to 5 g of VS/(L.d) and a decrease in HRT to 22 d was possible without accumulation of volatile fatty acids.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1994

Wet corn distillers byproducts compared with dried corn distillers grains with solubles as a source of protein and energy for ruminants.

Five trials investigated the feeding value of wet and dried corn distillers byproducts as a source of protein and energy for growing and finishing cattle and investigated the effect of heat damage on the feeding value of dried distillers byproducts. In a calf growth trial, no differences in rate of gain or protein efficiency were observed among calves fed wet distillers byproducts (wet distillers grains + thin stillage; WDB) or one of three composites of dried distillers grain + solubles (DDGS) having a low, medium, or high concentration of ADIN. A finishing trial compared the energy value of dry-rolled corn (DRC) with WDB or the three DDGS composites, fed at 40% of the diet DM replacing DRC. Cattle consuming WDB or DDGS gained faster (P < .05) and more efficiently (P < .05) than cattle fed DRC. Although gains were similar, cattle fed WDB consumed less feed (P < .10) and were more efficient (P < .10) than cattle fed DDGS. Level of ADIN in DDGS did not affect efficiency of gain (P > .10). In a lamb finishing trial, the addition of 5 or 10% ethanol did not affect (P > .10) daily gain, DMI, or feed efficiency. In two metabolism trials with steers, grain byproducts (wet distillers grains, dry distillers grains plus solubles, wet corn gluten feed, dry corn gluten feed, hominy feed) and DRC had similar effects on ruminal pH and total VFA. Feeding thin stillage or condensed solubles reduced (P < .10) ruminal pH and tended to reduce acetate:propionate. Wet corn distillers byproducts, fed at 40% of the diet DM, contain more NEg than did DRC and drying WDB reduces its NEg content. Acid detergent insoluble N is a poor indicator of protein and energy value in distillers grains.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2001

Investigation of irradiated soil byproducts.

The high dose irradiation of windblown soil deposited onto the surface of spent nuclear fuel is of concern to long-term fuel storage stability. Such soils could be exposed to radiation fields as great as 1.08 x 10(-3) C/kg-s (15,000 R/hr) during the 40-year anticipated period of interim dry storage prior to placement at the proposed national repository. The total absorbed dose in these cases could be as high as 5 x 10(7) Gy (5 x 10(9) rads). This investigation evaluated the potential generation of explosive or combustible irradiation byproducts during this irradiation. It focuses on the production of radiolytic byproducts generated within the pore water of surrogate clays that are consistent with those found on the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. Synthesized surrogates of localized soils containing combinations of clay, water, and aluminum samples, enclosed within a stainless steel vessel were irradiated and the quantities of the byproducts generated measured. Two types of clays, varying primarily in the presence of iron oxide, were investigated. Two treatment levels of irradiation and a control were investigated. An 18-Mev linear accelerator was used to irradiate samples. The first irradiation level provided an absorbed dose of 3.9 x 10(5)+/-1.4 x 10(5)Gy (3.9 x 10(7)+/-1.4 x 10(7) rads) in a 3-h period. At the second irradiation level, 4.8 x 10(5)+/-2.0 x 10(5)Gy (4.8 x 10(7)+/-2.0 x 10(7) rads) were delivered in a 6-h period. When averaged over all treatment parameters, irradiated clay samples with and without iron (III) oxide (moisture content = 40%) had a production rate of hydrogen gas that was a strong function of radiation-dose. A g-value of 5.61 x 10(-9)+/-1.56 x 10(-9) mol/J (0.054+/-0.015 molecules/100-eV) per mass of pore water was observed in the clay samples without iron (III) oxide for hydrogen gas production. A g-value of 1.07 x 10(-8)+/-2.91 x 10(-9) mol/J (0.103+0.028 molecules/100-eV) per mass of pore water was observed in the iron (III) oxide containing clay samples for hydrogen gas production. This value was noticeably larger when the samples were spiked with both KCl and KNO3 salts. The ratio of oxygen to nitrogen gas was observed to increase as a function of absorbed dose particularly in the presence of both KCl and KNO3 salts. The creation of radiolytic byproducts produced an observable but small increase in headspace pressure. Temperature increases during irradiation were not observed. Additionally, KCl and KNO3 salts added to the clays enhanced nitrite production as a function of radiation-dose and the type of clay considered. The addition of aluminum to these samples had no statistically discernable impact at the alpha = 0.05 level. Generation of the irradiation products, hydrogen peroxide and hydrogen gas also depended upon the type of clay irradiated and the presence of both KCl and KNO3 salts and the total dose received.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2000

Volatiles from roasted byproducts of the poultry-processing industry.

Volatiles of roasted chicken breast muscle and byproducts, such as backbones, breastbones, spent bones, and skin, were investigated. Total volatile concentrations ranged from 2030 ppb in the roasted backbones to 4049 ppb in the roasted skin. The major classes of volatile compounds detected in roasted samples were aldehydes (648-1532 ppb) and alcohols (336-1006 ppb). Nitrogen- and/or sulfur-containing compounds were also detected in appreciable quantities (161-706 ppb) in all samples. For all samples, hexanal and 2-methyl-2-buten-1-ol were dominant among the aldehydes and alcohols, respectively. Among the nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds, Maillard reaction products, such as tetrahydropyridazines, piperidines, and thiazoles, were the major contributors to the total volatile content in all samples. The composition of volatiles observed in roasted byproducts was markedly different from that of the roasted breast muscle. Therefore, the blending of the byproducts in appropriate proportions or blending of volatile flavor extracts from different byproducts may be necessary to obtain an aroma that mimics roasted chicken aroma.

Food Handling↗
PubMed2002

Seasonal changes in crude and lipid composition of herring fillets, byproducts, and respective produced oils.

Crude and fatty acid composition analyses were performed on fillets, byproducts, and oil originating from herring (Clupea harengus) caught off the North Sea from June 1999 to January 2001. Monthly statistical differences were found in the fat content, the range of variation being larger in fillets than in byproducts. The most consistent change observed in fillets was an increase of unsaturation from May to September reflected in a reduced percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids, whereas for byproducts and oil this trend was not so well defined. The results indicated that the lowest values of the total amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the oil were found from January to March (approximately 14%), coinciding with the postspawning and starvation period. In contrast, the highest values were found from June to August (approximately 23%). Thus, the herring byproducts are all year an adequate raw material for fish oil production; however, during the summer they are richer in PUFAs.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Characterization of alkaline hydroxide-preserved whole poultry as a dry byproduct meal.

Studies were conducted to examine the chemical preservation of whole broiler carcasses by using aqueous alkaline hydroxide solutions. Conversion of the preserved carcasses and solutions into an acceptable poultry byproduct meal was examined. Carcasses and alkaline solutions at a 1:1 ratio were blended and freeze-dried to produce a high fat whole poultry byproduct meal. The dry meal was analyzed for nutrient composition, true metabolizable energy, and amino acid content. Viable bacteria were not recovered after inoculation of the experimental meal with Salmonella enteritidis. The meal was incorporated at 5 and 10% of chick starter diets. Chicks found the meal-containing diets acceptable. Feed consumption, water consumption, BW, and mortality were not significantly different among the dietary treatments in either of the two feeding trials. Necropsy samples revealed no pathological or histological differences attributable to consumption of the alkaline poultry byproduct and blood serum evaluation found no variation in blood chemistry. Alkaline treatment of whole broiler carcasses was an effective preservation method and acceptable as a dry poultry byproduct meal.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed2000

Chlorination disinfection byproducts in water and their association with adverse reproductive outcomes: a review.

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: Chlorination has been the major disinfectant process for domestic drinking water for many years. Concern about the potential health effects of the byproducts of chlorination has prompted the investigation of the possible association between exposure to these byproducts and incidence of human cancer, and more recently, with adverse reproductive outcomes. This paper evaluates both the toxicological and epidemiological data involving chlorination disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and adverse reproductive outcomes, and makes recommendations for future research. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Relatively few toxicological and epidemiological studies have been carried out examining the effects of DBPs on reproductive health outcomes. The main outcomes of interest so far have been low birth weight, preterm delivery, spontaneous abortions, stillbirth, and birth defects--in particular central nervous system, major cardiac defects, oral cleft, and respiratory, and neural tube defects. Various toxicological and epidemiological studies point towards an association between trihalomethanes (THMs), one of the main DBPs and marker for total DBP load, and (low) birth weight, although the evidence is not conclusive. Administered doses in toxicological studies have been high and even though epidemiological studies have mostly shown excess risks, these were often not significant and the assessment of exposure was often limited. Some studies have shown associations for DBPs and other outcomes such as spontaneous abortions, stillbirth and birth defects, and although the evidence for these associations is weaker it is gaining weight. There is no evidence for an association between THMs and preterm delivery. The main limitation of most studies so far has been the relatively crude methodology, in particular for assessment of exposure. RECOMMENDATIONS: Large, well designed epidemiological studies focusing on well defined end points taking into account relevant confounders and with particular emphasis on exposure characterisation are ideally needed to confirm or refute these preliminary findings. In practice, these studies may be impracticable, partly due to the cost involved, but this is an issue that can be put right--for example, by use of subsets of the population in the design of exposure models. The studies should also reflect differences of culture and water treatment in different parts of the world. To identify the specific components that may be of aetiological concern and hence to fit the most appropriate exposure model with which to investigate human exposure to chlorinated DBPs, further detailed toxicological assessments of the mixture of byproducts commonly found in drinking water are also needed.

Chlorine↗
PubMed1993

Proteolysis and amino acid breakdown of heated and irradiated poultry byproducts and muscle tissue.

As a result of intensification and centralization of poultry slaughtering, the amount of slaughter byproducts produced at a single location is increasing. These byproducts are rich in protein, fat, and vitamins and, therefore, constitute a potentially useful raw material for use as animal feed. To maintain the nutritive value of these byproducts they should be processed to minimize or eliminate degenerative changes that reduce the feed value of the product. In this paper amino acid breakdown in slaughter-fresh poultry viscera, heads, and breast meat is studied as a model. Initial amino acid breakdown in viscera was observed (also when bacterial growth was excluded by gamma-irradiation), which resulted in high levels of total volatile N and cadaverine. Putrescine was produced only in viscera after bacterial proliferation. In heads and breast meat, no production of metabolites of amino acid degradation was observed as a result of initial enzymatic activity. It is concluded that during preservation of poultry byproducts not only bacterial proliferation, but also enzymatic breakdown of amino acids, must be prevented.

Amino Acids↗