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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

[Results of computer-assisted studies of population structure and burial practices of adults of the late Roman burial ground in the Minshat Abu Omar (east Nile delta)].

The results of 1448 skeletons met the requirements (database) for the completed examinations. Statistical correlations between situation of the skeletons in view of compass directions, position of the skeletons, grave type and mumification traces were calculated. More than 90% of the analyzed individuals were buried in west-east direction (head-feet). In 69% of all cases the skeletons were buried with their hands on or next to the pelvis. 98% of all mummies examined were found in the position hand/hands on shoulder. Special grave architecture was given in 15.8% of the examined individuals. The average life-expectancy for the group between 20 to 29 amounted to 14.65 years. The cluster-analysis showed clear differentiation of the male group in 3 to 4 subpopulations. For the female group a mathematical probability for 3 subpopulations was given. Connecting the data of cluster and burial types a significant distinction between the four male clusters - according to the distribution of the skeleton positions - could be seen. Within the female group a clear correlation between clusters and common characteristics could be found in 7 subgroups. Differentiated distribution was revealed in the different alignments of the skeletons.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Detection of E 605 several years after burial].

Five cadavers were exhumed 8 months to 20 years after burial, as it was suspected that these persons had been poisoned with E 605. Parathion at doses of between 200 mg and 500 mg might have been administered. Parathion, aminoparathion, paraoxon, p-nitrophenol, and a decomposition product of CI solvent blue 78 (Ceresblau) were found 9 months after burial, and aminoparathion and p-nitrophenol could be detected 3 and 7 years after burial. Neither parathion nor its degradation products were found in postmortem samples 13 and 20 years after burial. As secondary findings, barbital was detected in specimens 20 years after burial. The analytical findings were confirmed by GLC mass spectrometry.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Ethical and legal aspects to death: the burial.

As a form of ritualized behaviour, the burial promotes and maintains the emotional well-being of the individual and the social cohesion of the group. Sources of burial law in Southern Africa are summarized and the present legal situation with regard to burial is given in some detail. Fulton sums up the essence of our subject historically and comparatively as follows: 'Burial of the dead is an ancient practice among men. From paleolithic times to the present, man has responded to the death of his fellow man with solemnity and ceremony. The event of death has evoked not only a religious awe in men, but its threat to the survival of communal life has also engendered fear, just as its disruption of family life has aroused sorrow.'

Attitude to Death↗
PubMed1975

Otosclerotic stapedial footplate fixation in an 18th century burial.

Fixation of the footplate of the stapes by otosclerosis had been found in the left ear of a probable Spaniard who died about 200 years ago and was buried in the Tuscon Presidio. Previous studies on North and South Dakota American Indian crania of about the same time period did not demonstrate any stapedial fixation in 2,600 burials (4,064 temporal bones), 1,416 of which were over 16 years of age at death. The Tucson burial would indicate that this abnormality can be demonstrated in old interred skeletal material. Our other studies suggest that this disease process was not common in the prehistoric and historic Indian populations of the Dakotas.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Methods in age determination in human skeletons exemplified by inhumation and cremation burials of the Hallstatt period].

Discussed were the usual methods presently applied in anthropology for determining a person's age at death by means of specific characteristics of the human skeleton. The inhumation and cremation burials from two tumulus cemeteries of the Hallstatt period (750-500 BC), Dietfurt and Schirndorf, which are both located in the Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, were used as illustrations. In the case of the skeleton of an adult a combined method of age-determination, which took the following four factors into account, proved to be effective: 1. the stage of closure of the endocranial suture, 2. changes in the symphyseal surface of the pubis, 3. and 4. changes in the structure of the spongiosa of the proximal humerus epiphysis and femur epiphysis. In addition the degree of abrasion of the teeth can be taken into account. In the case of skeletons of non-adults, teeth cutting and the epiphyseal fusion should be paid particular attention to. Using the described methods, the following data relating to age-structure for the inhumation burials of both Hallstatt cemeteries could be attained. The death-apex was reached in the adult age-class. The average life-expectancy of both men and women in Dietfurt and Schirndorf was approximately 31-32 years. The average life-expectancy at the time of birth was 32.3 years in Dietfurt and 26.9 years in Schirndorf. The varying results are due to the fact that more children of the age-classes infants I and infants II could be proved for the Schirndorf cemetery.

Age Determination by Skeleton↗
PubMed1989

ESR dates for the hominid burial site of Es Skhul in Israel.

The Middle East has been critical to our understanding of recent human evolution ever since the recovery of Neanderthal and early anatomically modern fossils from the caves of Tabun and Skhul (Mount Carmel) over 50 years ago. It was generally believed, on archaeological and morphological grounds, that middle eastern Neanderthals (such as those from Tabun, Amud and Kebara) probably dated from more than 50,000 years ago, whereas the earliest anatomically modern specimens (from Skhul and Qafzeh) probably dated from about 40,000 years. Recent thermoluminescence and electron spin resonance (ESR) determinations, however, have supported biostratigraphy in dating the Qafzeh deposits to an earlier part of the late Pleistocene, probably more than 90,000 years ago. These dates have been questioned on unspecified technical grounds, and it has also been argued that they create explanatory problems by separating the morphologically similar Qafzeh and Skhul samples by some 50,000 years, thus implying a long-term coexistence of early modern humans and Neanderthals in the area. Here we report the first radiometric dating analysis for Skhul, using ESR on bovine teeth from the hominid burial levels. Early uptake and linear uptake ages average 81 +/- 15 and 101 +/- 12 kyr respectively. These analyses suggest that the Skhul and Qafzeh samples are of a similar age and therefore it is possible that the presence of early modern humans in the area was episodic, rather than long-term during the early late Pleistocene.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

The calculation of annual limits of intake for plutonium-239 in man using a bone model which allows for plutonium burial and recycling.

Values of the annual limit of intake (ALI) for plutonium-239 in man have been calculated using committed dose equivalent limits as recommended by ICRP in Publication 26. The calculations were made using a multicompartment bone model which allows for plutonium burial and recycling in the skeleton. In one skeletal compartment, the growing surfaces of cortical bone, it is assumed that plutonium deposits are retained and are not subject to resorption or recycling. In the trabecular bone compartment plutonium is taken to be resorbed with either subsequent redeposition onto bone surfaces or retention in the bone marrow. ALIs for plutonium-239 have been calculated assuming a range of rates of bone accretion (0-32 micron yr-1), different amounts of plutonium retained in the marrow (0-60%) and a 20%, 45% or 70% deposition of plutonium in the skeleton from the blood. The calculations made using this bone model suggest that 750 Bq (20 nCi) is an appropriate ALI for the inhalation of class W and class Y plutonium compounds and that 830 kBq and 5 MBq (23 muCi and 136 muCi) are the appropriate ALIs for the ingestion of soluble and insoluble forms of plutonium respectively.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1987

Ultrastructural and immunofluorescent detection of herpes simplex virus after embalming and burial.

The practice of embalming preserves body tissues, and embalmed bodies may resist decay processes for many decades with relatively little change. As the chemicals used for embalming are poisonous to microorganisms, bacterial and viral cultures are futile after such funerary procedures are performed. However, embalming may act as a virtual tissue fixative, especially with arterial perfusion, and identification methods other than culture may be used to detect and identify pathogenic organisms. In the case presented here, a death from a fulminating, but unidentified, illness in a young girl was successfully diagnosed as herpes hepatitis by immunofluorescent and electron-microscopic studies of tissue obtained 3 weeks after she was embalmed and interred. Routine embalming and burial should not eliminate these diagnostic procedures from consideration in specific situations where potentially useful information may be realized.

Autopsy↗