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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1979

Studies on effect of lighting on "Sudden death syndrome" in broiler chickens.

Broiler chicken flocks were studied to determine the mortality from sudden death syndrome occurring in the flocks. The difference in the incidence of the syndrome in pullets and cockerels, and the age at which the most birds are affected were also studied. The weight of sudden death syndrome birds was compared with the flock average and the effect of continuous lighting as opposed to intermittent lighting was examined. The results suggest that; continuous lighting produces more sudden death syndrome deaths than intermittent lighting; that the incidence of sudden death syndrome is higher in cockerels than pullets; that the highest death rate occurred during the third and fourth weeks of life, and that sudden death syndrome birds on the average were heavier than the flock average.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The development of dermatitis (scabby-hip) on the hip and thigh of broiler chickens.

Broiler chicks grown on litter or in cages at high bird density developed skin lesions on the thigh and hip. Changes in bird denisty markedly influenced lesion incidence (100% at 0.0185 sq m of floor space per bird). The dermatitis was characterized by crusted dry "scabs" at the base of feather follicles and between follicles. The lesions often coalesced to cover wide areas. The scab consisted of a mass of pyknotic nuclei and cellular debris, and when the epidermis was intact there was little inflammatory reaction in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. The epidermis was destroyed in some lesions, with heterophils penetrating into the subcutaneous tissue. Colonies of gram-positive cocci were present in the lesions.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Influence of dietary aflatoxin on the severity of Eimeria acervulina infection in broiler chickens.

Broiler chicks (Hubbard x Hubbard) receiving 2.5 microgram of aflatoxin/g of diet and inoculated with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina gained significantly less weight than chicks receiving either aflatoxin or coccidia alone. Aflatoxin alone affected body weight more in females than males. Blood parameters, however, showed no sex-related differences to E. acervulina or aflatoxin. E. acervulina had no effect on packed cell volume, red cell number, or hemoglobin levels. Gross lesions in the intestine caused by the coccidia appeared the same with or without dietary aflatoxin. Either aflatoxin or E. acervulina alone reduced the plasma pigment. When both were present, depigmentation was greater with some strains of coccidia than with either alone. Aflatoxin alone reduced the plasma levels of cholesterol and protein. The effect of E. acervulina on cholesterol or protein, with or without aflatoxin, depended on the coccidial strain used.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMed1979

Effect of sodium chloride deficiency on basal metabolism in broiler chickens.

1. Male broiler chickens were given a sodium chloride-deficient or NaCl-adequate diet from 7 to 21 d of age in Expt 1 and 28 to 56 d of age in Expt 2. 2. NaCl-deficient chickens had a markedly poorer growth and food conversion efficiency than those given the NaCl-adequate diet. 3. NaCl deficiency was associated with an increase in basal metabolic rate and increases in oxygen consumption, heat production and respiratory quotients were also noted. The glycogen content of chicken livers was also higher. 4. MEasurements of acid-base balance were found to be changed in NaCl-deficient chickens. Values for pH and bicarbonate content in blood plasma were lowered. 5. NaCl deficiency increased the packed cell volume and thyroxine level in blood plasma. Sodium and chloride contents in blood were lowered. 6. Results are discussed in relation to the decreased food conversion in NaCl-deficient chickens.

Acid-Base Imbalance↗
PubMed1977

DDT and metabolite accumulation in adrenal, liver, and brain of broiler chickens.

Four-week old broiler chickens were fed rations with varying levels of technical grade DDT for a 4-week period. DDT and metabolite concentrations were measured in adrenal, liver, and brain. Accumulations per gram of tissue were greatest in the adrenals, followed by those in the liver, then in the brain. All birds fed 2700 p.p.m. of DDT died with 12 days after beginning feeding, and moderate signs of toxicity, such as ataxia and trembling, appeared in those fed 900 p.p.m. Although both DDT metabolites, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD, were found in the tissues, the higher levels of the former indicated that the aerobic conversion of DDE occurs more readily than the anaerobic conversion. Significant quantities of o,p'-DDT appear only in tissues of birds fed high levels of the technical grade DDT.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1977

[Cross-infection during scalding and plucking of broiler chickens (author's transl)].

In two poultry-processing plants, experiments were carried out to detect cross-infection during scalding and plucking of broiler chickens. These trials showed that cross-infection was only detectable when experimental infection with the indicator micro-organism Escherichia coli K12 was applied externally to the broiler chickens. When infection was applied internally, only a small degree of transmission was observed. Indicator micro-organisms applied externally to broiler chickens prior to scalding and plucking, were present on the cooled product in larger numbers than those applied internally in the intestines of broilers. The number of carcasses which were positive after cooling was found to have decreased in poultry-processing plant B compared with the situation after plucking, whereas this number was not affected to any appreciable extent in processing plant A.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Inclusion body hepatitis in broiler chickens in Iraq.

Eighteen outbreaks of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) were identified in broiler chickens in Baghdad in 1977 and 1978. The disease was seen mainly in 4-to-6-week-old broiler chickens. The mortality rate did not exceed 1% in any outbreak investigated. The most common gross findings were stellate or punctiform hemorrhagic areas in markedly fatty livers. Noticed in many cases were enlarged and pale kidneys, hemorrhagic lesions in the skeletal muscles, and pale fattened bone marrow. Histological examination of tissues revealed fat droplets and intranuclear inclusion bodies in degenerated liver cells. Eosinophilic inclusion bodies were seen in all cases. Only five cases had basophilic inclusions along with the eosinophilic ones. The etiologic agent was isolated on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 12-day-old embryonated chicken eggs. The disease was produced experimentally in 4-week-old chicks using infected CAM suspension.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Preliminary investigation on the nutritive value of krill meal in the feed of broiler chickens and laying hens.

Krill meal was used as a protein feed in rations for broiler chickens and laying hens and its nutritional effectiveness was studied in comparison with conventional feed-stuffs of animal origin. In experiments with 650 broiler chickens from 1 to 28 and from 29 to 56 days to fattening krill meal was added to the standard feedmixture in lieu of fish meal, and dried skim-milk, and at higher levels also in lieu of soyabean oilmeal. In the experiment with 22 layer hens kept in individual cages 3% of the fish meal were substituted by 3% of krill meal. The performance of chickens fed on diets with krill meal was lower in comparison with analogical groups fed on fish meal. Higher levels of krill meal, exceeding 15 and 11% in the first and second period of feeding respectively, reduced the weight gains and feed intake of chickens. The fatty acid C14, C18 and C18:1 content of internal body fat was changed in chickens fed on higher levels of krill meal. In the experiment with hens krill meal decreased the feed efficiency, the pigmentation of egg yolks, however, was more intensive and the vitamin A content of yolks was increased in comparison with the control group. The results show that krill meal can be used as a partial substitute of fish meal in the feed of broilers and hens.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1979

[Rickets-like changes in broiler chickens (author's transl)].

A disease in broiler chickens associated with rickets-like symptoms observed on post-mortem examination is described. The disease is not caused by deficiencies in the feed. Treatment with vitamin D3, calcium and phosphorus has little if any effect. There is evidence to suggest a relationship with the origin of the broilers. It also is an established fact that the disease is related to the farm. Particularly those broilers will develop rickets-like symptoms, which were housed on litter previously used for chickens with the same disease. It probably is an infectious disease. Non-purulent inflammation of the glandular stomach is constantly observed in chickens showing rickets-like symptoms. This disease is transmissible to SPF chickens. It is not clear whether this is an accidental finding or typical of this clinical picture.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Residues in broiler chickens fed low levels of hexachlorobenzene.

Male broiler chicks (Hubbard-Hubbard) were fed graded levels (0, 0.0006, 0.006, 0.03, and 0.120 p.p.m.) of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) for 8 weeks. Gel permeation chromatography was used to prepare tissue samples from fat, heart, gizzard, leg muscle, breast muscle, kidney, and liver for analysis by gas-liquid chromatography employing electron capture detection. No treatment related trends could be determined for body or organ weights. Histopathologic examination of brain, liver, testes, pancreas, small intestine, ventriculus, spleen, kidney, lung, and heart failed to reveal lesions in either control or treated groups. A linear relationship was found between HCB accumulation in tissues and the dietary HCB level. HCB accumulation was greatest in adipose tissue followed by the heart, gizzard, leg, kidney, liver, and breast. The biomagnification of HCB in adipose tissue of broiler chickens was 11 to 18 times the concentration in the diet. For example, a concentration of 0.03 p.p.m. of HCB in the diet resulted in the accumulation of HCB in adipose tissue in excess of 0.5 p.p.m. After 7 weeks, birds were taken off rations containing HCB. After a withdrawal period of five weeks, 0.5 p.p.m. of HCB remained in adipose tissue of birds that had been fed 0.12 p.p.m. of HCB.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1977

[Contribution to the aetiology and epidemiology of botulism in broiler chickens (authors transl)].

The second outbreak of botulism in broiler chickens diagnosed in the Netherlands is reported. In this case, the source of botulinum toxin was positively located. Despite the fact that the owner had emphatically assured that all sick and dead broilers had been carefully removed, several carcasses of broilers, almost unrecognizable at first sight, were found to be present in the litter covering the floor, particularly at the rear of the fowl house. The concentration of toxin in the carcasses in the area surrounding this source of infection averaged well over 1,000,000 LD50 per gram of tissue. This is more than sufficient to account for the outbreak of botulism as the oral MLD of the strain of Cl. botulinum type C isolated in previous studied had been found to be well over 4,000,000 LD50 per kg of body weight for chickens, the oral MLD of the strain of Cl. botulinum type C isolated in the second outbreak being found to be 2,000,000 LD50 per kg. of body weight. In discussing the origin of the infection, attention is finally drawn to the possible relationship with the fact that botulism has become increasingly common among waterfowl in the Netherlands since 1970.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Massive liver hemorrhage in Ontario broiler chickens.

A massive liver hemorrhage (MLH) recognized in Ontario broiler chickens had a characteristic clinical course and pathological lesions. Affected flocks had a higher death rate than normal, with no obvious clinical signs. Deaths from MLH began at two weeks of age; the mortality rate returned to a normal level by four weeks. The main necropsy finding was massive multiple liver hemorrhage with consequent profuse hemoperitoneum.

Animals↗
PubMed2026

Therapeutic potential of a novel virulent bacteriophage XQ-1 against avian pathogenic Escherichia coli infection in broiler chickens.

Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) represents a significant subgroup within extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains and constitutes a substantial threat to the global poultry industry. Although the negative impacts of APEC have been mitigated considerably through antibiotic use, this practice has concurrently facilitated the widespread emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant APEC strains worldwide. Consequently, bacteriophage has emerged as a promising alternative to antibiotics. In the current study, a novel virulent bacteriophage, designated XQ-1, was isolated from a sewage sample collected at a broiler chickens farm in Hubei Province, China. Notably, this bacteriophage exhibited the capability to lyse multiple APEC strains, including O1, O2, and O78 serotypes. The optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) for bacteriophage XQ-1 was determined to be 0.001, yielding a maximum viral titer of 4.73 ± 0.31 × 1011 plaque-forming units (PFU) per milliliter. This bacteriophage displayed a latent period of 30 min, and a burst period of 80 minutes, corresponding to a burst size of 348 PFU per infected cell. Additionally, bacteriophage XQ-1 retained high lytic activity across a temperature range of 4-50 °C and maintained tolerance with a pH range of 3-11. Further in vitro studies demonstrated that bacteriophage XQ-1 holds potential as an effective disinfectant capable of directly lysing APEC strain JZ-1. In chick models subjected to intraperitoneal injection, exposure to APEC resulted in 100% mortality in chicks. However, treatment with bacteriophage XQ-1 significantly improved the survival rates of infected broiler chickens, reduced organ indexes, decreased bacterial loads in the liver and heart organs, and mitigated intestinal damage caused by APEC infection. Collectively, these findings suggest that bacteriophage XQ-1 represents a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of APEC infections in poultry.

APEC↗
PubMed1977

An outbreak of type C botulism in broiler chickens.

An outbreak of type C botulism involving three-week-old broiler chickens on deep litter is described. No direct source of toxin was found. Cl botulinum type C was distributed widely in the litter, and several thousand per gram were demonstrated both in the litter and in the intestinal contents of chicken.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2026

A Review on Heat Stress in Broiler Chickens: Mechanisms, Effects and Mitigation Strategies.

BACKGROUND: Heat stress (HS) is a major environmental challenge for broilers, particularly under rising global temperatures and high humidity. Broiler chickens are highly susceptible because of their rapid growth rate, high metabolic heat production, limited thermoregulatory capacity and genetic selection for fast growth. OBJECTIVE: This review aims to synthesise current evidence, evaluate the effectiveness of existing mitigation strategies, identify key knowledge gaps and provide future research directions to improve broiler resilience, welfare and productivity under increasingly HS conditions. METHODS: This review synthesised evidence published between 2010 and 2025 on the physiological, metabolic, intestinal, immunological and productive consequences of HS and evaluated mitigation strategies. RESULTS: The reviewed studies demonstrate that HS reduces feed intake by approximately 10%-30%, suppresses body weight gain and feed efficiency and increases mortality, with severity depending on temperature, humidity and broiler genotype. HS disrupts carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism; induces acid-base imbalance and oxidative stress; compromises intestinal barrier integrity; alters gut microbiota; suppresses immune function; and reduces meat quality. Nutritional interventions, including dietary electrolyte balance, antioxidants, vitamins, selenium, zinc, phytogenic compounds, probiotics, betaine and optimised feeding strategies, environmental management and genetic approaches, including naked-neck and frizzle genes, can partially alleviate these adverse effects. However, inconsistencies among studies persist because of differences in broiler strains, environmental conditions, dietary formulations and experimental protocols. CONCLUSION: HS substantially compromises broiler health, welfare, productivity and meat quality. Nutritional, environmental and genetic approaches can partially mitigate its adverse effects; however, further research is needed to improve broiler resilience under increasingly HS conditions.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Immunization of broiler chickens with a commercial infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine in the drinking water.

Seventy-five thousand broiler chickens in four flocks were immunized at four weeks of age with a commercial infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine administered in the drinking water. Three of the flocks exhibited a vaccine reaction represented by mild respiratory illness between seven and 14 days after vaccination. Immunity challenge experiments demonstrated 97% protection in one trial and 67% in another trial in which the dose of challenge virus was increased fourfold. In the latter trial a parallel comparative vaccination by eye administration was 87% protective. None of the vaccinated birds died of the challenge exposure whereas all the unvaccinated control chickens became ill, several showed the acute severe form of the disease and 36% died. Similar favourable results were obtained in large-scale water immunization programs involving more than 200,000 birds. Serum antibody levels determined before immunity challenge were, within wide limits, inversely related to the severity of clinical disease which developed from the challenge inoculation.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of infectious bronchitis virus from broiler chickens in Chile.

An infectious-bronchitis-like virus was isolated from 6-week-old broiler chickens unvaccinated with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The isolate produced lesions in embryonating chicken eggs (ECE) and clinical signs in birds characteristic of IBV. Serum-neutralization and agar-gel diffusion tests demonstrated the serological relationship of this isolate to IBV.

Animals↗