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Results for “Breast Feeding--changes”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1989

A review of the secretion of radioactivity in human breast milk: data, quantitative analysis and recommendations.

A general method is given to quantify the radioactivity ingested by a breast-fed infant following maternal radiopharmaceutical administration, and to derive the period to interrupt feeding which reduces the corresponding effective dose equivalent to below 1 mSv. Results are presented from applying the method to all available measurements of radioactivity secreted in breast milk. This review includes some hitherto unpublished data, takes more account of the scarcity of the available data, and has resulted in modifications to the guidance for interrupting breast feeding. Recommendations for interrupting feeding with mature milk have been expanded into four categories: (1) interruption not essential; (2) interruption for a fixed period of time; (3) interruption until measurements indicate feeding can be resumed; and (4) cease breast feeding. Changes to the earlier guidance are that 99Tcm-pertechnetate, (99Tcm) erythrocytes, 125I-OIH and 131I-OIH have been moved to the third category, and that recommendations have been included for 99Tcm-DMSA, 99Tcm-glucoheptonate, 99Tcm-HDP, 99Tcm-HMDP, 123I-iodide and 123I-OIH. Before recommendations (1) and (2) can be issued to a mother, quality control measurements must be made of the radiopharmaceutical administered. Recommendations (3) or (4) only should be issued to mothers secreting colostrum. If there are changes in the recommended dosimetry in the future, the calculated fractional ingested activities can be used as a basis to refine the recommendations.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1988

Ecological breastfeeding and child spacing.

Until the 2nd and 3rd decades of this century, breastfeeding was essential for infant survival. In that period, spacing of children was generally about 2 years. Later, improved modified cow's milk preparations became commercially available and were well tolerated by most infants. As a result, near cessation of ecological breastfeeding occurred toward the middle of the century. The decline in ecological breastfeeding was associated with early postpartum ovulation and shortened child-spacing of about 1 year. The endocrinology of breastfeeding is now known in considerable detail. Prolactin is secreted promptly in response to nipple stimulation and is a reliable marker of the endocrine alterations occurring postpartum. Success of lactation in suppression of ovulation was found to occur when infants sucked frequently and when only small amounts of selected foods were introduced gradually after the infants were about 6 months of age.

Amenorrhea↗
PubMed1986

Events leading to the decision to introduce complementary feeding to the breast among a group of mothers in Istanbul.

A cross-sectional study carried out among 269 mother-infant pairs in Istanbul showed that the majority of infants began receiving regular complements or had been weaned before the age of three months. A prospective study carried out among 24 mothers beginning the last month of pregnancy and continuing until the time when regular complementation was instituted showed that the average duration of exclusive breastfeeding was 58 days. Infants began receiving complements on an irregular basis beginning the early postnatal days. Irregularly introduced complements often lead to gastro-intestinal reactions and weight loss. Mothers displayed sensitivity toward cues that suggested dissatisfaction in infants or other events that they conceived as threats to their milk yield in terms of quality and quantity. Mothers often discussed their decision to introduce complements with other people such as doctors and older female acquaintances who supported them toward complementation. Failure to gain sufficient weight with exclusive breastfeeding was seldom the cause of introducing complementary feeding.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed1988

Infant-feeding practices in Western Australia and Tasmania: a joint survey, 1984-1985.

A joint survey of infant-feeding practices that was carried out in Western Australia and Tasmania in 1984-1985 showed a continuing trend back to breast-feeding in both States. In Western Australia and Tasmania, 86% and 81% of mothers, respectively, were breast-feeding their babies on hospital discharge. Forty-five per cent of all mothers were still breast-feeding at six months. The social rank of the family had a significant effect on both the prevalence of breast-feeding and on the length of lactation: more mothers in the higher social groups breast-fed their infants, and for longer periods than did mothers of lower social groups. Few infants were introduced to solid foods before three months of age; however, solid and non-milk foods were introduced earlier to infants who were fed artificially than those who were breast-fed.

Birth Order↗
PubMed1992

The epidemiology of breast-feeding in Mexico: rural vs. urban areas.

This article summarizes published and unpublished data on breast-feeding in Mexico collected between 1958 and 1987. These data suggest that Mexican rates of initiation of breast-feeding (78-83%) are among the lowest found in developing countries, that the median duration of breast-feeding in 1987 was virtually the same as it had been in 1976, and that about half of all Mexican infants are not breast-fed beyond six months of age. A finding that the duration of breast-feeding was shortest in urban areas has important policy implications, since 72% of the population lives in urban zones.

Breast Feeding↗
PubMed1990

Breastfeeding.

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Breast Feeding↗