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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Brassicaceae contain nortropane alkaloids.

The report of cochlearine, the 3-hydroxybenzoate ester of tropine found in Cochlearia officinalis, Brassicaceae, initiated a screening for tropane alkaloids in Cochlearia species and for calystegines in further Brassicaceae. All ten Cochlearia species investigated contained cochlearine, tropine, and pseudotropine. Calystegines, nortropane alkaloids deriving from pseudotropine, were also identified in all Cochlearia species and accumulated up to 0.5% dry mass in leaves. Brassicaceae species of all major lineages of the family were analysed for calystegines. Of the 43 species included in the study, 18 accumulated calystegines of various structures. This is the first screening of Brassicaceae for products of the tropane alkaloid pathway, which is known as characteristic for plants of Solanaceae family. The identification of calystegines in all branches of the Brassicaceae family including Aethionema, a species at the basis of the family, suggests tropane alkaloids as secondary compound typical for Brassicaceae.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2003

Growth stimulation of ectomycorrhizal fungi by root exudates of Brassicaceae plants: role of degraded compounds of indole glucosinolates.

Brassicaceae plants are nonmycorrhizal. They were found to inhibit VA mycorrhizal infection in their host plants. We tested if they can influence growth of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. When roots and leaves of Brassicaceae plants and ECM fungi were cultured together in the same petri dishes, the root exudates of turnip (Brassica rapa), swede (B. napobrassica), cabbage (B. oleracea, var. capitata), broccoli (B. oleracea, var. italica Plenck), kohlrobi (B. caulorapa Pasq.), mustard (B. juncea), radish (Raphanus sativus), and choy (B. napus) significantly stimulated hyphal growth of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Paxillus involutus. Root exudates of turnip and cabbage stimulated hyphal growth of Pisolithus tinctorius and two isolates of P. involutus. Colony area of P. involutus was increased by 452 and 414%, respectively, in the presence of turnip and cabbage germinants. Root exudates of turnip increased the biomass of P. involutus and P. tinctorius by 256 and 122% and cabbage by 220 and 82%, respectively. The stimulatory effect was not affected by autoclaving the root exudates. Root exudates had chemical reactions with glutathione and lysine, which resulted in a reduction of the growth stimulation of ECM fungi. Myrosinase enhanced further the stimulatory effects of turnip on the ECM colony diameter growth by 23%. Autoclaved roots and leaves of turnip did not stimulate fungal growth, but mechanically ground roots and leaves of turnip stimulated growth of P. involutus by 147 and 135%, respectively. After desulfuration with aryl sulphatuse, the glucosinolates (GLSs) in turnip roots and leaves were identified by HPLC. The major ones were indole GLSs. Prominent compounds identified were 1-methoxy-3-indolymethyl GLS and4-methoxy-3-indolymethyl GLS. The finding provides an opportunity to field test the use of Brassicaceae plants in enhancing ectomycorrhizal formation in conifers by interplanting conifers with Brassicaceae plants in forest tree nursery and agroforestry systems.

Brassicaceae↗
PubMed2005

Evolution of genome size in Brassicaceae.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Brassicaceae, with nearly 340 genera and more than 3350 species, anchors the low range of angiosperm genome sizes. The relatively narrow range of DNA content (0.16 pg < 1C < 1.95 pg) was maintained in spite of extensive chromosomal change. The aim of this study was to erect a cytological and molecular phylogenetic framework for a selected subset of the Brassicacae, and use this as a template to examine genome size evolution in Brassicaceae. METHODS: DNA contents were determined by flow cytometry and chromosomes were counted for 34 species of the family Brassicaceae and for ten Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes. The amplified and sequenced ITS region for 23 taxa (plus six other taxa with known ITS sequences) were aligned and used to infer evolutionary relationship by parsimony analysis. KEY RESULTS: DNA content in the species studied ranged over 8-fold (1C = 0.16-1.31 pg), and 4.4-fold (1C = 0.16-0.71 pg) excluding allotetraploid Brassica species. The 1C DNA contents of ten Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes showed little variation, ranging from 0.16 pg to 0.17 pg. CONCLUSIONS: The tree roots at an ancestral genome size of approximately 1x = 0.2 pg. Arabidopsis thaliana (1C = 0.16 pg; approximately 157 Mbp) has the smallest genome size in Brassicaceae studied here and apparently represents an evolutionary decrease in genome size. Two other branches that represent probable evolutionary decreases in genome size terminate in Lepidium virginicum and Brassica rapa. Branches in the phylogenetic tree that represent probable evolutionary increases in genome size terminate in Arabidopsis halleri, A. lyrata, Arabis hirsuta, Capsella rubella, Caulanthus heterophyllus, Crucihimalaya, Lepidium sativum, Sisymbrium and Thlaspi arvense. Branches within one clade containing Brassica were identified that represent two ancient ploidy events (2x to 4x and 4x to 6x) that were predicted from published comparative mapping studies.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed2006

Toward a global phylogeny of the Brassicaceae.

The Brassicaceae is a large plant family (338 genera and 3,700 species) of major scientific and economic importance. The taxonomy of this group has been plagued by convergent evolution in nearly every morphological feature used to define tribes and genera. Phylogenetic analysis of 746 nrDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, representing 24 of the 25 currently recognized tribes, 146 genera, and 461 species of Brassicaceae, produced the most comprehensive, single-locus-based phylogenetic analysis of the family published to date. Novel approaches to nrDNA ITS analysis and extensive taxonomic sampling offered a test of monophyly for a large complement of the currently recognized tribes and genera of Brassicaceae. In the most comprehensive analysis, tribes Alysseae, Anchonieae plus Hesperideae, Boechereae, Cardamineae, Eutremeae, Halimolobeae, Iberideae, Noccaeeae, Physarieae, Schizopetaleae, Smelowskieae, and Thlaspideae were all monophyletic. Several broadly defined genera (e.g., Draba and Smelowskia) were supported as monophyletic, whereas others (e.g., Sisymbrium and Alyssum) were clearly polyphyletic. Analyses of ITS data identified several problematic sequences attributable to errors in sample identification or database submission. Results from parsimony ratchet and Bayesian analyses recovered little support for the backbone of the phylogeny, suggesting that many lineages of Brassicaceae have undergone rapid radiations that may ultimately be difficult to resolve with any single locus. However, the development of a preliminary supermatrix including the combination of 10 loci for 65 species provides an initial estimate of intertribal relations and suggests that broad application of such a method will provide greater understanding of relationships in the family.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A unique family of proteins associated with internalized membranes in protein storage vacuoles of the Brassicaceae.

The protein storage vacuole (PSV) is a specialized organelle in plant seeds that accumulates storage proteins and phytate during seed development. In many plant species, such as tomato and tobacco, the PSV contains two types of microscopically visible intra-organellar inclusions: a large crystalline lattice of membranes and proteins, the crystalloid, and one or a few large phytate crystals, the globoids. In seeds of the family Brassicaceae, the PSVs lack visible crystalloids and have many small globoids dispersed throughout. We biochemically fractionated PSVs from Brassica napus and defined a crystalloid-like fraction that contained integral membrane protein markers found in crystalloids of other plants. Protein analyses identified a previously undescribed family of proteins, the Brassicaceae PSV-embedded proteins (BPEPs), associated with 'crystalloid' and globoid fractions. The defining characteristics of the BPEPs are an N-terminal signal peptide and tandem MATH domains, which may mediate protein-protein interactions. Database analyses indicated that the BPEPs are unique to Brassicaceae. Immunofluorescence studies using anti-BPEP antibodies and antibodies to other biochemical markers to label B. napus and Arabidopsis thaliana seed sections localized the BPEPs to structures within the PSVs, whose appearance was consistent with a diffuse network of internalized membranes and globoids. These results demonstrate that Brassicaceae PSVs contain internalized membranes, and raise the possibility that BPEPs modify these internal membrane structures to yield a PSV morphology different from that of tomato or tobacco.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Independent ancient polyploidy events in the sister families Brassicaceae and Cleomaceae.

Recent studies have elucidated the ancient polyploid history of the Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) genome. The studies concur that there was at least one polyploidy event occurring some 14.5 to 86 million years ago (Mya), possibly near the divergence of the Brassicaceae from its sister family, Cleomaceae. Using a comparative genomics approach, we asked whether this polyploidy event was unique to members of the Brassicaceae, shared with the Cleomaceae, or an independent polyploidy event in each lineage. We isolated and sequenced three genomic regions from diploid Cleome spinosa (Cleomaceae) that are each homoeologous to a duplicated region shared between At3 and At5, centered on the paralogs of SEPALLATA (SEP) and CONSTANS (CO). Phylogenetic reconstructions and analysis of synonymous substitution rates support the hypothesis that a genomic triplication in Cleome occurred independently of and more recently than the duplication event in the Brassicaceae. There is a strong correlation in the copy number (single versus duplicate) of individual genes, suggesting functionally consistent influences operating on gene copy number in these two independently evolving lineages. However, the amount of gene loss in Cleome is greater than in Arabidopsis. The genome of C. spinosa is only 1.9 times the size of A. thaliana, enabling comparative genome analysis of separate but related polyploidy events.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1998

Polymorphism of the S-locus glycoprotein gene (SLG) and the S-locus related gene (SLR1) in Raphanus sativus L. and self-incompatible ornamental plants in the Brassicaceae.

The S-locus glycoprotein gene, SLG, which participates in the pollen-stigma interaction of self-incompatibility, and its unlinked homologue, SLR1, were analyzed in Raphanus sativus and three self-incompatible ornamental plants in the Brassicaceae. Among twenty-nine inbred lines of R. sativus, eighteen S haplotypes were identified on the basis of DNA polymorphisms detected by genomic Southern analysis using Brassica SLG probes. DNA fragments of SLG alleles specifically amplified from eight S haplotypes by PCR with class I SLG-specific primers showed different profiles following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, after digestion with a restriction endonuclease. The nucleotide sequences of the DNA fragments of these eight R. sativus SLG alleles were determined. Degrees of similarity of the nucleotide sequences to a Brassica SLG (S6SLG) ranged from 85.6% to 91.9%. Amino acid sequences deduced from these had the twelve conserved cysteine residues and the three hypervariable regions characteristic of Brassica SLGs. Phylogenetic analysis of the SLG sequences from Raphanus and Brassica revealed that the Raphanus SLGs did not form an independent cluster, but were dispersed in the tree, clustering together with Brassica SLGs. These results suggest that diversification of the SLG alleles of Raphanus and Brassica occurred before differentiation of these genera. Although SLR1 sequences from Orychophragmus violaceus were shown to be relatively closely related to Brassica and Raphanus SLR1 sequences, DNA fragments that are highly homologous to the Brassica SLG were not detected in this species. Two other ornamental plants in the Brassicaceae, which are related more distantly to Brassica than Orychophragmus, also lacked sequences highly homologous to Brassica SLG genes. The evolution of self-incompatibility in the Brassicaceae is discussed.

Alleles↗
PubMed2006

Sequence divergence at the putative flowering time locus COL1 in Brassicaceae.

An insertion/deletion polymorphism (Ind2) in the Brassica nigra CONSTANS LIKE 1 (Bni COL1) gene was previously found to be associated with variation in flowering time. In the present study we examine the inter-specific divergence of COL1 in the family Brassicaceae. Analysis of codon substitution models did not reveal evidence of positive Darwinian selection, but comparisons of the COL1 gene in different species revealed a surprising number of indels. A total of 24 indels were found in the 650 bp of the middle variable region of the gene. This high number of indels could reflect a lack of constraint on length of this region of the protein, or the effect of positive selection. The number of indels was close to that expected in non-coding DNA, but the indels were longer in COL1 than those observed in non-coding regions. Reconstruction of indel evolution indicated that most indels resulted from deletions rather than insertions. The Ind2 indel that has shown association with flowering time in Brassica nigra exhibited a remarkable distribution in the Brassicaceae family, indicating that the polymorphism may have persisted more than ten million years. Considering presumed historic populations sizes of Brassicaceae species, such a long persistence time seems unlikely for a neutral polymorphism.

Arabidopsis Proteins↗
PubMed2001

Effects of allelochemicals from first (brassicaceae) and second (Myzus persicae and Brevicoryne brassicae) trophic levels on Adalia bipunctata.

Three Brassicaceae species, Brassica napus (low glucosinolate content), Brassica nigra (including sinigrin), and Sinapis alba (including sinalbin) were used as host plants for two aphid species: the generalist Myzus persicae and the specialist Brevicoryne brassicae. Each combination of aphid species and prey host plant was used to feed the polyphagous ladybird beetle, Adalia bipunctata. Experiments with Brassicaceae species including different amounts and kinds of glucosinolates (GLS) showed increased ladybird larval mortality at higher GLS concentrations. When reared on plants with higher GLS concentrations, the specialist aphid, B. brassicae, was found to be more toxic than M. persicae. Identification of GLS and related degradation products, mainly isothiocyanates (ITC), was investigated in the first two trophic levels, plant and aphid species, by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, respectively. While only GLS were detected in M. persicae on each Brassicaceae species, high amounts of ITC were identified in B. brassicae samples (allyl-ITC and benzyl-ITC from B. nigra and S. alba, respectively) from all host plants. Biological effects of allelochemicals from plants on predators through aphid prey are discussed in relation to aphid species to emphasize the role of the crop plant in integrated pest management in terms of biological control efficacy.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular evolution of the s locus controlling mating in the brassicaceae.

Flowering plants possess self-incompatibility (SI) mechanisms that promote outbreeding and thereby increase their genetic diversity. In the self-incompatible Brassicaceae, recognition and rejection of self-pollen is based on a receptor-ligand interaction between male and female SI determinants. A transmembrane receptor kinase (S locus Receptor Kinase, SRK) determines the SI specificity in stigmatic cells, whereas a pollen coat-localized ligand (S locus Cysteine-Rich, SCR) determines the SI specificity in pollen. During recent years, major advances have been made in the understanding of the molecular basis of self-pollen recognition by stigmatic cells. In this review, we will focus on evolutionary aspects of the SI system in Brassicaceae. We will describe how the study of the molecular aspect of SI, not only in the historical Brassica model but also in Arabidopsis species, has contributed to highlight certain aspects of evolution of SI in the Brassicaceae.

Brassicaceae↗
PubMed2006

Endosperm-limited Brassicaceae seed germination: abscisic acid inhibits embryo-induced endosperm weakening of Lepidium sativum (cress) and endosperm rupture of cress and Arabidopsis thaliana.

The endosperm is a barrier for radicle protrusion of many angiosperm seeds. Rupture of the testa (seed coat) and rupture of the endosperm are two sequential events during the germination of Lepidium sativum L. and Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heyhn. Abscisic acid (ABA) specifically inhibits the endosperm rupture of these two closely related Brassicaceae species. Lepidium seeds are large enough to allow the direct measurement of endosperm weakening by the puncture force method. We found that the endosperm weakens prior to endosperm rupture and that ABA delays the onset and decreases the rate of this weakening process in a dose-dependent manner. An early embryo signal is required and sufficient to induce endosperm weakening, which afterwards appears to be an organ-autonomous process. Gibberellins can replace this embryo signal; de novo gibberellin biosynthesis occurs in the endosperm and weakening is regulated by the gibberellin/ABA ratio. Our results suggest that the control of radicle protrusion during the germination of Brassicaceae seeds is mediated, at least in part, by endosperm weakening. We propose that Lepidium is an emerging Brassicaceae model system for endosperm weakening and that the complementary advantages of Lepidium and Arabidopsis can be used in parallel experiments to investigate the molecular mechanisms of endosperm weakening.

Abscisic Acid↗
PubMed2001

Comparative proteomics to establish genetic relationships in the Brassicaceae family.

The comparisons of the same proteome (aerial part of etiolated seedlings) in different species and genus of the plant family Brassicaceae (cabbages, mustards, rapes, radishes and Arabidopsis) was undertaken to establish genetic proximities between them. Genetic distances were calculated on the basis of common and distinct spots. The construction of phenetic trees and factorial correspondence analysis that were performed are in very good agreement with our actual knowledge of the taxonomy of the Brassicaceae. The position of the tetraploids, for instance, is in between the positions of their constitutive genome donor representatives. Comparative proteomics may be helpful to shorten the transfer between model and agronomic target species.

Brassicaceae↗
PubMed2005

Organic mass spectrometry in archaeology: evidence for Brassicaceae seed oil in Egyptian ceramic lamps.

An analytical procedure based on alkaline hydrolysis and silylation followed by GC/MS analysis was employed to study the formation of characteristic acidic compounds and the development of a distinctive chromatographic pattern in the course of accelerated ageing tests on Brassicaceae seed oil. On the basis of mass spectra of trimethylsilyl derivatives, the main degradation products were identified as alpha,omega-dicarboxylic, omega-hydroxycarboxylic and dihydroxycarboxylic acids, including 11,12-dihydroxyeicosanoic acid and 13,14-dihydroxydocosanoic acid. The mass spectra of both these compounds are characterised by fragment ions arising from the alpha cleavage of the bond between the two vicinal trimethylsiloxy groups, resulting in fragments at m/z 215 and 345 for 11,12-dihydroxyeicosanoic acid, and at m/z 215 and 373 for 13,14-dihydroxydocosanoic acid. Other significant fragment ion-radicals from rearrangement process at m/z [M - 90](+*), [M - 142](+*), 204 as well as fragment ions at m/z [M - 15](+), [M - 105](+), 217 are present in the mass spectra of both the compounds. The results obtained for reference materials were compared with those relating to archaeological organic materials recovered in Egyptian pottery lamps. The occurrence of the same characteristic degradation products found in the reference materials subjected to accelerated ageing indicates an unambiguous origin for the organic archaeological remains and represents the chemical evidence for the use of oil from seeds of Brassicaceae as illuminant.

Archaeology↗
PubMed1999

Potential phylogenetic utility of the low-copy nuclear gene pistillata in dicotyledonous plants: comparison to nrDNA ITS and trnL intron in Sphaerocardamum and other Brassicaceae.

We report the potential phylogenetic utility of DNA sequence data from the last 700 bp of a ca. 1-kb intron of the MADS-box gene pistillata from a sampling of Sphaerocardamum species and other Brassicaceae. These results are compared with nrDNA ITS and the chloroplast trnL intron for the same taxa to demonstrate the potential phylogenetic utility of this pistillata intron and to identify potential historically independent sequences for an ongoing study of relationships within Sphaerocardamum. Analyses of the DNA sequence data for Brassicaceae indicated that pairwise divergences and potentially informative characters were higher in the pistillata intron (0.6-30.8%, 284 characters) and ITS (0-24%, 94 characters) than in the chloroplast trnL intron (0-4.2%, 17 characters). A comparison of Sphaerocardamum sequences identified low divergences and numbers of informative characters for trnL intron (0-2.4%, 1 character) and nrDNA ITS (0-2.5%, 2 characters) and substantially more variation among the pistillata sequences (0.15-3.7%, 19 characters). Phylogenetic analyses of these pistillata sequences fully resolve ingroup relationships without character conflict. Results of pistillata PCR amplifications from a broader dicot sample showed that some primers may be useful in amplifying orthologous pistillata sequences. Ultimately this pistillata intron may be a valuable source of phylogenetic characters at lower taxonomic levels.

Arabidopsis Proteins↗
PubMed2006

The extracellular pollen coat in members of the Brassicaceae: composition, biosynthesis, and functions in pollination.

I have used cellular and molecular genetic and bioinformatic approaches to characterise the components of the pollen coat in plants of the family Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis thaliana and several brassicas including Brassica napus, B. oleracea, and B. rapa. The pollen coat in these species is mostly made up of a unique mixture of lipids that is highly enriched in acylated compounds, such as sterol esters and phospholipids. These acyl lipids are characterised by an unusually high degree of saturation. The fatty acids typically contain 70-90% saturated acyl residues such as myristate, palmitate, and stearate. The major sterol components of the pollen coat are saturated fatty acyl esters of stigmasterol, campesterol, and campestdienol. In addition to lipids, the second major component of the pollen coat is a specific group of proteins that is dominated by a family of proteins that we term pollenins. Although pollenins are by far the major protein components of the pollen coat of members of the Brassicaceae, proteomic analysis reveals that there are several additional protein components, including lipases, protein kinases, a pectin esterase, and a caleosin. The biosynthesis of these lipids and proteins and their significance for overall pollen function are reviewed and discussed.

Brassicaceae↗
PubMed2006

Factors affecting accumulation of thallium and other trace elements in two wild Brassicaceae spontaneously growing on soils contaminated by tailings dam waste.

Thallium is a scarce, highly toxic element. There are several investigations that report Tl accumulation in plants of the family Brassicaceae. These plants could pose a risk in areas where Tl is present at higher concentrations than normal soils. The present study reports analyses of two wild Brassicaceae, Hirschfeldia incana and Diplotaxis catholica, growing spontaneously at five sampling sites moderately polluted with Tl and other trace elements in the Green Corridor of the Guadiamar river, Seville, S. Spain. In general, trace element content was unremarkable in all part plants, despite the concentrations present in soil. Thallium was the only element whose concentration in both plant species was above normal for plants (maximum values of 5.00 mgkg(-1) in H. incana flowers). There were significant positive correlations between total Tl in soil and Tl in both plant species. Transfer Coefficients (TC) for all elements were, in general, <1 for both species, except for Tl in flowers and fruits at some sites. The highest Enrichment Factor (EF) was found for Tl in H. incana fruits (EF = 607) and D. catholica flowers (EF = 321). H. incana was studied in a previous growing season (2004) in the same area, although the rainfall was 3 times more than in the year of the present study (2005), giving a maximum Tl content of 46.5 mgkg(-1) in H. incana flowers. The data presented here show that Tl content of plants growing in semi-arid conditions can be significantly influenced by precipitation. In dry years, plant Tl accumulation may be significantly reduced.

Brassicaceae↗
PubMed2005

Geographic and evolutionary diversification of glucosinolates among near relatives of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae).

Glucosinolates are biologically active secondary metabolites that display both intra- and interspecific variation in the order Brassicales. Glucosinolate profiles have not been interpreted within a phylogenic framework and little is known regarding the processes that influence the evolution of glucosinolate diversity at a macroevolutionary scale. We have analyzed leaf glucosinolate profiles from members of the Brassicaceae that have diverged from Arabidopsis thaliana within the last 15 million years and interpreted our findings relative to the phylogeny of this group. We identified several interspecific polymorphisms in glucosinolate composition. A majority of these polymorphisms are lineage-specific secondary losses of glucosinolate characters, but a gain-of-character polymorphism was also detected. The genetic basis of most observed polymorphisms appears to be regulatory. In the case of A. lyrata, geographic distribution is also shown to contribute to glucosinolate metabolic diversity. Further, we observed evidence of gene-flow between sympatric species, parallel evolution, and the existence of genetic constraints on the evolution of glucosinolates within the Brassicaceae.

Brassicaceae↗
PubMed2005

Molecular evolution of the transcription factor LEAFY in Brassicaceae.

LEAFY (LFY) is a DNA-binding transcription factor that regulates floral meristem identity. LFY is unusual among angiosperm developmental regulators because it is not part of an extended gene family. Recent expression studies and transgenic experiments have suggested that changes at the LFY locus might have played a role in the evolution of rosette flowering, a modified plant architecture that has evolved at least three times in Brassicaceae. Here we examined the sequences of LFY genes from 16 species of Brassicaceae to evaluate whether gene duplication and/or the shift to rosette flowering correlate with changes in the molecular evolution of LFY. We found evidence of gene duplication in four taxa, but phylogenetic analysis suggested that duplicate genes have generally not persisted through multiple speciation events. This result can be explained if LFY is prone to be lost by drift due to a low probability of subfunctionalization or neofunctionalization. Despite great heterogeneity in dN/dS ratios, duplicate genes show a significant tendency to have elevated dN/dS ratios. Rosette-flowering lineages also show elevated dN/dS ratios and two of the rosette-flowering taxa, Idahoa and Leavenworthia, have some radical amino acid substitutions that are candidates for having played a causal role in the evolution of rosette flowering.

Arabidopsis Proteins↗