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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Economic losses resulting from bovine cysticercosis with special reference to Botswana and Kenya.

Economic losses from cysticercosis are determined by disease prevalence, grade of animals infested, potential markets, prices of cattle and treatment costs for detained carcasses. The main features of the livestock economics of Botswana and Kenya are discussed. Botswana is more dependent on meat exports than Kenya and its cattle prices are much higher. The incidence of cysticercosis at export abattoirs in Botswana and Kenya is about 8 and 20% respectively. Annual losses in Botswana now approach 0-5 million pounds, while in Kenya they are about 1 million pounds. The loss per animal slaughtered is 2-25 pounds in Botswana and 1-50 pounds in Kenya. Some implications for veterinary research in this area are examined. Blanket treatment with a drug or vaccine would only be economical where prevalence was very high. An in vivo diagnostic test would be of use mainly with high value cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Primary and secondary resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis in Eastern Botswana.

Of 51 patients in Eastern Botswana who denied previous anti-tuberculosis treatment, 6 (11.8 %) were excreting tubercle bacilli resistant to one of the first-line drugs in regular use: 4 patients (7.8 %) showed resistance to isoniazid, 2 (3.9 %) to thiacetazone and none to streptomycin. Of 44 patients known to have been on previous anti-tuberculosis treatment, 31 (70.5 %) were found to show resistance to one or more of the first line drugs: 31 (70.5 %) to isoniazid, 12 (27.2 %) to streptomycin and 11 (25.9 %) to thiacetazone. No appreciable resistance was found to second line drugs. These resistance patterns, which correspond quite well with other published results from Africa, are related to the overall problem in Botswana, namely the failure of a high proportion of patients, to complete a full course of first line treatment.

Antitubercular Agents↗
PubMed1977

Beef cattle productivity under traditional and improved management in Botswana.

A comparison of productivity over a 4-year period from indigenous type beef cattle under two production systems in Botswana is reported. The two systems are: the traditional system on unenclosed communal grazing (cattle post) and ranching within fenced paddocks. Calving percentages, 7-month old calf weight, calf mortality and post-weaning growth to 18 months of age under cattle post conditions were 46.4 per cent, 122.5 kg, 10.2 percent and 88.5 kg respectively. Corresponding figures for cattle on the fenced ranches were 74.0 per cent, 177.4 kg, 8.5 per cent and 105.8 kg. These results indicate overall productivity estimates of 51 and 120 kg of weaner calf per cow per year and 86 and 188 kg of 18-month old calf per cow per year for the cattle post and fenced ranch respectively.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1978

Nutritional success in a semi-arid land: examination of Tswana agro-pastoralists of the eastern Kalahari, Botswana.

The cultural and environmental factors affecting the food quest and nutritional status of the Moshaweng Tlokwa, a Tswana agro-pastoral society occupying the semi-arid eastern Kalahari Desert of Botswana, are examined. Data are presented on methods of food procurement, storage, preparation, and preservation. Tlokwa diet is based on agriculture horticulture and animal husbandry but a surprising number of wild species are regularly used as food. This pattern is nutritionally protective and viewed by the author as a principal reason for Tlokwa dietary success in their semi-arid environment. Data are presented on food habits, dietary prohibitions, and characteristic diets of infants, children, adolescents, and adults. Many Tlokwa foods are encouraged or prohibited on the basis of the consumers age, sex, and social development. Such patterns reduce competition for dietary resources, assure a more equitable distribution of food, and sustain the nutritional quality of diet. During 1973 to 1975 the Tlokwa appeared healthy and well fed; heavy rain-fall had just broken a 7-year drought. Kwashiorkormarasmus, avitaminosis, or other classical signs of malnutrition were not observed. A trend towards bottle feeding was noted. Children and adolescents are rapidly losing their ability to identify edible wild food resources. The author concludes that the Tlokwa heretofore have coped satisfactorily with drought in their semi-arid territory and recommends continued diversification of their food quest. Diversity is viewed as essential if the Tlokwa are to maintain their nutritional well-being in coming decades.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Sero-genetic studies on the G/wi and G//ana San of Botswana.

The G/wi and G//ana San ('Bushmen') of the Central Kalahari Reserve, Botswana, live as cyclically migrant hunter-gatherer bands. They have some contact with one another, with the Negro Kgalagadi, and with White farmers near Ghanzi. Studies carried out on samples of these peoples from the Okwa Valley reveal a sero-genetic profile characteristic of the San in general, deviant from that of the Khoi ('Hottentots') and quite different from that of the Negroes. These findings help to substantiate the claim that the Khoisan peoples should be regarded as one of the major divisions of mankind and not simply as having comparatively recently evolved from a common stock with the Negroes.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1979

Idiopathic cardiomyopathy in Botswana.

During a review of all cases of heart disease, including hypertensive cardiac failure, seen in Botswana during a period of sixteen months by one Specialist Physician observer, the importance of Idiopathic Cardiomyopathy as the commonest cause of cardiac failure clearly emerged. The aetiology of this condition and its relationship to hypertension and other factors causing an increased load on the myocardium are discussed. Viral myocarditis is presented as a separate entity, possibly playing a part in causation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Inequality in the distribution and differential utilization of health services: a Botswana case study.

The uneven provision of health care in a developing country, Botswana, is examined. Curative out-patient attendance and in-patient hospitalization rates were found to vary markedly for groups of the population living at different distances from health facilities. Those people living 10 miles or less from clinics and hospitals had far higher utilization rates than those living at further distances. If the disparity in service provision described is to be altered then the planning and development of health services should concentrate upon the provision of basic health care and adapt to the manpower and economic constraints within which such systems operate.

Botswana↗
PubMed1978

Investigations on the prevalence of trypanosome carriers and the antibody response in wildlife in Northern Botswana.

605 buffalo, 60 lechwe, 23 kudu, 23 impala, 15 tsessebe, 22 sable and two reedbuck from Northern Botswana were examined for trypanosome infections by serological and/or parasitological means. The indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), the haematocrit centrifugation technique (HCT) and rodent subinoculation were used. The overall prevalence of patent infection with trypanosomes in buffalo, lechwe and reedbuck was 15,7%. In the case of buffalo and lechwe it was possible to classify their origin into high and low tsetse fly density areas. Serological and parasitological results showed a significantly higher prevalence of infections in areas with a high fly density. Buffalo showed a predominance of infections with Trypanosoma (Duttonella) vivax and T. (Nannomonas) congolense, while in lechwe infections with T. (Trypanozoon) brucei were as frequent. Strains of T. (T.) brucei isolated from buffalo, unlike those from lechwe, failed to infect rodents, 6 strains from lechwe proved sensitive to human serum (Blood Incubation Infectivity Test). Parasitological positive cases, antibody response and the age of buffalo were correlated. The number of patent infections in animals over one year rose to a peak at the age of 2 1/2 years and dropped steadily in the older buffalo. The frequency of positive antibody titres and their levels also increased after the first years of age, reached its peak at the age of four years an then persisted for the rest of the animals' life. Serological tests carried out on serum samples of the remaining species showed that kudu were more frequently infected than impala, tsessebe or sable.

Animal Population Groups↗
PubMed1975

Blood parasites of some wild bovidae in Botswana.

Blood smears from a total of 282 wild Bovidae from Ngamiland, Botswana were examined for the presence of blood parasites. The following species were sampled: 190 African buffalo, 23 impala, 10 blue wildebeest, 18 tsessebe, 1 eland, 13 lechwe, 16 kudu and 11 sable antelope. In addition, blood from 36 of the above antelope and from a further 48 buffalo was inoculated into rodents to test for the presence of trypanosomes. An anaplasm morphologically indistinguishable from Anaplasma marginale Theiler, 1910 was found in 28,4% of buffalo. The incidence of detectable cases of A. marginale infection in buffalo less than 5 years of age was significantly higher than in those 5-10 years of age (P less than 0,02). Furthermore, the level of parasitaemia was higher in young than in old buffalo. Theilerail piroplasms were found in all 8 species and were detected in 16,3% of buffalo. Two morphological types were found in impala; clinical cytauxzoonosis was suspected in 1 impala. A large Babesia occurred in the erythrocytes of 1 blue wildebeest. Erythrocytic discrasia, associated with the presence of a small Babesia was found in 1 tsessebe. Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense was found in blood smears from 4 buffalo, 1 impala, 1 lechwe and 1 kudu and T. (Trypanozoon) brucei occurred in smears from 2 buffalo and 1 kudu, but all 84 rodent inoculations were negative. The overall incidence of trypanosome infections detected was 2,5% in buffalo and 4,3% in the other species. Protozoa resembling the cyst organisms of Sarcocystis spp., probably originating from cysts ruptured accidentally, occurred in the blood films of 2 impala and 1 tsessebe. The parasite Haematoxenus was not detected in any of the blood smears. The findings are compared with those of workers in other African countries and the importance of blood parasites in wild animals is discussed.

Anaplasmosis↗
PubMed1977

Endocrine studies on the San ('bushmen') of Botswana.

Gonadal and gonadotrophic hormones were assayed in members of !Kung population who live in north-western Ngamiland, Botswana, and who are true San ('Bushmen') hunter-gatherers. An attempt was made to correlate their hormonal secretion and morphology. Peripheral serum levels of gonadotrophins and gonadal steroids were measured by means of radio-immune methods. Female San appear to have suppressed circulating levels of gonadal steroids, while gonadotrophins were in the normal range. No evidence for elevated circulating levels of oestrogen could be found. Male San showed hormone levels similar to Caucasoid and Negro ('Bantu') values.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Ticks from the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in Ngamiland, Botswana.

In November 1972, 93 out of 100 African buffalo from 3 areas in Ngamiland, Botswana, were found to be infested with ticks. The tick species present and the percentage of buffalo infested by each were: Hyalomma truncatum (63%), H. rufipes (54%), Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (68%), R. tricuspis (11%), R. simus (4%) and Boophilus decoloratus (1%). The mean number of ticks per animal was 8,6 (standard deviation +/-4,1), representing a mean of 6,5+/-3,4 male and 2,1+/-1,9 female ticks. The incidence of infestation with H. truncatum and the number of ticks of this species on infested animals were lowest in areas where plentiful surface water was responsible for an increase in humidity.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Serological evidence of bluetongue in game animals in Botswana.

Using the Agar Gel Precipitin technique the sera of 397 African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and 90 sera of other common game species were examined for bluetongue antibodies. Of the adult buffalo 283 out of 325 (87 per cent) were positive. Buffalo calves were positive in 25 out of 72 cases (35 per cent). Positive reactions were also recorded in lechwe (Kobus leche), tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus), red hartebeeste (Alcelaphus buselaphus), gemsbok (Oryx gazella), sable (Hippotragus niger) and impala (Aepyceros melampus).

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Bluetongue antibody in Botswana's domestic and game animals.

Bluetongue precipitating antibody was demonstrated in sera of cattle, camels, sheep, goats and seven game species. Of the domestic species the percentage of sera positive were; cattle 92%, camels 81%, goats 83% and sheep 36%. Sheep sera, unlike those of other domestic species, varied greatly from area to area in the percentage positive. Seroconversions were recorded in adult sheep between September and April. In adult cattle there was a gradual decline in the percentage positive with increasing age. Positive reactions were recorded in the following game species: impala (Aepyceros melampus), lechwe (Kobus leche), kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), gemsbok (Oryx gazella), springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) and tsessebe (Damaliscus lunatus).

Animal Population Groups↗