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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2026

Unlocking antifungal mechanisms of natural 3-(oxazole-5-yl) indole compound derived from Streptomyces syringium against plant gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea.

BACKGROUND: Plant fungal diseases cause significant agricultural losses, and Streptomyces-derived antifungal compounds offer a promising biocontrol strategy. This study aimed to isolate and characterize bioactive metabolites from Streptomyces syringium LZ036 and evaluate their activity and mechanism of action against Botrytis cinerea. RESULTS: A strain LZ036 with broad-spectrum antifungal activity was identified as Streptomyces syringium. The 3-(oxazole-5-yl) indole compound NL3 isolated from this strain exhibited potent broad-spectrum antifungal activity, especially against Botrytis cinerea. Compound NL3 inhibited fungal growth and development by inducing severe oxidative damage and membrane disruption. And it could trigger jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants. Transcriptomic analysis of compound NL3-treated Botrytis cinerea revealed genome-wide transcriptional alterations, including disruption of energy metabolism and mitochondrial function. Key genes related to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway down-regulated significantly, among which the catalytic S_TKc domain of Bcste7 exhibited a predicted interaction with compound NL3 through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. CONCLUSION: The Streptomyces syringium-derived compound NL3 shows high potential as a green fungicide, acting through multiple mechanisms. These findings advance the development of Streptomyces-based antifungal agents. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.

3‐(oxazole‐5‐yl) indole compo↗
PubMed1976

Antibiotic-induced changes of mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea.

The effect of antibiotics and metabolic inhibitors on mycelial growth of Botrytis cinera was followed. Inhibitors of protein synthesis, chloramphenicol, erythromycin and tetracycline inhibit growth or sporulation of Botrytis cinera. Ethidium bromide, 5-fluorouracil, phenylethylalcohol and K 20 cause granulation, vacuolization and undulation of hyphase. 2,4-Dinitrophenol, boromycin, macrotetrolides, monensin, scopathricin and TX2 at subfungistatic concentrations induce intensive branching of hyphal tips i.e. at the site of synthesis of the cell wall. In older hyphase grown in the absence of the antibiotics the branching begins after their addition, particularly in the septum region. When comparing the results referred to here with those obtained previously and on the basis of literature data it may be assumed that the changes in polarity of growth of Botrytis cinerea might be caused primarily or secondarily by impairing membrane functions and formation of cell walls.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1975

Observations on the ultrastructure of the choanoflagellate Codosiga botrytis (Ehr.) Saville-Kent with special reference to the flagellar apparatus.

The ultrastructure of the choanoflagellate Codosiga botrytis is described with particular reference to the flagellar appendages, the flagellar rootlet system, the transition zone, the basal body and accessory centrioles, and the stalk. The controversial early reports of flagellar appendages in this species have been confirmed and they have been detected in 2 further species, Salpingoeca frequentissima and Monosiga sp. The appendages consist of a delicate bilateral vane 2 mum wide on either side of the axis, composed of extremely fine overlapping or interwoven fibrils. The flagellar root system consists of a large number of radiating microtubules associated with bands of electron-dense material near the basal body; striated roots are absent. The microtubules extend from several separate foci, those in any one group originating near a composite electron-dense band, and for a distance of 300 nm from the basal body they are separated by blocks of interstitial material. The flagellar basal body forms one of a diplosome pair of centrioles. The triplet microtubules of the accessory centriole are embedded in amorphous electron-dense material and the whole is enveloped in a sheath of similar appearance. The existence of a third centriole close to the diplosome pair is also reported. The relatively complex structure of the flagellar transitional zone is described. The stalk is composed of a core of circular lacunae, which may or may not contain finger-like protoplasmic extensions of the posterior end of the cell, surrounded by a continuation of the sheath material which encloses the remainder of the protoplast. In the stalk only there is a further closely sheathing layer about 15 nm thick which is regularly striated, the spacing of the striations in shadowcast material and sections being about 3 times that measured by negative staining. The structure of choanoflagellates differs widely from that of the algal class Chrysophyceae, the group in which they are included in some classifications, and from the remainder of the algae; they do not appear to have a place in either the algae or the plant kingdom. The structure of Codosiga botrytis is briefly compared with that of sponge choanocytes and collared cells in the Metazoa and some of the possible phylogenetic implications of this are indicated.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Properties of the laccase of Botrytis cinerea].

Laccase from Botrytis cinerea, secreted by the fungus into the grape berry, is responsible for the oxidation phynomena in musts and wines (oxidasic casse). From a fungus culture, the enzyme was extracted for a study of its properties: specificity; influence of inhibitors, pH and temperature; The results confirm that the enzyme from Botrytis cinerea belongs to the laccase family, though it has some characteristic differences from the other laccases previously described.

Basidiomycota↗
PubMed2026

Genome-Wide Identification of NLP Family Genes in Cultivated Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) and Analysis of Their Expression Under Heat and Botrytis cinerea Stresses.

Nodule inception (NIN)-like proteins (NLPs) are plant-specific transcription factors regulating nutrient absorption, growth, and stress tolerance; however, their roles in stress responses remain largely uncharacterized. Cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa 'Camarosa') serves as an ideal model for dissecting the evolution and function of NLP genes. In this study, 37 FaNLP genes were identified genome-wide. Phylogenetic analysis classified them into three subfamilies, which are evenly distributed across seven chromosomes. Divergent exon-intron structures and conserved motif compositions suggest functional differentiation among FaNLPs. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed distinct expression profiles under heat stress and Botrytis cinerea infection. Notably, FaNLPs were significantly more upregulated in the cultivar 'Shuxing' than in 'Benihoppe'. Heat stress inhibited photosynthesis and altered catalase activity (CAT), superoxide dismutase activities (SOD) and peroxidase activities (POD), whereas fungal infection enhanced chitinase activity in both cultivars. Comparative genomics with Arabidopsis and rice revealed strawberry-specific evolutionary patterns of NLPs. Subcellular localization prediction indicates that FaNLP proteins primarily localize to the nucleus, implying their potential roles as transcriptional regulators. This study links FaNLP sequence characteristics with stress response phenotypes, providing a foundation for elucidating NLP-mediated regulatory networks in strawberry. Future functional assays, including overexpression and knockout analyses, will further clarify the biological roles of FaNLPs.

Fragaria↗
PubMed2026

Novel Genomic Regions Associated with Multifungicide Resistance in Botrytis cinerea and Factors Impacting Greenhouse Population Structure.

The fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea affects hundreds of valuable crops, including fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants. In greenhouse production systems, B. cinerea disease management largely depends on the use of fungicides; however, the emergence of resistance to multiple fungicide classes has become a major challenge. An improved understanding of B. cinerea populations can contribute to the development of resistance management strategies. In this study, isolates (n = 276) of B. cinerea were collected from ornamental production greenhouses in Michigan, and whole-genome resequencing was performed to evaluate genetic differentiation among hosts, locations, growing cycles, and fungicide resistance. Discriminant analyses of principal components and analyses of molecular variance revealed limited genetic differentiation among isolates from different hosts, greenhouses, and years of isolate collection. In contrast, the same analyses alongside pairwise fixation indexes and an evaluation of population structure indicated significant genetic differentiation among isolates based on the number of fungicides to which they are resistant. There are two described mechanisms that confer resistance to multiple fungicides at the same time, both of which are mediated by efflux pumps. Results from a quantitative trait genome-wide association study revealed novel genomic regions associated with multifungicide resistance, including two genes that encode putative efflux pumps. An understanding of fungicide resistance patterns is essential for developing durable disease control measures. Our results highlight the importance of continued monitoring of B. cinerea populations, as the observed genetic differentiation linked to fungicide resistance emphasizes their ability to adapt to selection pressure.

Botrytis cinerea↗
PubMed2026

The genomic resource of Lysinibacillus fusiformis KBD-5, a biocontrol agent with antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea.

Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain KBD-5, previously known for its antiviral activity against Tobacco mosaic virus, was investigated for its biocontrol potential against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. In plate assays, conducted with three independent biological replicates and incubated at 28 °C for 5 days, KBD-5 significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of B. cinerea by 76.42%. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a 4.69 Mb genome with a GC content of 37.28%, encoding 4719 proteins. Bioinformatics analysis identified genes involved in antimicrobial functions, including 195 carbohydrate-active enzymes (potentially aiding in fungal cell wall degradation) and 8 gene clusters for secondary metabolite synthesis (e.g., T3PKS with 30% similarity to bacillibactin biosynthetic clusters and NRPS), indicating the production of antifungal metabolites like bacillibactin-like polyketides. The strain also showed a high safety profile with no significant virulence or drug resistance risks. These findings indicate that genomic analysis of KBD-5 reveals the potential for multiple biocontrol mechanisms, supporting its potential development as a biocontrol agent. The draft genome sequence is available under NCBI accession PRJNA1335659.

Botrytis↗
PubMed1975

Polygalacturonase of Botrytis cinerea E-200 Pers.

A polygalacturonase (poly(1,4-alpha-D-galacturonide)glycanohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.15) was purified from the culture fluid of Botrytis cinerea. The polygalacturonase preparation, homogeneous on the basis of disc-gel electrophoresis also showed pectinesterase activity. Some properties of the purified polygalacturonase were studied. It had a molecular weight about 69 000. It was inactivated by p-chloromercuribenzoate, tetranitromethane and urea. A 50% loss in viscosity of sodium polypectate solution occurred when 4.6% of the glycosidic bonds were hydrolyzed. The only end product of sodium polypectate and oligogalacturonides hydrolysis was monogalacturonic acid.?

Chloromercuribenzoates↗
PubMed1976

Light-induced synchronous conidiation in the fungus Botrytis cinerea.

Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. in stationary liquid cultures conidiated asynchronously in darkness after 4 days' growth. Synchronous conidiation was induced by irradiating dark-grown cultures with near-ultraviolet light for 12 h. The number of conidia increased very rapidly 10 h after the end of the photo-induction period, and conidiation was completed by the 14th hour. Filter paper cultures of the fungus also showed synchronous conidiation upon irradiation with near-ultraviolet light, but the rapid increase in the number of conidia took place 2 h earlier, conidiation being completed by the 12th hour. Cultures irradiated with blue light, however, produced sterile mycelia and showed complete suppression of conidiation.

Cell Division↗
PubMed1977

Locus of blue and near ultraviolet reversible photoreaction in the stages of conidial development in Botrytis cinerea.

The effect of the blue and near ultraviolet reversible photoreaction on conidial development in Botrytis cinerea was studied by observing microscopically selected conidiophores. Conidiophore development was divided into six stages; when the developing conidiophores from stage 2 (i.e. a mature conidiophore) to stage 5 (i.e. a conidiophore with conidium initial) were exposed to blue light for a short time, conidiation was suppressed; the conidiophores already formed de-differentiated to 'sterile' conidiophores with sharply pointed tips. The suppression of conidial development by blue light could be reversed by subsequent exposure to near ultraviolet light, and conidia then developed normally. This mycochrome system functioned reciprocally within the range of identified conidiophore developmental stages and near ultraviolet light acted only at the same development stage as was inhibited by blue light.

Light↗
PubMed1978

[Purfication and molecular weight of an RNA-dependant RNA polymerase from Brassicae oleracea var. Botrytis].

An RNA-dependent RNA polymerase has been completely purified from Cauliflower inflorescences. Analysis of the purified enzyme on SDS-polyacrylamide gels showed one polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 140,000 dalton. The enzyme is monomeric in its native state. The in vitro activity was completely dependent on added RNA, the most efficient templates being poly (U), poly (U, C), poly (I) and viral RNA.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed1975

The effect of volatile and gaseous metabolites of swelling seeds on germination of fungal spores.

Effects of volatile and gaseous metabolites of swelling seeds of pea, bean, wheat, corn cucumber, tomato, lentil, carrot, red papper and lettuce on germination of spores of five genera of fungi were found to depend rather on the fungal than on the plant genus. Germination of spores of Botrytis cinerea, Mucor racemosus and Trichoderma viride was most severely inhibited. Spores of Verticillium dahliae were less sensitive and germination of spores of Fusarium oxysporum was inhibited only in two cases. On the other hand, exudates of pea and bean stimulated germination of spores of Fusarium oxysporum. Also spores of Trichoderma viride germinated better in an atmosphere enriched with exuded metabolites of swelling lettuce seeds. When carbon dioxide produced by the swelling seeds was absorbed in potassium hydroxide, spores of Trichoderma viride and Verticillium dahliae did not germinate at all, the inhibitory effects of volatile and gaseous exudates on germination of spores of Mucor racemosus were accentuated, and also the percentage of germinated spores of Fusarium oxysporum decreased. Germination of spores of Botrytis cinerea was not influenced. Absorption of volatile and gaseous metabolites in a solution of potassium permanganate decreased in most cases their inhibitory effects, particularly in Botrytis cinerea.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed1977

The fungal flora of loganberries in relation to storage and spoilage.

Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium spp., Penicillium spp., Aureobasidium pullulans, Mucor mucedo, Phoma state of Didymella applanata, Cryptococcus laurentii var. laurentii, C. albidus var. albidus, Candida sake and Sporobolomyces roseus were consistently present on freshly harvested loganberries. Botrytis cinerea was the main spoilage organism with Mucor mucedo of minor importance. The importance of benomyl-resistant strains of B. cinerea is discussed.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed2021

Spray-induced gene silencing for disease control is dependent on the efficiency of pathogen RNA uptake.

Recent discoveries show that fungi can take up environmental RNA, which can then silence fungal genes through environmental RNA interference. This discovery prompted the development of Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) for plant disease management. In this study, we aimed to determine the efficacy of SIGS across a variety of eukaryotic microbes. We first examined the efficiency of RNA uptake in multiple pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, and an oomycete pathogen. We observed efficient double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) uptake in the fungal plant pathogens Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Rhizoctonia solani, Aspergillus niger and Verticillium dahliae, but no uptake in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and weak uptake in a beneficial fungus, Trichoderma virens. For the oomycete plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans, RNA uptake was limited and varied across different cell types and developmental stages. Topical application of dsRNA targeting virulence-related genes in pathogens with high RNA uptake efficiency significantly inhibited plant disease symptoms, whereas the application of dsRNA in pathogens with low RNA uptake efficiency did not suppress infection. Our results have revealed that dsRNA uptake efficiencies vary across eukaryotic microbe species and cell types. The success of SIGS for plant disease management can largely be determined by the pathogen's RNA uptake efficiency.

Ascomycota↗