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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1984

A survey of hairy shaker disease (border disease, hypomyelinogenesis congenita) in sheep.

A survey by mail in 1979 of 995 sheep farmers in Victoria enquiring as to the occurrence of hairy shaker disease (HSD) in lambs on their farms resulted in a 48% response. A total of 17 farms reported the presence of HSD. One hundred and eleven ewes produced lambs with HSD representing a small proportion only of the ewes (0.8%) on these farms and an even smaller percentage of the total ewes (0.03%) in the survey. Abortions were not prevalent on the majority of farms reporting HSD. There was no evidence that HSD was more common in any particular area in Victoria. As was anticipated mucosal disease virus/bovine virus diarrhoea (MDV) antibody was often present in serums from affected sheep. It was concluded that at present, the hairy shaker form of border disease did not appear to be an economically important problem in Victoria.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Presence of antibodies to bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease virus (border disease) in sheep and goat flocks in Quebec.

A seroepidemiological study of border disease was conducted in sheep and goats in various areas of Quebec. Sera of 10% of animals of selected flocks were collected and specific antibodies against bovine viral diarrhea- mucosal disease were tested by seroneutralization. Results show that 10.9% and 16% of sheep and goats respectively gave a positive reaction. The lower serological prevalence was found in sheep flocks of the Sherbrooke area (5.4%) while the highest percentage of positive sera was observed in the Quebec area (24.7%). The prevalence in goats varied according to areas (2.6 to 45.5%). No relation was observed in seropositive animals between age, sex, breed and the presence of abortions in the flocks. Our serological results indicate that border disease is probably present in Quebec sheep and goat flocks but that the clinical diagnosis of this disease is not well established.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease and border disease in Egypt.

In Egypt, bovine virus diarrhoea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD) was initially detected as the result of a serological survey of cattle and sheep, using the serum neutralisation test. In 1970, the causal pestivirus was isolated from bovine calves and buffalo calves with pneumonia and enteritis. Mixed viral infections were also prevalent. Cases of immune tolerance were identified. The Egyptian industry had complained of unthrifty cattle and high death rates of bovine calves and buffalo calves. A rinderpest outbreak in 1982 involved some cattle and buffalo which had been vaccinated against the disease, and such animals were positive to the gel diffusion test for BVD-MD pestivirus. Extensive immunosuppression due to BVD MD virus was suspected, because the attenuated cell-culture vaccine against rinderpest, issued in Egypt since 1965, had not been tested for freedom from non-cytopathic BVD-MD virus. Experimental infection of susceptible sheep with BVD-MD virus resulted in symptoms of Border disease. Innocuity of the attenuated C24V bovine pestivirus vaccine for animal tissues and the immune system of calves was confirmed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Multiple neural cell types are infected in vitro by border disease virus.

Border disease (BD) of sheep results from a congenitally acquired nonarbotogavirus infection which causes a highly selective central nervous system (CNS) pathological lesion consisting of diffuse decreased myelination without inflammation or neuronal destruction. Thus, a selective disruption of oligodendroglial function appears to occur. In order to investigate the in vitro cell tropism of BD virus, primary cultures derived from fetal and adult ovine CNS and peripheral nervous system were inoculated with BD virus. Infected cell types were determined by dual immunofluorescent labeling for viral and cell type specific antigens. Infection of all the major cell types represented in these cultures, including oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, fibroblasts, dorsal root ganglion neurons and Schwann cells was found. Oligodendrocytes were only infected earlier and appeared to remain infected longer than astrocytes and fibroblasts. Infectious virus was produced by all cultures and continued to be produced even after the disappearance of nearly all immunocytochemically detectable viral antigen within cells. These studies suggest that the selective dysfunction of the oligodendrocyte in BD is not based on a selective viral tropism.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Nucleotide sequence analysis of the structural gene coding region of the pestivirus border disease virus.

Border disease virus (BDV) of sheep, an important ovine pathogen, is serologically related to the two other well characterized members of the Pestivirus genus of the Flaviviridae family, namely bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and hog cholera virus (HoCV). To determine its genetic relationship to BVDV and HoCV, the genome of BDV strain, BD-78 encompassing the 5' untranslated region (UTR) and structural gene coding region was molecularly cloned and the nucleotide sequence determined. The sequenced region of 3,567 nucleotides contained one open reading frame encoding 1063 amino acids. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of BD-78 were compared with those of two BVDV strains NADL and SD-1, and the Alfort and Brescia strains of HoCV. The overall nucleotide sequence homologies of the region sequenced of BD-78 are 68.3% with BVDV-NADL, 67.8% with BVDV-SD-1, 69.0% with HoCV-Brescia, and 65.8% with HoCV-Alfort. The overall amino acid sequence homologies of BD-78 are 76.1% with NADL, 76.5% with SD-1, 74.2% with Brescia, and 72.9% with Alfort. The most conserved nucleotide and amino acid sequences between BD-78 and the other pestivirueses are in the 5' UTR and the capsid protein coding region (p14), where as the most divergent sequences are in the E2 coding region. These findings suggest that BDV is a unique virus in the Pestivirus genus.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1994

[Clinical aspects and diagnosis of border disease].

The term Border disease (BD) refers to a clinical condition of newborn lambs that results from congenital infection by a pestivirus (family: flaviviridae), occurring during the first one-half of gestation. The most prominent clinical features are tonic-clonic tremors and hairy fleece ("hairy shaker" symptomatology). Moreover early transplacental infection often causes fetal death, abortion or stillbirth and teratogenic disorders. In Germany there are only few reports on clinical cases of BD, however in sheep antibodies have been found frequently in different regions of the country. Similar to the situation with bovine viral diarrhea/mucosal disease (BVD/MD) the existence of persistently infected sheep is proven. As permanent carriers and initiators of clinically apparent as well as more commonly clinically inapparent infections persistently infected animals are of great epidemiological importance. As a new method for the diagnosis of persistently Border disease Virus (BDV) infected sheep flow cytometry is presented. This special procedure of immunofluorescence has the overall advantage of rapid and reliable detection of pestivirus-infected cells by a highly conserved viral epitope (p 80/125). All biotypes of pestiviruses (non cytopathic = ncp and cytopathic = cp isolates) are recognized equally well by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) which provides some advantage compared to conventional techniques because most virus isolates from sheep belong to the ncp biotype.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Mucosal disease-like lesions in sheep infected with Border disease virus.

An enteric disease characterised by diarrhoea and ill thrift affected 12 of a flock of 700 six- to 12-month-old ewe lambs in Cornwall between December 1996 and September 1997. The affected lambs were undersized, became thin and suffered an unremitting diarrhoea until they died. The illness lasted for three to 14 days, although, with hindsight, the owner considered that the lambs had been below average size before the enteric signs developed. The outbreak ceased only as a result of the dispersal sale of the flock as breeding ewes. The flock had been purchased from different sources, but 11 of the cases occurred in a group of 40 purchased from one source. Postmortem, the alimentary changes resembled mucosal disease in cattle, and immunostaining of histological sections of the affected tissues revealed pestiviral antigen. Non-cytopathic pestiviruses were isolated from the lesions of two of the affected lambs and from the blood of several clinically normal ewe lambs from the same group. All the pestivirus isolates were typed as Border disease virus.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Progeny of sheep persistently infected with border disease virus.

Most lambs affected with border disease die early in life but those which survive gradually loose their body tremors and their fleece abnormalities become less clear. Seven female lambs persistently infected with border disease virus were reared to maturity and bred from when they were 2 to 3 years old. Two failed to conceive but five gave birth to 6 live lambs with clinical signs of border disease characterized by hairy and pigmented fleece with or without body tremors. The epidemiological significance of persistently infected sheep is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Severe outbreak of disease in the southern chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) associated with border disease virus infection.

An outbreak of a previously unreported disease affecting southern chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) in the central Pyrenees (NE Spain) was recorded in 2001 and 2002. There was a marked temporal distribution, most animals being found between February and June. After the outbreak, the population was found to have decreased by about 42%, most probably due to the disease. We examined 20 affected chamois. Clinical manifestations included depression, weakness and movement difficulties in all cases. Three chamois presented abnormal behaviour, with absence of flight reaction, and 16 showed different degrees of alopecia with skin hyperpigmentation. At necropsy cachexia was observed in all animals, four chamois had abscesses in different parts of the body, four had pneumonia, one had an extensive subcutaneous infection on the head and neck and one had severe orchitis. Microscopic lesions were found in the brain, mainly edema, gliosis, espongiosis, cariorrexis and neuronal multifocal necrosis. A perivascular mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate was present in three of them. Skin lesions included marked follicular atrophy, mild to moderate epidermal hyperplasia with orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis and follicular hyperkeratosis, and hypermelanosis. In 13 chamois there were haemosiderin deposits in the spleen, and in three individuals kidney "cloissone" was observed. Intraeritrocitic parasites were detected either by direct observation or PCR in 8 of 17 chamois. A pestivirus was isolated and detected by RT-PCR from 12 of 13 affected chamois and antigenic characterized as border disease virus by monoclonal antibodies. This is the first time a border disease virus has been associated with an outbreak of a high-mortality disease in a wild species.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The pathology of a spontaneous and experimental mucosal disease-like syndrome in sheep recovered from clinical border disease.

The pathological changes which accompanied a severe clinical syndrome characterized by intractable diarrhoea and/or respiratory distress in sheep recovered from clinical Border disease consisted of inflammatory lymphoproliferative lesions in several organs, notably the CNS and intestinal tract. The syndrome has been reproduced experimentally by "super-infection" with homologous Border disease virus. The differential diagnosis is discussed and attention drawn to the similarity between the enteric lesions and those of bovine mucosal disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of congenital infection of sheep with border disease virus on myelin proteins.

Border disease (BD) of sheep is caused by a virus in the genus Pestivirus that results in decreased myelination throughout the CNS when acquired congenitally. Pregnant ewes were inoculated with BD virus at 50 days of gestation, and myelin proteins were quantified in several regions of the CNS during prenatal and postnatal development of infected lambs for comparison with age-matched controls. Newborn field-infected lambs were also examined. Myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP), myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP) were measured by densitometric scanning of western blots. Deficiencies in the myelin proteins were detected as early as 116 days of gestation, and the deficiencies of myelin proteins were most pronounced in the cerebellum at all ages examined. PLP and MBP increased from 10-30% of normal in cerebellar white matter at birth to 40-60% of normal at 6 months, suggesting some catch-up in the amount of compact myelin with development. MAG and CNP were between 70 and 80% of control levels in the cerebellum at birth and at 6 months. Similar results were obtained for the corpus callosum and spinal cord of infected lambs, but the deficiencies of myelin proteins were not as great. A common finding in all regions examined was that MBP and PLP were reduced more than MAG and CNP. This is probably explained by a greater deficit of compact myelin, in which MBP and PLP are localized, than of associated oligodendroglial membranes, in which MAG and CNP are concentrated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

2',3'-Cyclic-Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed2002

[Border disease in a flock of sheep].

This report describes border disease in a flock of sheep in Switzerland. In April 2001, three ewes in a flock of 41 sheep gave birth to lambs that had generalized tremors and excessively hairy fleece. One of these, a three-week-old female lamb, was referred to our clinic for further diagnostic work-up. The lamb was very nervous, bleated constantly and had generalized muscle tremors, which were more pronounced in the head region. Hind end ataxia was observed, and the lamb was slow to correct its posture when the hind limbs were abducted, adducted or crossed. Blood samples were collected every six weeks to determine antibody titres to pestivirus and for virus isolation via cell culture. A skin biopsy sample was also collected and examined immunohistochemically for pestivirus antigen. Antibody titres in the first tests were suspicious and those of the second were negative. Pestivirus was identified in cell culture, and the skin biopsy sample was positive for pestivirus antigen. Blood samples were collected from all of the ewes and lambs and the buck for virus isolation via cell culture and determination of pestivirus antibody titres. Thirty-one animals were seropositive, six had borderline antibody titres and four were seronegative. Pestivirus was isolated from eight animals, which included the lamb described in this report. Of the virus-positive animals, three were seronegative, three others had borderline titres and two were seropositive. Six of the eight viruses isolated from cell culture were further characterized genetically via retrotranscription and polymerase chain reaction and subsequent sequencing. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the causative agent was border disease virus. This is the first time that border disease virus has been isolated in Switzerland. The lamb referred to our clinic was observed for three months; it was then euthanatised and a postmortem examination was performed. Immunohistochemical examination of numerous organs revealed pestivirus antigen. The source of infection was though to be infected sheep from another flock, which shared a pasture. All antigen-positive animals were slaughtered.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Border disease of sheep and goats.

Border disease (BD) is a congenital virus disease of sheep and goats first reported in 1959 from the border region of England and Wales. BD virus (BDV) is a pestivirus in the genus Flaviviridae and is closely related to classical swine fever virus and bovine virus diarrhoea virus (BVDV). Nearly all isolates of BDV are non-cytopathogenic (ncp) in cell culture. There are no defined serotypes but pestiviruses isolated from sheep exhibit considerable antigenic diversity and three distinct antigenic groups have been identified. Distribution of the virus is worldwide. Prevalence rates vary in sheep from 5 to 50% between countries and from region-to-region within countries. The disease in goats is rare and characterized by abortion. Clinical signs in sheep include barren ewes, abortions, stillbirths and the birth of small weak lambs. Affected lambs can show tremor, abnormal body conformation and hairy fleeces (so-called 'hairy-shaker' or 'fuzzy' lambs). Vertical transmission plays an important role in the epidemiology of the disease. Infection of fetuses can result in the birth of persistently infected (PI) lambs. These PI lambs are viraemic, antibody negative and constantly excrete virus. The virus spreads from sheep to sheep with PI animals being the most potent source of infection. Apparently healthy PI sheep resulting from congenital infection can be identified by direct detection of viral antigen or viral RNA in leukocytes or by isolation of ncp virus from blood or serum in laboratory cell cultures. Isolation of virus is unreliable in lambs younger than 2 months old that have received colostral antibody. The isolation of virus from tissues of aborted or stillborn lambs is difficult but tissues from PI sheep contain easily detectable levels of virus. To detect the growth of virus in cell cultures it is essential to use an immune-labelling method. Acute infection is usually subclinical and viraemia is transient and difficult to detect. Sheep may also be infected following close contact with cattle excreting the closely related BVDV.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Border disease in sheep.

The current knowledge on border disease in sheep is reviewed. This is a congenital and teratogenic disorder induced by pestivirus. The history, etiology, epidemiology, clinical aspects, and pathologic lesions at postnatal and intrauterine infections (as well as in congenitally affected animals), pathogenesis, immunity, diagnosis, and control and prevention of the syndrome are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Border disease without nervous signs or fleece changes.

A natural infection with border disease virus occurred in a flock on low ground in Argyll in the spring of 1984. The outbreak was unusual in that the typical clinical signs of border disease, ie, tremor and, or, fleece changes were not present; manifestations of disease were restricted to abortion and the birth of small weak lambs. The disease was shown to have been introduced to the flock by four healthy ewes persistently infected with border disease virus among a group of 39 purchased in October 1983. Further investigations in late August 1984 detected viraemia in six of seven ill-thriven lambs and four of 24 apparently healthy lambs. Attempted 'natural vaccination' of susceptible sheep by mixing them at grass for three months with groups of ewes and lambs known to contain virus excretors was largely unsuccessful as only four of 22 'sentinel' sheep seroconverted. In October 1984 the persistently infected purchased animals and all that year's lamb crop were removed from the farm. No disease occurred in 1985 when the lambing percentage was 129 per cent compared with 100 per cent in 1984. Two of the four persistently infected purchased ewes were mated at Moredun Research Institute in December 1984 and both produced healthy but persistently infected lambs.

Abortion, Veterinary↗