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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Body mass index, body cell mass, and 4-year all-cause mortality risk in older nursing home residents.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between body composition (assessed using body mass index (BMI) and body cell mass (BCM)) and all-cause mortality in a sample of older nursing home residents. DESIGN: Prospective study with a median follow-up period of 3.5 years. SETTING: Istituto di Riposo per Anziani, Padua, Italy. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 344 participants (79.1% women) aged 65 and older at baseline. MEASUREMENTS: Anthropometric, nutritional, and metabolic parameters were measured at baseline. BCM was measured using tetrapolar bioelectric impedance analysis. Up to 4 years of follow-up data for vital status were available. Survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: During the follow-up period, there were 179 deaths. After adjustment for age and sex, subjects with low BMI and low BCM (lowest sex-specific tertiles) had significantly higher mortality than those with higher BMI or BCM levels. In a fully adjusted regression model, there was no association between BMI levels and risk of mortality, with subjects in the top tertile having the same likelihood of mortality as subjects in the lowest tertile (relative risk (RR)=0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.61-1.43). Conversely, there was a strong and significant inverse association between BCM levels and mortality (RR for tertile III=0.55, 95% CI=0.35-0.87; P<.01). Furthermore, participants who had high BCM had comparable survival rates in all BMI tertiles. CONCLUSION: In this sample of older nursing home residents, BCM was a strong and independent risk factor for mortality. BCM assessment might provide more useful prognostic information for clinicians than BMI.

Aged↗
PubMed1999

Plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor-I is associated with plasma leptin irrespective of body mass index, body fat mass, and plasma insulin and metabolic parameters in premenopausal women.

Leptin, the satiety hormone expressed almost exclusively in adipose tissue, is a marker of body fat accumulation in humans. Recent studies have shown that plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), a prothrombotic factor associated with atherosclerosis complications, is also produced in adipose tissue. The objective of the present study was to determine whether PAI-1 antigen plasma concentrations are associated with leptin plasma levels or the body fat mass (FM) independently of the variables known to influence PAI-1 production. Sixty-one nondiabetic women aged 18 to 45 years with a wide range of values for the body mass index ([BMI] 18.1 to 37.7 kg/m2) were evaluated for (1) body FM and fasting plasma levels of (2) PAI-1 antigen, (3) PAI-1 activity, (4) leptin, (5) insulin, (6) blood glucose, and (7) lipids (cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein [HDL]-cholesterol, and triglycerides [TG]). Body FM and fat-free mass (FFM) were estimated during fasting conditions by the bioimpedance analysis (BIA) method using a tetrapolar device. Body fat distribution was evaluated by the waist circumference and the waist to hip ratio (WHR). FM was directly associated with both PAI-1 antigen (r = .585, P < .001) and PAI-1 activity (r = .339, P < .001). Seemingly, leptin was positively related to both PAI-1 antigen (r = .630, P < .001) and PAI-1 activity (r = .497, P < .001). Moreover, both PAI-I antigen and PAI-1 activity were directly correlated with FFM (r = .285, P < .05, and r = .336, P < .01, respectively), BMI (r = .594, P < .001, and r = .458, P < .001, respectively), and WHR (r = .510, P < .001, and r = .391, P < .005, respectively). Insulin was directly related to PAI-1 antigen (r = .540, P < .001), PAI-1 activity (r = .259, P < .05), leptin (r = .447, P < .001), and FM (r = .435, P < .001). The association between PAI-1 antigen (dependent variable) and leptin or FM was tested by a stepwise regression model simultaneously including leptin, FM, BMI, WHR, age, FFM, and fasting insulin, blood glucose, TG, cholesterol, and HDL-cholesterol as independent variables. PAI-1 antigen maintained a significant positive independent relationship only with leptin (t = 2.923, P < .01), insulin (t = 3.489, P < .001), and fasting blood glucose (t = 2.092, P < .05), and a negative independent relationship with HDL-cholesterol (t = -2.634, P < .05). In conclusion, the strong relationship between PAI-1 antigen and leptin irrespective of other variables known to influence these factors seems to indicate that leptin per se may potentially increase PAI-1 plasma concentrations in obese subjects.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1997

Plasma leptin levels in healthy children and adolescents: dependence on body mass index, body fat mass, gender, pubertal stage, and testosterone.

Leptin, the product of the ob gene, is thought to play a key role in the regulation of body fat mass. Beyond this function, it appears to be an integral component of various hypothalamo-pituitary-endocrine feedback loops. Because childhood and puberty are periods of major metabolic and endocrine changes, leptin levels and various hormonal parameters were investigated in a large cohort of healthy children and adolescents (312 males, 401 females, age 5.8-19.9 yr). For this purpose, a specific and sensitive RIA was developed that allowed the accurate measurement of low leptin levels in young lean children. With this assay, leptin proved to be a comparatively stable protein under common conditions of blood sampling and storage. Leptin levels increased in girls with age (r = 0.47, P < 0.0001), but decreased in boys (r = -0.34, P < 0.0001). An analysis according to pubertal stage showed a steady increase in girls between 2.51 micrograms/L (median) at Tanner stage 1 to 6.24 micrograms/L at Tanner stage 5. In boys, leptin levels were highest at Tanner stage 2 (2.19 micrograms/L) and declined thereafter to 0.71 microgram/L at Tanner stage 5. A strong exponential relationship was observed for leptin levels with body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat as determined by bioelectric impedance measurements in a subgroup of subjects. This relationship was similar between boys and girls at Tanner stages 1 and 2. In boys, there was a significant decline of leptin at a given BMI with further progression of puberty that was much less pronounced in girls. Although the relative increase of leptin with BMI and percent body fat was the same in both genders, the absolute values at a given BMI or percent body fat were significantly lower in boys in late puberty and in adolescents. In boys, but not in girls, there was an inverse correlation with testosterone concentrations (r = -0.43, P < 0.0001), which explained 10.5% of the variation of leptin levels in a multiple regression model. Since BMI proved to be the major influencing variable, reference ranges were constructed using a best-fit regression line of the form leptin = a*e(b*BMI) and stratifying ranges according to gender and pubertal stage. In conclusion, these data suggest that 1) plasma leptin levels increase in girls and decrease in boys after Tanner stage 2 as the pubertal development proceeds; 2) they show a significant gender difference especially in late puberty and adolescence, even after adjustment for BMI or percent body fat; 3) the lower levels in males may be explained at least in part by a suppressive effect of androgens; 4) reference ranges with BMI as the independent variable should be stratified according to gender and pubertal stage.

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PubMed2005

Body mass index, body fat mass and the occurrence of amenorrhea in ballet dancers.

To evaluate the connection between menstrual disorders and body fat mass, we examined a group of 30 ballet dancers and a group of 30 non-athletic girls (controls). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated and percent body fat (FAT%) was measured using the bioelectrical impedance method. A questionnaire was used to obtain age at menarche and duration of menstrual cycles. Ballet dancers had significantly lower values of BMI (18.56 +/- 1.53 vs. 19.96 +/- 2.12 kg/m2) and FAT% (18.85 +/- 4.50 vs. 23.41 +/- 4.34%) compared with controls. According to BMI, 50.0% of ballet dancers and 23.3% of the control group were underweight. Of underweight ballet dancers, 66.7% had lower values of body fat, while most underweight girls from the control group had normal body fat. Normal-weight obesity was registered in 40.9% of the control group and in 6.7% of ballet dancers. Amenorrhea was found in 20.0% and oligomenorrhea in 10.0% of ballet dancers. Ballet dancers more frequently had later appearance of menarche and menstrual cycles of longer duration than did non-athletic girls. A significant negative correlation was found between menstrual cycle duration and FAT% among ballet dancers (r = -0.415). To prevent complications caused by changes of body fat mass, we conclude that body composition assessment in ballet dancers is very important.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Birthweight for length: ponderal index, body mass index or Benn index?

This study compares how effectively the ponderal index and the body mass index adjust birthweight for length at different gestations, and derives an improved index suitable for all gestations. The study was a cross-sectional survey, in a London teaching hospital, using a total of 999 neonates of 33 weeks gestation or later. Main outcome measures were the ponderal index (birthweight/length3), body mass index (birthweight/length2), and Benn index (birthweight/length(n)), where the length power n varies with gestation and is estimated by log-log regression. Results showed that up to 39 weeks gestation, the ponderal index is uncorrelated with length and so is a good index of birthweight for length. Past 39 weeks gestation, the ponderal index is negatively correlated with length, while the body mass index is uncorrelated, so that the body mass index is better. Neither index is optimal at all gestations. Deriving the Benn index (birthweight/length(n)) for each week of gestation, choosing n to make the index uncorrelated with length, shows that n falls steadily and very significantly (p < 0.0001) with increasing gestation. This in turn means that predicted birthweight for length depends on gestation: for a neonate 48 cm long, predicted birthweight varies from 2485 g at 34 weeks to 3030 g at 43 weeks, a 20% range. However, for a 54 cm long infant, predicted birthweight is the same at all gestations. A Benn index where the value of n changes linearly with gestation is described. We conclude that the ponderal index is not appropriate for measuring intra-uterine malnutrition, as it fails to adjust for length at all gestations. No other index of birthweight/length(n) with constant n is any better, as different gestations require different indices. Birthweight predicted from an infant's length depends on the infant's gestation. If, as Barker proposes, thinness at birth assessed by birthweight for length is used to predict later health status, more account needs to be taken of the complex relationship between birthweight, length and gestation.

Birth Weight↗
PubMed2005

Body mass index, body shape satisfaction, and weight control behaviors among Korean girls.

The present study investigated the relations among Body Mass Index, body shape satisfaction, and weight control behaviors among Korean girls. Subjects were 266 girls (M age= 16.6 yr., SD= .9), recruited from two girls' high schools in Seoul, Korea. Based on Body Mass Index, 73.7% were normal weight, 22.9% were underweight, and 3.4% were overweight. 174 girls (65.4%) indicated that they were currently using any weight control method. Weight control behaviors differed significantly by Body Mass Index category, with girls whose Body Mass Indexes indicating normal weight being more likely to claim they used weight control behaviors. Also, the girls who rated themselves as dissatisfied with their body shape were more likely to report weight control behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Relations of Body Mass Index, body fat, and power of various muscles to sport injuries.

The aim of the present study was to estimate associations of Body Mass Index, body fat, and muscle power on sport injuries. In injured and noninjured athletes during a sport season of four months, the differences in Body Mass Index, the percent body fat, and back, leg, and right- and left-hand muscle strength were examined. The subjects were 329 men and 127 women attending classes in the departments of Physical Training and Sport of Atatürk University (Erzurum, Erzincan, and Ağri in Turkey). Body Mass Index was higher in injured athletes than in noninjured ones, but there was no difference in percent body fat between injured and noninjured athletes. The back and leg muscle power were higher for noninjured athletes than for injured ones. The right- and left-hand power was higher for injured athletes in some sports. Because the back and leg muscles function in control of equilibrium, the power of these muscles may be important for control related to avoidance of sport injuries.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Beyond body mass index.

Body mass index (BMI) is the cornerstone of the current classification system for obesity and its advantages are widely exploited across disciplines ranging from international surveillance to individual patient assessment. However, like all anthropometric measurements, it is only a surrogate measure of body fatness. Obesity is defined as an excess accumulation of body fat, and it is the amount of this excess fat that correlates with ill-health. We propose therefore that much greater attention should be paid to the development of databases and standards based on the direct measurement of body fat in populations, rather than on surrogate measures. In support of this argument we illustrate a wide range of conditions in which surrogate anthropometric measures (especially BMI) provide misleading information about body fat content. These include: infancy and childhood; ageing; racial differences; athletes; military and civil forces personnel; weight loss with and without exercise; physical training; and special clinical circumstances. We argue that BMI continues to serve well for many purposes, but that the time is now right to initiate a gradual evolution beyond BMI towards standards based on actual measurements of body fat mass.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2001

Family social class, maternal body mass index, childhood body mass index, and age at menarche as predictors of adult obesity.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is an increasingly prevalent nutritional disorder throughout the world and is a risk factor for many chronic diseases. The prevalence of obesity increases with age. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the associations between BMI at 31 y of age and family social class during early childhood, maternal body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, BMI at birth and at 1 and 14 y of age, and age at menarche. DESIGN: This was a longitudinal study of the northern Finland birth cohort for 1966. Subjects were measured at birth and at 1, 14, and 31 y of age. The analysis was restricted to individuals for whom BMI data were available for all measurement points (n = 2876 males and 3404 females). RESULTS: The mean BMI at birth was highest in offspring from the highest social classes, but BMI was inversely related to social class at 1 y. BMI, the waist-to-hip ratio, and the proportion of obese subjects were inversely related to social class at 31 y. The heavier the mother, the heavier the offspring from birth to 31 y. The paired analyses between maternal BMI and daughter's BMI at 31 y showed no significant difference in BMI after adjustment for the age difference. BMI at 14 y was the most important predictor of BMI at 31 y. Early menarche in females was associated with a higher BMI at 14 and 31 y. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in BMI by social class are formed at least partly during early childhood. Low social class of the child's family, a high maternal BMI before pregnancy, a high BMI during adolescence, and early menarche are predictors of obesity in adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

[Body mass index (body mass.body height-2) as indicator of nutritional status in adults: review of the literature].

The limitations and possible uses of the body mass index (BMI) or Quételet index, calculated as the ratio of body mass (kg), and squared stature (m), as an indicator of the nutritional status of adults, are reviewed. The cut-off values for overweight (BMI > or = 25) and chronic energy deficiency (BMI < 18.5) are discussed in the light of the available international literature. Even though BMI does not assess the body composition (BC) of individuals, the case with which it is measured is a strong argument for the use of BMI in epidemiological studies associated otherwise with other anthropometric measurement until such a time as simpler field methods of the assessment of BC are developed.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Body mass index, body composition, and leptin at onset of puberty in male and female rats after intrauterine growth retardation and after early postnatal food restriction.

In this study we examined the body composition at onset of puberty in intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR), postnatal food restricted (FR), and control male and female rats. IUGR was induced by ligation of the uterine artery on d 17 of gestation and FR by litter enlargement to 20 pups per mother from d 2 after birth until weaning (d 24). We defined onset of puberty as balanopreputial separation in male rats and vaginal opening in female rats. We calculated body mass index, measured body composition with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, and measured leptin concentrations in serum. It was reported previously that early malnutrition, either during late gestation or immediately postnatally, results in a delayed onset of puberty in IUGR and FR male rats and in IUGR female rats, but not in FR female rats. In IUGR male rats at balanopreputial separation and in IUGR female rats at vaginal opening no differences were found in body mass index, body composition, and leptin levels compared with controls. FR male rats had a significantly lower percentage of fat and serum leptin concentrations at balanopreputial separation. FR female rats had a significantly lower body mass index, percentage of fat, and serum leptin concentrations at vaginal opening. We conclude that the onset of puberty in the rat is not dependent on a certain percentage of body fat or a certain threshold of circulating levels of leptin and that food deprivation during different "critical" time periods around birth results in different effects in later life.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[The relationship between physical activity, body mass index, body composition and grip strength in an Icelandic population.].

OBJECTIVE: To study physical activity among Icelandic adults and the relationship with anthropometric factors and grip strength. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Randomly selected participants, 30-85 years of age, answered questions regarding exercise and diet. Body composition was measured with DXA, which detects the proportions of different body tissues. Height, weight and grip strength were measured and the body mass index (kg/m(2)) was calculated. The prevalence of regular physical activity was studied for men and women in the age groups of 30-45 years, 50-65 years and 70-85 years and the relationship to body mass index, body composition and grip strength examined. The possible preventive effect of exercise on overweight and obesity was also studied. RESULTS: Of 2310 invited, 1630 subjects (70.6%) participated. Mean participation in regular physical activity was 3-4 times a week but 19% of the women and 24% of the men did no exercise at all. In general, swimming, walking and calisthenics of various types and intensities were the most common forms of exercise and in the age group 30-45 year old 16% of the women and 8% of the men did strength training. 50.4% of women 30-45 years of age and 68.2% of 50-65 year old men were overweight or obese. Mean fat mass was highest in 70-85 year old women (38%) and men (27%). Occupational activity was not related to body mass index, body composition or grip strength. Significant negative relationship was found between frequency of exercise and fat mass. The relationship between grip strength and lean mass or exercise was non-significant. The odds ratio of being overweight or obesity was 0.5 (CI was 0.37-0.77 for women and 0.37-0.94 for men) for those who exercised five or more days per week compared to those who exercised less frequently. CONCLUSION: One of four Icelandic men and one of five women do not participate in regular physical activity despite of strong scientific indications of various positive health effects of exercise. More than half of adult Icelanders are overweight or obese but the risk is halved among those who exercise at least five days per week, compared to those who exercise less frequently. Sedentary lifestyle is more common amongst Icelanders than in the neighboring countries and realistic goals need to be set to increase the participation in regular physical activity.

English Abstract↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Gallbladder volume in adults and its relationship to age, sex, body mass index, body surface area and gallstones. An epidemiologic study in a nonselected population in France.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The role of a large gallbladder volume with regard to a predisposition for gallstones is unknown. It is possible that an increase in gallbladder volume could result in impaired gallbladder motility and bile stasis. We looked for factors affecting gallbladder volume in a random population in the southeast of France. METHODS: To assess the relationship between gallbladder volume and gallstones, 528 subjects over the age of 30 were studied (72 with lithiasis). Age, sex, body mass index, body surface area and gallbladder volume were collected for each subject. A linear regression analysis was performed to look for significant variables. RESULTS: The overall adjusted prevalence of cholelithiasis was 13.9% in our population. On linear regression analysis, two variables (age and surface area) were found to be independently correlated with gallbladder volume. Gallbladder volume was significantly increased in subjects over 50 years (p < 0.001). There was a positive correlation between gallbladder volume and body surface area (r = 0. 33, p < 0.001). In this study, the presence or absence of gallstones did not significantly affect the gallbladder volume. CONCLUSIONS: We report that there is dilatation of the gallbladder with age and with an increase in body surface area. Whether this could represent risk factors for the occurrence of gallstone remains uncertain.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Body mass index, body weight perception and common mental disorders among university employees in Rio de Janeiro].

OBJECTIVE: We tested the hypothesis that inadequate self-perception of body weight with or without obesity would be associated with common mental disorders (CMD). METHOD: We analyzed cross-sectional data from 4,030 university employees participating in the longitudinal Pró-Saúde Study Phase 1 (1999) in Rio de Janeiro. Participants (22-59 years of age) were invited to fill out a questionnaire that includes an evaluation of common mental disorders by General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Body mass index (BMI=kg/m2) was calculated based on measured weight and height, and participants self-classified their own current body weight as highly above ideal, slightly above ideal, ideal, slightly below ideal or highly below ideal. RESULTS: Among woman 58.3% of those with body mass index lower than 25.0 kg/m2 considered themselves as being above ideal weight; for men, this proportion was 23.5%. Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age, income, leisure-time physical activity, self-reported health problem and body mass index, showed that body weight perception highly above ideal had a strong association with common mental disorders among women (OR=1.84, 95%CI=1.22-2.76). For women but not men, body mass index showed a borderline association with common mental disorders (p-trend=0.05) that did not persist after adjustment for income and self-reported health problem. CONCLUSION: Inadequate body weight perception, independent of body mass index, was associated with common mental disorders in women, but not men. One possible explanation for this association may be the socio-cultural pressure placed on women to conform the thinness ideal.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Body mass index, body composition and the chronic energy deficiency classification of rural adult populations in Guatemala.

The present study tested the hypotheses that: (a) individual body composition estimates obtained with the Durnin-Womersley (D-W) equations have low validity in certain populations in developing countries; (b) there exists a poor relationship between the body mass index (BMI) and body composition estimates (fat mass (BFM) and fat-free mass (FFM)), and (c) BMI cut-off estimates (fat mass (BFM) and fat-free mass (FFM)), and (c) BMI cut-off points provide an invalid classification of chronic energy deficiency (CED) in adults. The study involved four samples of rural men and women in Guatemala, who had mean BMI of approximately 21 kg/m2. Body composition estimates were obtained by densitometry in three of the samples. Mean body fat (%) and mean FFM (kg) were: men: 11.6 (+/- 4.7) and 47.7 (+/- 4.9); and women: 21.6 (+/- 5.3) and 35.8 (+/- 3.5), respectively. The D-W equations based on various combinations of skinfold measurements consistently overestimated body fat content with low precision and validity. The BMI was more related to BFM and FFM than to fat proportion, but explained little of the variation in both body components, particularly at low BMI levels. A small number of men and women had BMI values below 18.5 kg/m2, and only one woman fell below 16 kg/m2. The power coefficients of height in the weight/height ratio which provided the strongest correlations with BFM and FFM were: BFM: women: 1.0; men: 1.5; FFM: 0.5 for both women and men. We conclude that the Quetelet index should not be recommended as a universally valid indicator to classify CED in adult groups similar to the study population.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2003

Association of body mass index, body fat, and weight gain with inflammation markers among rural residents in Japan.

Because obesity is thought to play a key role in atherosclerosis through the low-grade chronic inflammation, the present study was designed to investigate associations of body mass index (BMI), body fat, and weight gain with optimized inflammation markers in 1,053 residents who were 40 years of age and older from a rural community (total population = 3,940 in 2000) in Japan. People reporting having a cold and those who did not undergo blood examinations were excluded. C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, serum albumin, and white blood cell (WBC) count were used as the markers for inflammation, body fat was calculated by a conventional method, and weight change since the age of 20 was assessed. The BMI and body fat significantly increased with CRP quartile, and its correlation coefficients to BMI or body fat were relatively high. Similar associations were found for fibrinogen, serum albumin and WBC. Multivariate-adjusted analysis found a high concentration of CRP was significantly associated with obesity, but attenuated the association in other markers. In an analysis restricted to people aged 40-69 years, body fat levels were more strongly associated with CRP and fibrinogen than with BMI only. Furthermore, only CRP concentrations were significantly elevated according to weight gain. Strong associations of CRP concentration with BMI, body fat, and weight gain were found among elderly Japanese, but not with fibrinogen, serum albumin or WBC.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Body mass index, body height, and subsequent risk of colorectal cancer in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men and women: Japan public health center-based prospective study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of body mass index (BMI) or body height with colorectal cancer incidence in a population-based prospective study. METHODS: We identified 986 (626 men and 360 women) newly diagnosed cases of colorectal cancer during the 9.4-year follow-up of a cohort consisting of 102,949 (49,158 male and 53,791 female) middle-aged and elderly Japanese. RESULTS: Lower BMI groups (lower than 23) were not associated with colorectal cancer compared with the 23-24.9 BMI group. Any categories of 25-26.9, 27-29.9, or 30 or more BMI were associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer compared with the lower than 25 BMI (RR, 1.2 for 25-26.9, 1.4 for 27-29.9, and 1.5 for 30 or more; p for trend, 0.004) in men. These associations were more evident only in invasive-type cancer analysis. BMI was not associated with the risk of colorectal cancer in women. No significant association with height was obtained for either men or women. CONCLUSIONS: The association of BMI with colorectal cancer was confirmed in a Japanese population as well as Western populations. Only invasive-cancer analysis suggested that BMI was important for tumor growth and proliferation. Approximately 6.7% of colorectal cancer was attributable to a BMI of 25 or higher in middle-aged and elderly Japanese men.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Testosterone substitution of hypogonadal men prevents the age-dependent increases in body mass index, body fat and leptin seen in healthy ageing men: results of a cross-sectional study.

INTRODUCTION: In healthy men, body weight and total fat content increase with advancing age, while serum testosterone levels decrease. In order to elucidate whether a causal relationship between these phenomena exists, we investigated the influence of testosterone or human chorionic gonadotrophin substitution on body mass index (BMI), total fat mass and serum leptin in testosterone-treated and untreated hypogonadal patients in comparison with ageing eugonadal men. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, the inter-relationships of body weight, total fat mass, serum sex hormones and leptin were analysed in untreated hypogonadal men (n=24; age 19-65 years), treated hypogonadal men (n=61; age 20-67 years) and healthy eugonadal men (n=60; age 24-78 years). Total fat mass was assessed by bioimpedance measurement. Univariate and multiple linear regression analysis was used to detect possible differences. RESULTS: In eugonadal men, serum testosterone levels decreased with advancing age (correlation coefficients: r=-0.71; P<0.0001), while BMI (r=0.39; P=0.002), total fat content (r=0.51; P<0.0001) and leptin (r=0.48; P<0.0001) increased significantly. In untreated hypogonadal patients, an increase in BMI (r=0.50; P=0.013) and total fat mass (r=0.41; P=0.044) was also observed with advancing age. However, in substituted hypogonadal patients, no age-dependent change in BMI (r=0.067; P=0.606), body fat content (r=-0.083; P=0.522), serum testosterone (r=-0,071; P=0.59) or serum leptin (r=-0.23; P=0.176) was found. CONCLUSION: Since testosterone-substituted older hypogonadal men show BMI and fat mass similar to those of younger eugonadal men and since non-treated hypogonadal men are similar to normal ageing men, testosterone appears to be an important factor contributing to these changes. Thus ageing men should benefit from testosterone substitution as far as body composition is concerned.

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