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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1975

Growth of the pig: changes in body weight and body fluid compartments.

Body weight and the rate of change in TBW, ECW, and ICW were measured in 252 anesthetized pigs during the first 12 weeks after birth. After TBW was measured with 3H2O, 55 of the pigs were killed and TBW measured by desiccation. 3H2O overestimated TBW by 6.5% of body weight and 4.9% of fat-free wet weight, compared to desiccation (P less than 0.001); mean figures for 3H2O were 78.6 +/- 1.02% of body weight, and for desiccation, 72.1 +/- 0.45%; on a FFWW basis, 88.6 +/- 0.94% for 3H2O, and 83.7 +/- 0.13% for desiccation. TBW decreased significantly from 85.0% of body weight at birth (1.5 dg) to 75% at 5 kg (day 28) at a rate of ---3.2% body wt/kg body wt (P less than 0.001 from a zero rate). After that the rate of decrease was not different from zero: --0.117% body wt/kg body wt. ECW decreased significantly from 48% at birth to 35% at day 28 at a rate of --3.802% body wt/kg body wt (P less than 0.001 from a zero rate), and after day 28 the rate of decrease was not different from zero (--0.149% body wt/kg body wt) through week 12. ICW decreased, but not significantly, at a rate of --0.099% body wt/kg body wt. The changes in the rate of decrease in TBW and ECW coincided with weaning, and it was speculated that there was a direct relationship between the two events.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

[Evaluation by bioelectric impedance of body fluid compartments and body mass in cardiosurgical patients before and after total cardiopulmonary bypass].

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the influence of extracorporeal circulation (ECC) on fluid compartments and body mass using impedance measurements. METHODS: A prospective study was performed in 20 consecutive patients undergoing ECC during heart surgery at the Department of Heart Surgery of Verona Hospital. Resistance or reactance measurements at 1-5-10-50-100 KHz were performed in 20 patients undergoing heart surgery for valvular or coronary pathologies in class NYHA I or II, preoperatively and on day 1, 3 and 6 in order to evaluate total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), thin and fat body mass. Weight, fluid-electrolytic balance and hematochemical parameters relating to electrochemical phenomena and the distribution of volumes in the various compartments, namely sodium, potassium and plasmatic osmolarity, were measured at the same times. Comparisons were made both between the data and during ECC. RESULTS: It was found that there was a mean postoperative weight gain of 2 kg in terms of total body water. Subsequently, this finding tended to decrease to basal values by day 6. Immediately after ECC, the water gain appeared to be predominantly extracellular, whereas the intracellular increase peaked on day 1. The change in total body water was correlated with the weight and fluid balance, but electrical measurements showed values above the corresponding weight gain. The duration of ECC was significantly correlated with bioelectric parameters, but not with absolute weight values. CONCLUSIONS: The method proved useful for the purpose, especially with regard to the overall population examined rather than individual patients. The dual-compartment electric model appears to be more suitable than the single-compartment model for exploring the different compartments. The trend of weight and total body water, which were correlated in pattern but not in absolute values, may be interpreted as a redistribution of fluids, also suggested by changes in electric parameters relating to compartmental distribution.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

In vivo total body electrical conductivity following perturbations of body fluid compartments in rats.

Total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) provides a rapid and safe noninvasive technique for the assessment of total body water in animals and man. An instrument employing this principle has been shown to measure body water in healthy Sprague-Dawley rats. With the exception of adult obesity in humans, alterations in body fluid compartments that could theoretically affect the utility of conductivity measurements have not been studied. We, therefore, applied the total body electrical conductivity measurement in rats following perturbations of body fluid/electrolyte spaces including obesity, furosemide diuresis, severe burn, and low protein diet. Our findings confirm that total body water can be accurately measured by TOBEC in conditions of abnormal body fluid distribution. However, when the ratio of intracellular to extracellular fluid is significantly reduced, such as the severe burn or low protein intake, TOBEC does not reflect the intracellular (potassium) space but does predict total water and extracellular (sodium) space.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

The effect of dialysate sodium concentration on body fluid compartment volume, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in chronic hemodialysis patients.

Six stable chronic hemodialysis patients received six hemodialysis treatments: two each with the dialysate sodium concentration (DNa) 7% greater than serum sodium concentration, two with a DNa equal to serum sodium concentration and two with the DNa 7% less than the serum sodium concentration. During one treatment with each dialysate 2 kg of fluid was removed and during the other treatments the patient's weight was kept constant. Total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), plasma volume (PV), plasma renin activity (PRA), aldosterone (ALDO), Na, BUN and osmolality were determined before and after each treatment. Fluid removal during dialysis had no effect on ICW with essentially all the fluid removed during dialysis coming from ECW. ICW increased with low DNa and decreased with high DNa. The effect of DNa on ECW and PV was the opposite of that on ICW. PRA increased and ALDO decreased during dialysis. Predialysis ALDO directly correlated with PRA (r = 0.68, p less than 0.001) but not with serum potassium concentration. Post dialysis ALDO was not significantly correlated with either PRA or potassium. Fluid removal and low DNa increased both PRA and ALDO. These studies indicate that water shifts from the extracellular space into intracellular space when DNa is lower than serum Na and the reverse is true when DNa exceeds serum Na. Plasma aldosterone decreases during dialysis despite an increase in PRA, possibly related to the decrease in serum potassium concentration. The effect of fluid removal and low DNa on PRA and ALDO may be related to a reduction in ECW and/or PV.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Nature of the disturbance in the body fluid compartments during and after surgical operations.

Haematocrit and plasma protein concentrations have been measured in patients undergoing surgical operations in order to estimate relative changes in the volumes of the extracellular and plasma compartments. That these provide valid estimates of volume changes has been shown by applying them to patients known to have lost extracellular fluid. Further confirmation that changes in haematocrit, as indices of falls in plasma volume, are valid even after surgery is provided by measurements of red cell mass, using red cells labelled with 99Tcm. When these methods were applied to patients undergoing abdominal and non-abdominal operations, only the abdominal group showed a significant fall in plasma volume. This fall was caused not by a loss of crystalloid from the extracellular space as a whole, but by a loss of plasma; the magnitude of this loss correlated significantly with the duration of operation. These changes were also demonstrated using the radioisotope dilution indicators 125I (RISA) and 131I (RISA).

Abdomen↗
PubMed1978

Alterations of body fluid compartments and distribution of tissue water and electrolytes in rhesus monkeys with rocky mountain spotted fever.

Chair-restrained rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were inoculated subcutaneously with 10(2)--10(3) plaque-forming units of virulent Rickettsia rickettsii. The latent period for fever and rickettsemia was three to four days; death occurred six to eight days after infection. Total circulatory electrolyte levels and fluid volumes, including plasma, red blood cell, true circulatory blood, and extracellular fluid, increased. The expansion of the extracellular and plasma volumes resembled findings reported during severe Rocky Mountain spotted fever in humans, guinea pigs, and rabbits. Total water content of the liver also increased. Intracellular concentrations of K+, as well as total Na+ and K+, decreased in the diaphragm. Both the lung and medulla oblongata showed increased levels of intracellular Na+ and water with simultaneously decreased levels of extracellular Na+ and water. Such an intracellular overhydration of the medulla oblongata could contribute to death as a result of depression of the cardiovascular and respiratory centers. On the basis of the findings in monkeys, the intravenous infusion of fluids and electrolytes during clinical therapy of severe rickettsial infections should be considered extremely dangerous.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Body fluid compartment changes following neonatal surgery.

The neonate is born with an excess of total body water (TBW) in the range of 75% to 85% of body weight (v 60% in the adult), which is due to a large extracellular fluid volume (ECF) of 40% to 50% of body weight (v 20% in the adult). In an attempt to define the changes that occur in TBW and ECF following neonatal surgery, the following prospective study was carried out. Twenty newborns with major congenital anomalies (gastroschisis, 10; esophageal atresia, 4; ileal atresia, 3; omphalocele, 2; and malrotation, 1) were studied weekly for 4 weeks following surgery while being maintained on a standard protocol of total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Total body water was measured using deuterium oxide, and extracellular fluid volume was assayed with sodium bromide; both were expressed as percent body weight (BW). Weight gain or maintenance was observed in all infants. TBW remained unchanged (from 85.4% to 83.0%), and ECF decreased from 51.2% to 36.7% during the observation period. The TBW in the ten gastroschisis infants decreased from 87.3% to 78.0% v the ten other newborns, in whom there was no change (84.0% to 85.0%). The ECF changes were more dramatic, decreasing from 51.6% to 32.3% in the gastroschisis infants, v 50.8% to 45.5% in the other neonates (P = .0156). There were no differences between the two groups in the intake and output of fluids. The following conclusions were drawn: (1) Following major surgery, newborns show a steady decrease in ECF and minimal change in TBW in spite of adequate weight gain while receiving TPN.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Body Fluid Compartments↗
PubMed2000

Effect of subclinical hypothyroidism on body fluid compartments.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed to assess the effects of subclinical hypothyroidism on body composition (BC). SUBJECTS: Thirty-one women (age: 37 +/- 9.9 years) with a wide range of body mass index (BMI) were studied. Subclinical hypothyroidism was defined by a basal TSH > or = 4 mU/L and/or TRH stimulated peak > or = 30 mU/L. MEASUREMENTS: For each subject, weight, height, BMI, multifrequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) and D2O and NaBr dilution tests were performed to assessed total body water (TBW) and extracellular water (ECW). Thyroid function (basal and TRH stimulated TSH, free T3, and free T4) were determined from fasting blood samples for all subjects. Total body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were used to measure fat mass (FM) and lean mass (Lean). RESULTS: The results of BIS were compared with the TBW and ECW estimated by the dilution techniques on the same individuals. The correlation was R2 = 0.65 for impedance at 5 kHz and ECW by NaBr and R2 = 0.72 for impedance at 100 kHz and TBW by D2O. Intracellular water (ICW) was calculated as differences between TBW and ECW measured by dilution methods. Percent of ECW and ICW were related to BMI (ANOVA, p < 0.001). No difference in TBW, body water distribution and body composition related to thyroid function was demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS: In our patients affected with subclinical hypothyroidism, with or without obesity, only obesity appeared related to TBW, ECW and ICW; the subclinical hypothyroidism, on the contrary, had no effect on compartments of body fluids. Bioimpedance is a valid tool to assess body fluid distribution in subclinical hypothyroidism.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1980

Body fluid compartments in humans during acute high-altitude exposure.

Body fluid compartments were studied in a group of sea level residents at sea level and during 12 d of acute exposure to an altitude to 3,500 m. Measurements of total body water and extracellular water were done on the third and 12th days of exposure, while plasma volume was measured on 12th day only. The intracellular water, blood volume, and red cell mass were computed from the above parameters. Total body water and extracellular water decreased progressively, the decrease being 4.7% (p less than 0.001) and 6.0% (p less than 0.05) respectively on the 12th day. Plasma volume and blood volume decreased significantly with a slight increase in red cell mass. Intracellular water, computed from total body water and extracellular water, decreased by 4.3% on 12th day. This study suggested hypohydration on acute altitude exposures.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Body fluid compartment changes during burn shock in the guinea pig.

The alterations in body fluid compartments 1, 4, and 8 hours after a 70% full-skin thickness burn were studied in conscious guinea pigs. Concurrently, we measured hemodynamic changes associated with the burn. Cardiac output and heart rate were depressed one hour postburn, and mean arterial blood pressure was depressed eight hours postburn. A hemoconcentration one-hour postburn, as evidence by an increase in hematocrit, was due exclusively to a loss of plasma volume. Red blood cell (RBC) volume remained constant after the burn. As a consequence of decreased plasma volume, total blood volume was also depressed. Extracellular fluid was decreased on hour after the burn; how ever, four and eight hours postburn, extracellular fluid space was comparable to that in the control group. Total body water and body weights of burned animals did not differ from control values. This study has demonstrated the very rapid redistribution of fluids in burn shock without a loss of fluids from the body.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Comparison of body fluid compartment sizes in Brattleboro homozygous and Long-Evans rats.

Because of their hypothalamic diabetes insipidus (DI), Brattleboro homozygous rats exhibit profound polyuria and polydipsia with elevated plasma osmolalities. This combination of symptoms has led to the tacit assumption that these animals are chronically volume contracted. However, the few direct measurements that have been published indicate otherwise. In the present study, total body water (TBW), total body lipid content, and plasma volume were measured in conscious DI rats and compared with corresponding values in weight-matched conscious Long-Evans (LE) rats. Fat content of DI rats (5.0 +/- 0.4 g/100 g body wt) was significantly lower than that of LE rats (7.6 +/- 0.6, P less than 0.005). TBW was not significantly different between the two strains whether expressed as milliliters per 100 g wet wt (DI 69.2 +/- 0.4 vs. LE 67.7 +/- 0.7) or as milliliters per 100 g fat-free wet wt (DI 73.4 +/- 0.5 vs. LE 73.3 +/- 0.4). Plasma volume of DI rats (4.4 +/- 0.1 ml/100 g body wt) was significantly higher than that of LE rats (3.9 +/- 0.2, P less than 0.025). Extracellular fluid volume was similar in the two strains although, for this measurement, the animals were neither weight- nor age-matched. Accordingly, the data indicate that under the conditions of this study the DI rat is not chronically volume contracted. It would appear that, given an adequate water supply, water balance can be achieved via the thirst mechanism, perhaps abetted by vasopressin-independent mechanisms of urine concentration.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1978

Body fluid compartments in rabbits on exposure to acute hypobaric hypoxia.

Body fluid compartments were studied in rabbits divided into three groups--control, exposed to acute hypoxia, and exposed to hypoxia after treatment with 2 mg frusemide intramuscularly. Total body water, extracellular body water, and plasma space were determined using the triple radiotracer technique. Total body water decreased insignificantly with no change in extracellular body space on exposure to hypoxia. Plasma volume and blood volume showed a significant decrease with a significant increase in haematocrit. In rabbits pretreated with frusemide, total body water, extracellular body water, plasma volume, blood volume, and interstitial fluid space decreased significantly on hypoxic exposure. This study suggested hypohydration on acute hypoxic exposure with a loss of intracellular water, while pretreatment with frusemide resulted in further hypohydration with a loss from both intracellular and extracellular compartments. The results have been discussed in relation to suggested use of diuretics on induction to high altitude.

Altitude Sickness↗
PubMed1977

Body fluid compartments.

The terms mole, molality, molarity, osmole, osmolality, osmolarity, osmolar gap and anion gap are defined and their clinical usefulness indicated. The following body fluid compartments are described: total body water (TBW), extracellular fluid (ECF), intracellular fluid (ICF), transcellular fluid TCF), plasma volume, red cell volume and interstitial fluid volume. Isotope-dilution techniques are briefly discussed and representative normal values for the various compartments according to sex and age are indicated. The physiological mechanisms that maintain the distinctive ionic compositions of the various fluid spaces are briefly outlined. New concepts of the function of the gel matrix and of the lymph drainage of the interstitium are presented. Opposing models to the sodium-potassium membrane pump are briefly described.

Body Fluid Compartments↗