[Effect of bloodletting and bloodletting combined with the use of low-molecular dextran on the dynamics of left ventricular contraction in chronic cor pulmonale].
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A qualitative study on cultural bloodletting among Ethiopian immigrants.
BACKGROUND: Bloodletting is practiced in Ethiopia. Physicians in Israel engaging in transcultural encounters with Ethiopian immigrants are generally unaware of these ethno-medical beliefs and practices. OBJECTIVE: To assess the past and present use of bloodletting among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. METHODS: We interviewed a sample of 50 adult patients of Ethiopian origin about present and past use of bloodletting. A second consecutive sample of 10 adult patients of Ethiopian origin who often asked their doctors to perform blood tests were identified and interviewed. Data analysis was performed by "immersion-crystallization" analysis. RESULTS: More than half of the interviewed patients reported the use of bloodletting. Scars were commonly present on their upper extremities. A qualitative analysis identified the different reasons for the use of bloodletting, the technique used and its appreciated efficacy. We also found an unexpected cultural synergy between traditional bloodletting and western medical blood sampling. CONCLUSIONS: Some Ethiopian immigrants continue to perform traditional bloodletting in their new country of residency, a practice that local physicians may not be aware of. Bloodletting-type scars on the upper extremities may be common in these patients. Patients may ask for blood sampling as a culturally accepted way to perform bloodletting (synergy).
Adult↗
Bloodletting acupuncture of the engorged vein around Bl-40 (Wei-Chung) for acute lumbar sprain.
Bloodletting acupuncture is one of the most classic methods of acupuncture therapy, and is still popularly used to treat acute lumbar sprain in the oriental world. However, most physicians in the western world are not familiar with bloodletting acupuncture, though they may know ordinary acupuncture well. Furthermore based on the literature reviewed, there have been few studies which have investigated the effect of bloodletting acupuncture upon acute lumbar sprain. In this study, we tried to determine if bloodletting acupuncture is effective for acute lumbar sprain. In total, twelve patients were enrolled for analysis. Five patients were treated with ordinary acupuncture upon the contralateral SI-3 (Hou-Hsi) point alone. Seven patients were first treated with bloodletting acupuncture to the engorged vein around the ipisilateral Bl-40 (Wei-Chung), and then followed by ordinary acupuncture upon the contralateral SI-3. It was demonstrated that bloodletting acupuncture to the engorged vein around the ipisilateral Bl-40 followed by ordinary acupuncture upon the contralateral SI-3 had more pain relief than ordinary acupuncture upon the contralateral SI-3 alone (83 +/- 23% vs. 44 +/- 28%) (P < 0.01). And bloodletting acupuncture to the engorged vein around the ipisilateral Bl-40 decreased pain by 56 +/- 23%, similar to that of ordinary acupuncture upon the contralateral SI-3 alone (44 +/- 28%). These findings suggest that bloodletting acupuncture to the engorged vein around the ipisilateral Bl-40 (Wei-Chung) has a substantial contribution for treatment of acute lumbar sprain.
Acupuncture↗
[Bloodletting as medical therapy for 2500 years].
Bloodletting has been part of the history of medicine for more than 2500 years. Up to the end of the Middle Ages, the rationale for bloodletting originated from the ancient greek humoral theory. The great scientific progress from the 16th century and onward, apparently did not weaken its position. Prominent physicians such as Andreas Vesalius (1514-64), William Harvey (1578-1657) and Thomas Sydenham (1624-89) defended bloodletting. In the beginning of the 19th century the use of leeches became the major technique of bloodletting in Europe. In Norway bloodletting was mentioned in royal decrees from the 13th century, and the method became popular in folk medicine. At the end of the 19th century bloodletting came at last to be regarded as ineffective for most of its traditional purposes, and its use declined rapidly. Today, however, bloodletting is being restored in modern medicine as the most effective method of treating the increasing frequent disorders caused by iron overload.
Bloodletting↗
Fatality caused by self-bloodletting in a patient with factitious anemia.
Death by bloodletting among patients with factitious anemia has never been reported to our knowledge. We report the first known case. A 25-year-old woman with severe iron deficiency anemia confessed her habit of bloodletting at her first visit to our hospital, in March 1998. We prescribed oral iron and referred her to a psychiatrist. The diagnosis was borderline personality disorder. The psychiatrist began counseling the patient and prescribed a major tranquilizer. The patient's method of bloodletting was to insert an 18-gauge needle without syringe into her vein after inducing congestion in her arm. This method was considered to involve risk of death, because once the patient fell into a faint caused by blood loss, the bloodletting could not be stopped. Although we attempted to persuade the patient to stop bloodletting by this method, she died after self-bloodletting in September 1999. It is not known whether the death was intentional suicide or an accident.
Adult↗
Changes in the concentrations of certain biochemical parameters in the peripheral blood during exercise and restitution after bloodletting.
The reported investigations were carried out in 18 men aged 19 to 23 years in whom 400 ml of whole blood was removed. On the day before bloodletting, one hour and 24 hours after it the studied men carried out a 10 minute exercise on a Monark cycle ergometer at a workload raising the heart rate to 170/min. Before the exercise, immediately after it and in the 30th minute of restitution venous blood samples were taken for determinations of the concentrations of total protein, albumins, free fatty acids, glucose, lactate and pyruvate, and the activity of lactic dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. During that time the acid-base equilibrium was determined in capillary blood. After bloodletting the concentrations of albumins, total protein and free fatty acids were decreased parallelly to haematocrit value decrease (p less than 0.05) and glucose concentration increased slightly (p less than 0.05). Enzyme activity was decreased slightly (p greater than 0.05). The partial oxygen pressure decreased, that of carbon dioxide increased, and hydrogen ion concentration rose. These changes were more pronounced after 24 hours than 1 hour after bloodletting. After submaximal exercise and in the 30th minute of restitution as well as 1 and 24 hours after bloodletting the changes in the concentrations of the biochemical parameters, enzyme activity and acid-base equilibrium were similar as after bloodletting.
Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
In defence of ancient bloodletting.
The ancients used bloodletting extensively in infectious and other diseases. When recent work on iron and bacterial infection is taken into account, it is possible to argue that bloodletting, which reduced plasma iron and transferrin saturation, might have been of value in increasing resistance to infection by bacteria or plasmodia. Galen's bloodletting methods are summarized, and their probable effect on plasma iron is considered. The ancient physicans who had no specific remedies for infection whatsoever, may well have been justified in making responsible use of bloodletting, both for the treatment and for the prophylaxis of infectious disease.
Blood Donors↗
Heroic medicine, bloodletting, and the sad fate of George Washington.
Bloodletting was an established medical treatment for more than two millennia, yet its greatest impact in the United States is undoubtedly the role it played in the treatment of President George Washington. The theoretical justification for bloodletting is provided, followed by a detailed description of the treatment Washington received, reflecting the role played by heroic medicine in the American president's demise. The arguments of bloodletting's critics emerge as well founded; indeed, Washington and many others might have suffered less had heroic medicine not been applied.
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Bloodletting acupuncture for the prevention of stridor in children after tracheal extubation: a randomised, controlled study.
Bloodletting acupuncture has been used for the treatment of a variety of upper respiratory tract problems, especially those of laryngeal origin. This study assesses its efficacy in reducing the incidence of stridor after tracheal extubation in children undergoing general anaesthesia with halothane. Sixty children were randomly allocated to an acupuncture group and a control group. In the acupuncture group, bloodletting acupuncture was performed before extubation. A blinded observer determined the presence and severity of postextubation stridor. The incidence of stridor in the acupuncture group was significantly higher than in the control group. In addition, the severity of stridor was significantly greater in the acupuncture group. It is concluded that in children undergoing halothane anaesthesia, the incidence of postextubation stridor cannot be reduced by bloodletting acupuncture.
Acupuncture Therapy↗
Effect of repeated bloodletting on the incidence of 2,7-FAA-induced rat leukemia.
The oral administration of N,N'-2,7-fuorenylenebisacetamide (2,7-FAA) induced leukemia, especially mature granulocytic leukemia, in rats. 2,7-FAA was administered to the rats of the Wistar strain and a small amount of bloodletting was repeated for a long period. The incidence of leukemia and mature granulocytic leukemia became elevated by bloodletting. The induction of mature granulocytic leukemia might be increased by the promotion of granulopoiesis which had been suppressed by 2,7-FAA.
2-Acetylaminofluorene↗
Bloodletting: the story of a therapeutic technique.
Bloodletting has been practised in most cultures for the past two millennia. Originally widely applied, it is now only indicated for a small number of specific medical conditions. Bloodletting declined in the 19th century at a time of revolution in medical thought, and examining its decline illustrates the forces that have shaped modern medicine.
Bloodletting↗
[Changes in various metabolic parameters following bloodletting].
OBJECTIVE: We investigated hypovolaemia induced by bloodletting, accompanied by statistically significant, but clinically irrelevant increase of heart rate together with unchanged blood pressure, with regard to hepatic glucose production as well as alanine and glycerol turnover rates. METHODS: Healthy male volunteers (n = 18) were bled 15 ml/kg body weight over 20 min and remained hypovolaemic for 60 minutes. Heart rate was recorded by ECG and blood pressure by an oscillometric device. Before and after bloodletting hepatic glucose production as well as alanine and glycerol turnover rates were determined using the stable isotopes 6.6-D2-glucose, 15N-alanine and D5-glycerol as tracers. Simultaneously, the blood concentrations of adrenaline, noradrenaline, free fatty acids and glycerol were measured. RESULTS: Bleeding did not change the mean arterial blood pressure, but increased the heart rate significantly from 61 +/- 9 to 70 +/- 13 1/ min. Noradrenaline levels increased significantly from 1.16 +/- 0.41 to 2.15 +/- 0.69 nmol/l. Hepatic glucose production (HGP) as well as alanine (AlaTO) and glycerol turnover (GlyTO) decreased significantly during hypovolaemia. HGP fell from 2.72 +/- 0.29 to 2.56 +/- 0.28 mg/kg/min, AlaTO from 0.71 +/- 0.27 to 0.53 +/- 0.25 mg/kg/min and GlyTO from 4.9 +/- 2.1 to 3.8 +/- 1.4 mumol/kg/min, respectively. The blood levels of adrenaline, free fatty acids and glycerol did not change during the study. DISCUSSION: In respect of clinical signs, the cardiovascular status of the volunteers was stable after bleeding. In contrast, the decrease of HGP as well as the drop in alanine and glycerol turnover rates might be interpreted as a sign of an altered functional status of single organs, induced by changes of regional perfusion.
Adult↗
[Erythron in patients with polycythemia vera during treatment by erythrocytapheresis and bloodletting].
An analysis of the results of determination of erythropoietin in the blood plasma of patients with polycythemia vera and data on the kinetics of erythroid cell proliferation led to a conclusion that erythrocytapheresis more than bloodletting stimulated the production of erythropoietin and the cell proliferative potential. Activation of regenerative processes probably determined by deinhibition of the normal clone of bone marrow erythroid cells, can account for the mechanism of a therapeutic effect of erythrocytapheresis in patients with polycythemia vera.
Blood Component Removal↗
[Can patients treated with therapeutic bloodletting become blood donors?].
BACKGROUND: Blood letting is an important form of treatment in some diseases, e.g. haemochromatosis and polycytaemia rubra vera. In our hospital, this treatment takes place in the blood bank. If the blood collected from these patients could be used for transfusion, it would help reduce the present blood shortage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined the referral letters for all patients treated with blood letting during a twelve-month period in two hospitals to see how often the referrals gave information that would exclude the patient as a blood donor. RESULTS: 1,116 units of blood were collected from 177 patients. 122 patients treated with 696 bloodlettings did have information in their referral letter which indicated that they would be unsuitable as blood donors. DISCUSSION: 55 of 177 patients treated with blood letting could have been further evaluated in order to determine whether they fulfilled the criteria for blood donors. The impact of accepting patients as blood donors could be significant. Patients in need of blood letting are not voluntary, unpaid donors and additional steps are required to compensate for this fact.
Adult↗
[Certain characteristics of iron metabolism in hemochromatosic patients subjected to bloodletting].
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Bloodletting↗
[Value of bloodletting by percutaneous splenic puncture in portal hypertension].
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Bloodletting↗
Therapeutic explanation and the Edinburgh bloodletting controversy: two perspectives on the medical meaning of science in the mid-nineteenth century.
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Bloodletting↗