[Changes of glycosid effect on the heart by drugs changing coronary blood supply; blood supply of organs and drug efficiency].
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Cardiac Glycosides↗
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Blood supply, blood flow and autoregulation in the adenohypophysis, and altered patterns in oestrogen-induced adenomatous hyperplasia.
The article addresses the fascinating topic of blood flow in the normal and the adenomatous anterior pituitary gland. This is considered in conjunction with the anatomy and physiology of the area and the neuro secretion. The mechanisms of the control of the development and growth of the prolactinoma and the changes in the microcirculation of the tumour are discussed. It is felt that its altered microvascular pattern and in particular the influx of the systemic low dopamine blood through the supplementary and newly developed blood supply plays an important role in the natural history of these tumours.
Adenoma↗
[The organization of blood supplies, blood products and infusion solutions in health units and institutions of the Yugoslav Army in a war of national defense].
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Blood Substitutes↗
Uterine blood flow of cows during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy: effect of the conceptus on the uterine blood supply.
Blood flow to each uterine horn of cows during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy was determined daily by use of electromagnetic blood flow probes placed around both middle uterine arteries. The pattern of blood flow to uteri of pregnant and non-pregnant cows was similar until Day 14 after mating or oestrus. Between Days 14 and 18 of pregnancy blood flow to the uterine horn containing the conceptus increased (P less than 0.01) 2- to 3-fold, whereas blood flow to the non-gravid uterine horn in these cows remained constant. No corresponding increase in blood flow to the uterine horn ipsilateral to the ovary bearing the CL was observed in non-pregnant cows during this 4-day period. By Day 19 of pregnancy, blood flow to the gravid uterine horn had returned to a level similar to that observed on Day 13. Blood flow to both uterine horns of pregnant cows remained constant from Days 19 to 25 and then increased to the gravid horn (P less than 0.01) markedly until Day 30 whereas blood flow to the non-gravid horn remained low. Uterine blood flow during the oestrous cycle of non-pregnant cows was positively correlated (P less than 0.01) with systemic concentrations of oestradiol and the ratio of oestradiol (pg/ml) to progesterone (ng/ml). There was no association between oestradiol concentrations and blood flow to the gravid uterine horn. These data indicate local control of uterine blood flow by the bovine conceptus which may function to create optimal conditions for the continuation of pregnancy.
Animals↗
Influence of preservation or perfusion of intraoperatively identified spinal cord blood supply on spinal motor evoked potentials and paraplegia after aortic surgery.
Permanent ligation of arteries supplying blood to the spinal cord in operations for aortic aneurysm can lead to spinal cord ischemia, which can result in either paraparesis or paraplegia. This report describes a rapid method of intraoperative identification of those arteries that supply the spinal cord by use of an intrathecal platinum electrode to detect hydrogen in solution that has been injected into the aortic ostia. Preservation or perfusion of those identified arteries supplying the spinal cord may decrease the rate of postoperative neurologic complications. Of 28 porcine experiments with postoperative observation for 24 hours, there were 3 initial pilot experiments in which saline saturated with hydrogen was injected into the temporarily cross-clamped aorta. Twenty animals were then randomized to (1) preservation of only the vessels sequentially identified to supply blood to the spinal cord from T-13 to L-5 (n = 10); (2) division of the vessels supplying the spinal cord (n = 10). A further five animals underwent perfusion experiments wherein the identified cord arteries were perfused by a shunt, the other nonsupply arteries were divided, and the aorta was kept clamped for 45 minutes. Spinal motor evoked potentials were elicited with an intrathecal electrode and were highly sensitive for paralysis. Paralysis occurred in 0/3 pilot (p less than 0.013 vs division); 8/10 division; 1/10 preservation (p less than 0.0017 vs division); and perfusion 1/5 (p less than 0.025 vs division). Results of a pilot study in eight humans shows that the technique can be used to rapidly identify segmental arteries supplying the spinal cord, to determine if distal perfusion is supplying the spinal cord with blood flow, and if reattached segmental arteries are patent.
Aged↗
Benign and malignant nodules in cirrhotic livers: distinction based on blood supply.
The blood supplies of nodular lesions associated with liver cirrhosis were analyzed in vivo with various imaging modalities. The portal blood supply was evaluated with computed tomography (CT) during arterial portography (CTAP); the arterial blood supply was evaluated with hepatic angiography, CT angiography, CT following intraarterial injection of iodized oil, or ultrasound following intraarterial injection of carbon dioxide microbubbles. A total of 84 surgically confirmed hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) (less than or equal to 3 cm) and 25 areas of adenomatous hyperplasia (AH) were included in the study. At CTAP, a portal blood supply was seen in 96% of cases of AH and only 6% of HCCs (chi 2, P less than .005). In contrast, an arterial supply greater than that of the surrounding liver was verified in 94% of the HCCs and only 4% of the cases of AH (chi 2, P less than .005). The blood supply of areas of AH with atypical hepatocytes and the blood supply of well-differentiated HCCs (Edmondson grade 1) tended to be intermediate between that of AH without atypia and that of HCC that was Edmondson and Steiner grade 2 or greater. Evaluation of the blood supply of the nodular lesions associated with liver cirrhosis is considered to be useful in the differential diagnosis and treatment of early-stage HCC.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular↗
The nerves to blood vessels supplying blood to nerves: the innervation of vasa nervorum.
Noradrenergic, serotoninergic and peptidergic nerves have been demonstrated in perivascular plexuses of vasa nervorum of sympathetic, parasympathetic and somatic nerve trunks. 5-Hydroxytryptamine-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and substance P-containing fibers were found by immunohistochemistry to variable extents in whole mounts of the epineurium of sciatic, vagus and paravertebral sympathetic chains of rabbits. Innervation increased with age. This suggests an hitherto unsuspected role for these vasoactive substances in normal blood flow to nerves and in the genesis of experimental and human neuropathies.
Age Factors↗
[Blood supply and blood filling of the brain during muscle activity].
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Adolescent↗
[System of managing blood supplies in blood banks in the United States].
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Blood Banks↗
[The determination of the level of resection of the esophagus taking into account its blood supply].
Inadequate blood supply is one of the major reasons of esophageal anastomosis incompetence. The authors have examined esophageal blood supply as regards of the operative technique. The esophageal vascular system was studied by the method of intraarterial impregnation in 40 cadavers. Two segments, crucial for esophageal anastomosis, have been determined: retropericardial segment in case of the lower esophageal artery ligation and the upper segment of the thoracic esophagus in case of its extreme mobilization in proximal direction and ligation of lower thyroid arteries. The results of 175 operations were analysed. The direct correlation between the frequency of anastomotic incompetence and the level of its formation was determined. In the zone with an inadequate blood supply the complication occurred in 4 patients of 25 (16%). In other cases the rate of incompetence was 3.2%. No cases of incompetence were observed in 61 patients after anastomosis was performed with due regard for esophageal blood supply.
Adult↗
Colour Doppler ultrasonography for evaluation of anterior chest blood supply: the possible role of arterial blood supply to the costosternal junction in the aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis in female adolescents.
This prospective comparative study was carried out to investigate the blood supply to the anterior chest wall by measurement of several anatomical and haemodynamic flow parameters of the internal mammary artery, with the use of colour Doppler ultrasonography, in female scoliotics with idiopathic right convex scoliosis in adolescence. Previous investigations have postulated that asymmetry of the breasts in female adolescents may be linked with the development of right convex thoracic scoliosis. This breast asymmetry is supposed to be linked with anatomical and functional asymmetry of the internal mammary artery that is the main supplier to the mammary gland. However, no measurements of anatomical and haemodynamic parameters of the internal mammary artery have been made to justify or reject the hypothesis of asymmetric blood flow volume to the breasts and costosternal junction in female adolescent scoliotics. Twenty female adolescents with right convex thoracic scoliosis and 16 comparable female individuals without spine deformity were examined with roentgenograms (scoliotics only) to measure scoliosis curve, vertebral rotation and concave and convex rib-vertebra angle at three vertebrae (the apical, one level above and one below the apical vertebra). Doppler ultrasonography was used to measure, at the origin of the internal mammary artery, its lumen diameter, cross-sectional area, time average mean flow and flow volume per minute in scoliotics and controls, which were compared with each other. The roentgenographic parameters were compared with the ultrasonographic parameters in the scoliotics to disclose any relationship. The reliability of colour Doppler ultrasonography was high and the intra-observer variability low (ANOVA, P=0.92-0.94). There was no statistically significant difference in the ultrasonographic parameters of the internal mammary artery between right and left side in each individual as well as between scoliotics and controls. In scoliotics the right mammary artery time average mean velocity increases with the convex ( P<0.05) and concave ( P<0.01) rib-vertebra angle one level above the apical vertebrae and with the apical convex rib-vertebra angle ( P<0.05). The right internal mammary artery flow volume per minute increases with convex ( P<0.01) and concave ( P<0.01) rib-vertebra angle one level above the apical vertebrae and with the apical convex rib-vertebra angle ( P<0.05). Left internal mammary artery cross-sectional area increases with convex apical rib-vertebra angle ( P<0.01) and concave rib-vertebra angle one level above the apical vertebra ( P<0.01). Conclusively, this investigation showed that haemodynamic flow parameters of the right internal mammary artery and anatomical parameters of the left internal mammary artery are significantly correlated with the magnitude of rib-vertebra angles close to the apex of right thoracic scoliosis in female adolescents. This study did not find any evidence for side-difference in vascularity of the anterior thorax wall and, thus, it could not clearly justify previous theories for development of right thoracic scoliosis in female adolescents.
Adolescent↗
Effects of torbafylline, pentoxifylline and buflomedil on vascularisation and fibre type of rat skeletal muscles subjected to limited blood supply.
1. Blood flow (measured by radio-labelled microspheres), fibre composition and capillary/fibre ratio were estimated in rat fast twitch skeletal muscles (tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus) five weeks after unilateral ligation of the common iliac artery in animals treated with either saline, torbafylline, pentoxifylline or buflomedil. 2. The resting blood flow was lower in muscles with limited blood supply than in their contralateral controls; this difference became statistically insignificant after treatment. Capillary/fibre ratio was similar in all muscles with either intact or limited blood supply and did not change after administration of any of the drugs. 3. The percentage of glycolytic fibres was not changed by ligation, but it decreased significantly in animals treated with torbafylline. This may improve performance in muscles with limited blood supply.
Animals↗
[Brain blood supply under reflectory influences. II. Brain blood supply under the interoceptive stimulation of small intestine with hypercapnea].
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Brain↗
Community blood supply model: development of a new model to assess the safety, sufficiency, and cost of the blood supply.
BACKGROUND: Through a combination of predonation donor screening and donated unit testing, the blood supply is safer than ever. However, as a result of increasingly stringent screening measures, one of the greatest threats may be an insufficient supply. The balance between safety and adequacy of the blood supply has not received enough attention. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The authors developed a model to allow for empirical investigation of the determinants of a safe and sufficient supply. The model is a cohort simulation of allogeneic whole-blood donation, with the population of presenting donors stratified into 8 age and gender groups because the probability of donor and donation deferral varies by these characteristics. Parameters are estimated from year 2000 Blood Centers of Pacific (BCP) data. The model includes cost parameters, which were estimated using BCP expenditure data. The main outcomes are the number of transfusable units of blood and the unit cost of procurement. RESULTS: The model tracks the production of a supply of blood, highlighting the influence of demographic characteristics, predonation deferral, underweight collection of blood units, and associated costs. The authors sought to establish model validity by showing that modeled results closely mimic the outcomes and costs observed by blood bank administrators. CONCLUSION: The model was developed to evaluate blood safety and policy decisions; it can be used to assess the impact of predonation deferrals, such as expanded European travel deferral for variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, or the impact of new testing strategies, such as nucleic acid testing for West Nile virus.
Blood Donors↗
An autopsy case of an extracoronary artery presenting evidence for the dualism of blood supply to the human heart.
In an anatomy class, dissection of a cadaver led to the discovery of a hitherto not reported extracoronary artery found to take part in supplying blood to the heart of a Japanese male. This artery arose from the concavity of the aortic arch and coursed as far downward as the level of the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk, dividing here into the arterial porta- and venous porta-related arteries; the latter obviously supplied the atrial portion of the heart. It is believed that this artery is a variant of the bronchial artery.
Aged↗
Blood supply of the rat amygdala.
The cerebral vessels of the rat were filled with inks of different colours. The topography of the vessels of the amygdala were reconstructed from serial sections. The circulation of the individual amygdaloid nuclei was studied in detail. The arteries of the amygdala arise from the deep and cortical branches of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries. Eight major arteries were found to supply blood to the amygdala. All amygdaloid nuclei receive branches from both arterial trunks. The vast majority of the veins are collected by the middle cerebral and basal veins. Only a small fraction drains into the hippocampal vein. Of particular importance are the veins ending in the basal vein and those cortical ones that run in the rhinal sulcus. All amygdaloid nuclei have a multidirectional drainage.
Amygdala↗
The arterial blood supply of the pancreas: a review. IV. The anterior inferior and posterior pancreaticoduodenal aa., and minor sources of blood supply for the head of the pancreas. An anatomical review and radiologic study.
The present article is the fourth part of a comprehensive review of the arterial blood supply of the pancreas and completes the study of the arterial vascularization of the pancreatic head dealing with the anterior inferior and posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa. and with some minor sources of blood supply not involving the classical system of the pancreaticoduodenal arches. The aim of this review is to summarise the anatomical studies, starting from Haller's reports, and to supply, as far as possible with original material, angiographic evidence for the classic anatomical concepts. For this purpose, 1015 selective angiographs (celiac trunk and its branches, superior mesenteric a.) were taken from the angiographic archives of the Institutes of Radiology of Siena, Rome (Catholic University), and Perugia. These demonstrated the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., present in most instances, as arising from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., from a common trunk with the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. and the 1st jejunal a., from the 1st jejunal a. or from the superior mesenteric a.; on the other hand, the posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. was more variable, originating from the inferior pancreaticoduodenal a., from a common trunk with the anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal a. and the 1st jejunal a., from the superior mesenteric a., from the dorsal pancreatic a., or from a right accessory hepatic a. coming from the superior mesenteric a. In addition, minor branches to the head of the pancreas arose from the gastroduodenal a., the dorsal pancreatic a., the common hepatic a. and the inferior right phrenic a. Other origins of the inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa. previously reported, but not angiographically detectable with certainty, as well as further minor sources of blood supply to the head of the pancreas, have been listed. The differing opinions regarding the incidence of the various ways the inferior pancreaticoduodenal aa. arise are discussed and an attempt is made to explain the variability of the vascular anatomy of the pancreatic head on embryologic grounds.
Arteries↗
[Determination of the types of coronary blood supply by the mass of the blood-supplied zones established on the basis of coronary radiograms].
The dominant coronary arteries and coronary supply types were determined by means of coronary topograms plotted from 305 coronary angiograms, including 30 postmortem ones. Coronary supply types were expressed by the following ratios of numeral values: 5:15, 6:14, 7:13, 8:12, 9:11, 10:10, 11:9, which corresponded to mass scores of the areas supplied through the right (RCA) and the left (LCA) coronary artery. Such determination of coronary supply types in postmortem examinations was verified by separate weighing of the RCA and LCA basins. The data from both methods of investigation showed good correlation (r = 0.977). By separate weighing of the RCA-supplied regions as well as of the anterior interventricular and circumflex branches the role of each coronary artery in supplying the left ventricle and the interventricular septum was elucidated in relation to a coronary supply type.
Anthropometry↗