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Results for “Blast Injuries”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1993

[Effect of burn injury, blast injury and combined burn-blast injury on immune reactions of thymocytes and splenocytes in rats].

Rats were inflicted with burn (15% TBSA full-thickness) by flash thermal radiation, blast injury in shock tube (over pressure 429.3 +/- 11.5 kPa) and both of them, respectively. The dynamic changes of several cellular immune reactions of thymocytes and splenocytes were observed. One hour after injuries, the immune reactions were significantly enhanced in combined injury group as well as in blast injury group, but somewhat depressed in burn group. 12 hours after injuries, the immune reactions in all three groups were obviously depressed. It was found that the degree of depression showed an order as follows: Combined injury > Blast injury > Burn. The combined effects were more serious than that of the sum of two single injuries, and the combined injury recovered more slowly than the other two. Therefore, an aggravated effect was observed in combined injury in this experiment.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Primary blast injuries].

Blast injuries are defined as injuries occurring under effects of blast wave caused by explosion. They can be primary (exclusively due to blast wave effects), secondary (impact of fragments from the environmental material), and tertiary (whole body displacement and impact into solid objects or ground). Today they are result of war operations, terrorist actions and accidents in industry and households. One of the basic characteristics of primary blast injury are severe and even fatal damages, primarily of air-containing organs (respiratory and digestive tracts, auditory system) with simultaneous lack of visible external signs of injuries. Except for magnitude and duration (over-pressure) of the blast wave, the severity of injury depends also on other factors. When the blast wave reaches the lethal level, most of the lethal cases occur during the first 2 hours after injury, and those who survive have good chance for recovery. Some measures and procedures can lessen the harmful effects of blast wave, however, effective protection is not available.

Blast Injuries↗
PubMed1995

Maxillofacial blast injuries.

Blast injuries cause specific lesions and occur more often than previously, because of the wide use of explosives. This is especially the case in wartime. More and more people lose their lives every day due to blast injuries. The mechanism of the injury and pathophysiology of this trauma are discussed. The clinical effects as well as management are presented. The most dramatic effects observed are fractures to the middle third of the face, reported here for the first time, with their management. New fracture lines are typically seen in fractures of the mandible due to the blast wave effects. This presentation should help in the prevention and management to save the lives of patients in future.

Blast Injuries↗
PubMed1985

Auditory brainstem evoked potentials in blast injury.

Blast injury typically consists of a mixed conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. The sensorineural component includes temporary as well as permanent threshold elevations. Auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABEP) are sensitive to functional changes in various levels along the auditory pathway. ABEP were recorded from 37 survivors of blasts and latency measures were correlated with clinical findings. Prolongation of peak latencies was correlated with the conductive component of blast-induced hearing loss, as well as with the TTS component of the sensorineural impairment. No central effects of blast on the auditory system were detected. In addition to their objectivity, ABEP hold the promise of differentiating between the permanent and temporary effects of blast on hearing.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Blast injuries.

Blast injuries cause specific lesions with which the radiologist should be familiar. The mechanism of injury and the pathophysiology of this form of trauma are discussed. The clinical effects as well as the radiologic observations in various organs are presented. Most dramatic effects are observed in the thorax.

Barotrauma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Blast injuries of the intestines in abdominal injuries].

Intestinal blast injuries inflicted by explosive devices were found in 410 wounded hospitalized at the Military Medical Academy. Primary blast perforations were found in 7 (1.7%) cases, and they were certain only in cases of the direct blast. Examination was directed toward the primary non-penetrating blast injuries of intestines not only because of their number 43 (11%), but also because they, if untreated, progressed into secondary perforations. Operative treatment of primary and secondary perforations was performed in accordance with the existing surgical war doctrine. Treatment of the intestinal wall hematoma as primary non-perforating blast injury included surgical procedure and medication. Secondary perforations 11 (3%) developed in untreated primary non-perforating blast injuries of intestines. They were treated operatively except in two cases of enterocutaneous fistulas where conservative treatment was applied.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMed1989

Treatment of blast injury to the ear.

Blast injury to the ear has long been acknowledged as potentially incapacitating. This paper discusses the scope of these injuries in terms of the anatomic and physiologic consequences. Management of both acute and chronic injuries is discussed, with specific regard to the deficits in a patient's functional ability once blast injury has occurred.

Blast Injuries↗
PubMed1996

Involvement of the central nervous system in the general response to pulmonary blast injury.

The local, general, and cerebral responses of rabbits exposed to pulmonary blasts were examined to define the role of vagal afferentation in cardiorespiratory as well as metabolic control after a blast injury. Two series of experiments were conducted on rabbits to analyze the general, local, and cerebral responses to pulmonary injury caused by blast overpressure, and to evaluate the effects of bilateral vagotomy on the general, local, and cerebral responses to local (pulmonary) blast injury. The blast wave was generated in laboratory conditions using an air-driven shock tube that was able to cause moderate pulmonary blast injury, i.e., four pulmonary contusions characterized as confluent ecchymoses involving 30 to 60% of the lungs. One group of animals was subjected to pulmonary deafferentation, performed by bilateral transections of the vagus, glossopharyngeal, and hypoglossal nerves. Numerous hemodynamic as well as biochemical parameters were observed in systemic circulation and in lung and brain (medulla oblongata) tissues. After observation during the early posttraumatic period, rabbits were sacrificed by decapitation 30 minutes after the blast injury. On the basis of obtained results, it was concluded that vagal afferents have an important role in the modification of general and local responses to a pulmonary blast injury. Furthermore, it was suggested that functional changes in medulla oblongata may be the consequences of afferent neural impulses from the injured region (lungs) rather than consequences of ischemia, energy transfer to the brain, or both.

Afferent Pathways↗
PubMed1993

Urban bomb blast injuries: patterns of injury and treatment.

A review of many series reporting injuries following blasts, data allows certain conclusions to be made: 1. Most patients sustain minor injuries, which may be treated on an outpatient basis. 2. Injuries predominantly affect the head and neck and the periphery, which suggests that clothing plays a major role in protection from secondary injuries. 3. Injuries to the chest and abdomen are relatively uncommon but have a high mortality, also associated with head injury. 4. Primary blast injuries are uncommonly seen in a hospital setting, because they usually result in immediate death.

Blast Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Are the injuries caused by the "water bombs" dropped by the Canadair airplane blast injuries?].

During the forest fire extinguishing in summer using the fire-fighting amphibia (the Canadair) seven soldiers were injured by the "water bomb" dropped from the amphibia and two soldiers died. The way of injury occurrence as well as type and nature of injuries, imposed the question to the author: could it be a case of blast injuries, especially of primary blast injuries? Except for pure scientific reasons, a positive answer could have a practical importance both in regulation of work of persons engaged in fire combat on the ground during extinguishing of fire by the amphibia as well as for physician's work with those exposed to water impact from the plane and who could be eventually injured. Defining any mechanical injuries as transmission of the corresponding kinetic energy, the author considers that the mechanism of injury occurrence of the internal organs caused by the impact of the "water bomb" from the amphibia is the transmission of the energy impact wave into the body. The author has concluded that the impact of the "water bomb" dropped from the fire fighting amphibia can cause changes in the internal organs which are characteristic of primary blast injury. It is proposed that persons exposed to impact even in the absence of visible changes should be subjected to otorhinolaryngologic, and, in special cases, to pulmonary examinations.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1991

Blast injury to the thoracic esophagus.

Blast injury causing pneumatic disruption of the esophagus is a rare and potentially lethal injury. The mortality and morbidity rate are high unless the injury is promptly recognized and treated. Our experience with a midesophageal perforation resulting from a blast injury emphasizes the importance of awareness of this condition and of the chest radiograph in making an early diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A laboratory model for studying blast overpressure injury.

Blast injury remains an important source of trauma in both civilian and military settings. We have studied a recently developed blast wave generator to evaluate its effectiveness for laboratory study of blast injury. In order to determine the reliability of the device and the pathology of the lesions caused by the short duration (0.5-1.0 msec), and high intensity (60-375 psi) pressure wave, laboratory rats were exposed to the pressure waves generated by the machine. The animals were divided into three groups: the first exposed to midthoracic blasts, the second to abdominal blasts, and a group of controls exposed to a gentle stream of gas. Group I showed gross and microscopic evidence of lung blast injury of "rib imprint" hemorrhages, intra-alveolar hemorrhage, marked increase in lung weight, prolonged apnea, and bradycardia. Group II showed typical blunt abdominal trauma at the closest ranges, but characteristic submucosal hemorrhages up to 4.0 cm from the blast nozzle. In both groups, a protective effect was seen in heavier animals. The blast wave generator permits reproducible blast injury in the laboratory that is safer and faster than current methods. The lung and bowel lesions induced are grossly and microscopically similar to injuries of blast exposure seen in clinical patients.

Abdominal Injuries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Blast injuries of the ear].

Blast injury of the ear is the actual military medical problem. The ear, due to its anatomo-physiologic characteristics, is more sensitive to effects of blast waves than other organs and systems. The anatomic and functional ear damages, their symptoms, etiology and clinical course are described. The diagnosis and treatment have been pointed out.

Blast Injuries↗
PubMed1996

Perforation of the terminal ileum induced by blast injury: delayed diagnosis or delayed perforation?

Blast injuries are rare, and although blast-induced perforations of the bowel have been described in the past, the entity of a delayed perforation caused by an evolving injury has not been reported. We report three men injured by the explosion of a terrorist bombing in open air. They suffered primary blast injuries, which resulted in isolated perforations of the terminal ileum. They were operated at different times after the blast event. The resected specimens were examined under light microscopy. One patient was operated immediately, and had three perforations in the terminal ileum. In the other two patients, abdominal complaints appeared only 24 and 48 hours later. These two patients were found to have hematomas in the wall of the terminal ileum, and small perforations therein, with almost no contamination of the peritoneal cavity. On histological examination, there were small perforations with disruption of all intestinal layers. In the vicinity of the perforations, the mucosa was necrotic and disorganized. The submucosa showed edema and vascular thrombi, and at several points mucus was shown dissecting through the muscularis propria, thus creating minute microperforations. Because of the findings in these patients, we suggest a mechanism of evolving damage to the bowel wall and delayed perforation rather than delayed diagnosis, after blast injuries. We suggest that patients exposed to a significant blast should be watched carefully for at least 48 hours.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Non-explosive blast injury of the ear.

Non-explosive blast injury of the ear refers to the otological trauma caused by a blow to the ear that seals the external auditory meatus. It results in a sudden increase of air pressure within the ear canal that strikes the tympanic membrane. The present study portrays the various aspects of middle and inner ear damage in 91 patients resulting from an assault we entitled a 'non-explosive blast injury' to the ear. Sixty cases were caused by a slap or a fist, 13 patients suffered sport accidents, mostly in ball games, and 18 patients were injured during swimming and water sports activities. The common symptoms were hearing loss, earache, tinnitus, vertigo and otorrhoea. All 91 patients presented with acute perforations of their eardrums. The mean conductive hearing loss was 11.2 dB. A high tone sensorineural hearing loss was detected in only 20 per cent of the patients. A spontaneous closure of the perforation with a conservative management approach was observed in 94.8 per cent of the patients. Healing of the perforation was always associated with closure of the air-bone gap, while the results of the sensorineural hearing loss recovery were less favourable.

Adolescent↗