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Results for “Biological Science Disciplines”

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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Issues in career progression in microbiology.

We are three highly motivated university graduates who are looking to begin careers in microbiology. We each attained a degree in a biological science discipline, one in biochemistry, one in microbial and cellular biology and one in biomedical sciences (the last gained in South Africa). However, the career obstacles we have so far encountered require us to be Olympic hurdlers. This article highlights the issues, and the advantages and disadvantages of the options open to us. We look at each career option in turn and describe the difficulties encountered.

Career Mobility↗
PubMed2006

The dual-use dilemma for the life sciences: perspectives, conundrums, and global solutions.

The term "dual-use" traditionally has been used to describe technologies that could have both civilian and military usage, but this term has at least three different dimensions that pose a dilemma for modern biology and its possible misuse for hostile purposes: (1) ostensibly civilian facilities that are in fact intended for military or terrorist bioweapons development and production; (2) equipment and agents that could be misappropriated and misused for biological weapons development and production; and (3) the generation and dissemination of scientific knowledge that could be misapplied for biological weapons development and production. These three different aspects of the "dual-use dilemma" are frequently confused--each demands a distinct approach within a "web of prevention" in order to reduce the future risk of bioterrorism and biowarfare. This article discusses the nature of the different perspectives and divergent approaches as a contribution to finding a scientifically acceptable global solution to the problem posed by the dual-use dilemma. We propose that: (1) facilities that are intended for bioweapons development and production should be primarily prevented by a strengthened Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) effectively implemented in all nation states, one that includes provisions for adequate transparency to improve confidence and a mechanism for thorough inspections when there is sufficient cause, and enhanced law enforcement activities involving international cooperation and sharing of critical intelligence information; (2) potentially dual-use equipment and agents should be available to legitimate users for peaceful purposes, but strengthened national biosafety and physical and personnel biosecurity controls in all nations together with effective export controls should be implemented to limit the potential for the misappropriation of such equipment and materials; and (3) information should be openly accessible by the global scientific community, but a culture of responsible conduct involving the breadth of the international life sciences communities should be adopted to protect the ongoing revolution in the life sciences from being hijacked for hostile misuse of the knowledge generated and communicated by life scientists.

Access to Information↗
PubMed1999

Teaching of space life sciences.

Space life sciences is not really a new life sciences discipline such as immunology was some decades ago and it may never be so. Rather it is a field that will provide each existing life sciences discipline with new and more information gathered from space research. In fact, the danger is that space research will be confined in a separate discipline, and thus it will be cut off from classical ground research. Conversely, scientists should increasingly consider spaceflight as a tool and should integrate the findings of space research into their traditional disciplines. A brief survey of topics and main findings in the various subdisciplines of space life sciences is provided. This is followed by a discussion of typical problems encountered such as access to space, controls, ground-based simulations, medical care in space, extravehicular activity, and environmental control and life support. As many space life sciences courses are initiated around the world either by space agencies or universities or jointly, there is a need to consider the international, intercultural, and interdisciplinary aspects of such programs. It is argued that the growing knowledge derived from space research should be integrated into the regular teaching of life sciences rather than leaving it confined to a separate field. Teaching of space life sciences is a prime candidate for the application of the new techniques of "cyberspace education", where interactive learning and globalization of the learning process will take a leading place. The experts and student body are dispersed over many nations, research is of necessity conducted on a basis of international cooperation. The conduct of tele-education is discussed and existing information sources and courses are listed.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2003

At the crossroads of chemistry and biology.

The life sciences are molecular and the harnessing of information gleaned from genomics and proteomics will require interdisciplinary research integrating chemistry and biology. This approach is illustrated by the synthesis and biological evaluation of lipidated peptides and proteins and the delineation of a concept arguing for natural product guided combinatorial chemistry.

Biochemistry↗
PubMed2006

Nucleotide sugar transporters of the Golgi apparatus: from basic science to diseases.

Approximately 80% of secreted and membrane proteins (40% of all proteins) of eukaryotes become covalently linked to sugars in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus, a cellular organelle that is part of the secretory system of all eukaryotes. The sugar donors are mostly nucleoside diphosphate sugars (nucleotide sugars) and must be translocated from the cytosol, their site of synthesis, across the Golgi apparatus membrane and into the lumen by specific transporters. These are hydrophobic, homodimeric proteins that span the membrane multiple times. Mutants of these proteins have developmental phenotypes including diseases in humans and cattle.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Format of cases affects learning outcomes in first year medical students.

CONTEXT: Longitudinal problem-based learning (PBL) tutorials are practiced at the Tokyo Women's Medical University. First year medical school students - most of whom are high school graduates with no medical background - often encounter difficulty identifying problems while solving PBL cases in basic science. The format of PBL case presentation may affect learning. OBJECTIVES: This study compares the learning outcomes of two cohorts of first year students who learned basic human biology through PBL cases presented in clinical vs. non-clinical formats. METHODS: All first year students in 1995 and 2000 undertook PBL tutorials. The 1995 case was presented in a non-clinical format; the 2000 case was presented in a clinical format. Both cases had five identical pre-set learning objectives in basic science. By examining all written materials generated during the tutorial sessions, learning outcomes were categorized and the accomplishment of preset objectives was analysed. FINDINGS: In 2000, the number of learning outcomes for clinical medicine was more than double compared to 1995, whereas the numbers of total and basic science learning outcomes were not significantly different. The number of preset objectives accomplished by the students was significantly higher in 2000. Thus, PBL case format affected the learning outcomes, enabling these first year students to achieve basic science objectives, while enhancing their interest in the clinical aspects of human biology. CONCLUSION: Learning outcomes in first year medical students may be enhanced when PBL cases designed to learn basic science contain relevant clinical elements.

Biological Science Disciplines↗
PubMed2004

Responsibility in the life sciences: assessing the role of professional codes.

In response to threats from bioweapons, questions are being asked today in some countries about the implications and appropriateness of biological research. Many organizations and governments have suggested that bioscientists adopt what is generally referred to as a "code of conduct" to reduce the security concerns associated with their work. This article examines the potential contribution of such codes. By drawing on past lessons in other areas of professional life, it suggests some key questions, issues, and dilemmas for future consideration. As argued, attempts to establish codes must address demanding questions about their aims and audience--questions whose answers depend on potentially contentious issues regarding arms control, science, ethics, and politics.

Biological Science Disciplines↗