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At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1981

A light- and electron-microscopic investigation of gametogenesis in Typosyllis pulchra (Berkeley and Berkeley) (Polychaeta: Syllidae). I. Gonad structure and spermatogenesis.

Tryposyllis pulchra reproduces by the production of three to four gamete-bearing stolons (schizogamy) during consecutive 30--day periods. Although gonads are found in a large number of segments, only those in the posterior-most segments produce gametes and become incorporated into the developing stolon. The more anterior gonads remain undifferentiated and probably sexually undetermined until they are needed in future stolonizations. Gonial cells, which will eventually become either male or female, are ultrastructurally identical at the onset of each stolonization period. Spermatogenesis is marked by a short proliferative period followed by differentiation and spermiogenesis. The first ultrastructural signs of spermatogenesis were found in coelomic spermatogonia on day 10 of stolon formation. Spermatogonia are joined by intercellular bridges, which are maintained until the early spermatid stage. Synaptonemal complexes mark the onset of meiosis, which is apparently synchronized in the syncytial clusters of primary spermatocytes. Spermiogenesis occurs during the final 10 days of stonolization and a variety of stages is present within a single animal. All sperm mature by the time the stolon detaches. Acrosome formation and nuclear condensation are described in addition to the ultrastructure of mature sperm.

Acrosome↗
PubMed1981

A light- and electron-microscopic investigation of gametogenesis in Typosyllis pulchra. (Berkeley and Berkeley) (Polychaeta: Syllidae). II. Oogenesis.

Oogenesis in Typosyllis pulchra begins with a short proliferative gonial phase. Gonial clusters, consisting of six to eight syncytial sibling cells, are surrounded by gonial peritoneum and are eventually liberated into the coelom. At about the same time as the onset of the coelomic phase, one gonial cell in each cluster differentiates, begins to accumulate yolk and increases in size, eventually to become a mature oocyte. Yolk is composed of lipid droplets and membrane-bound protein granules. The protein component appears to be at least partially synthesized by the oocyte. Yolk is composed of lipid droplets and membrane-bound protein granules. The protein component appears to be at least partially synthesized by the oocyte although there are some signs of endocytosis. Nurse cells and peritoneal cells are apparently able to manufacture some protein that may also be utilized by the oocyte. The nurse cells maintain cytoplasmic continuity with the oocyte, and mitochondria and ribosomes are often seen within the intercellular bridges between oocyte and nurse cell. Immediately prior to spawning, oocytes undergo prematuration and cytoplasmic reorganization. Ultrastructural changes which occur during oocyte growth and maturation are described.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Management of radiological safety--lessons learnt and issues arising from the decommissioning of Berkeley power station.

Berkeley Power Station was a world leader when in June 1962 it became the UK's first commercial nuclear power station to produce electricity for the National Grid. Berkeley then stood at the leading edge of nuclear technology. After 27 years of successful operation and the supply of nearly 40 billion units of electricity, Berkeley ceased generation in March 1989. Just as it was at start-up, Berkeley is continuing to lead the way as the UK's first commercial nuclear power station to be decommissioned. A three-stage decommissioning process is under way to safely dismantle the plant and eventually return the site to its original 'green field' state. Stage 1 of this process is well advanced. To set the scene, and for general interest, this paper first provides some background to the development of the decommissioning strategy and a brief summary of the progress to date. Recognising the specific interest of the reader, the paper then focuses on the radiological aspects of the work carried out, specifically the hazards, the risk assessment process and the ALARP performance. Finally, and in some detail, the paper reports on the important lessons learnt and discusses one of the issues arising.

Decontamination↗
PubMed1995

Hyperacuity test to evaluate vision through dense cataracts; research preliminary to a clinical study. I. Studies conducted at the University of California at Berkeley before travel to India.

BACKGROUND. Patients with dense ocular media disorders retain the ability to project or point to an intense source of light. Using this response capability and high luminance points of light as stimuli, Vernier judgments (a hyperacuity test) can be made by these patients, even without the presence of a "window" through a leucoma, cataract, or bleed. Without coaching, these individuals are able to locate the centers of the individual degraded point images if the individual light sources are adequately separated (i.e., if sufficient "gaps" exist between the individual stimuli), and they can spatially align the degraded images. Advanced cataracts are the main cause of blindness in the developing world, and this is a treatable condition. In these nations, only a modest proportion of affected patients receive surgery, and only 5% or less of these individuals obtain treatment in two eyes. There are incredibly large and rapidly growing backlogs of advanced cataract patients requiring care (many millions). Because of the 20 to 30% failure rates that occur after treatment (all causes) in many developing world settings, a test performed before surgery, which offers a meaningful estimate of postsurgical visual outcome, can be valuable. Using the principle defined above, we seek to determine before surgery those individuals who will derive most benefit from cataract removal, and which of two cataractous eyes has the better postsurgical visual prognosis. EXPERIMENTAL. In Berkeley, we performed a series of preliminary studies on a Vernier acuity test before initiating a clinical study in a developing world setting. These studies were conducted upon young adult normal subjects wearing their usual vision corrections, with and without induced refractive errors, and/or with or without simulated dense nuclear cataracts. We sought (1) to determine the number of repeat trials necessary for reliable outcomes; (2) to compare a two-point and a three-point Vernier acuity display; (3) to determine the shape of the measured response function at large gap separations between test points; (4) to define optimal test distance and stimulus size; (5) to assess the effect(s) of a broad range of uncorrected refractive errors upon outcomes; and (6) to consider means to minimize refraction-based errors by using a pinhole, a refractive correction, and/or selective spatial filtering. We compared responses obtained using the current CRT/VDT-based, computer-driven (Berkeley) instrument with a new precision optical/mechanical computer-driven (India) instrument. The India instrument is needed to determine design parameters for a next stage simpler, cheaper, more rugged field instrument(s).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The role of vergence in the perception of distance: a fair test of Bishop Berkeley's claim.

Binocular eye movements were measured while subjects perceived the wallpaper illusion in order to test the claim made by Bishop Berkeley in 1709 that we perceive the distance of nearby objects by evaluating the vergence angles of our eyes. Four subjects looked through a nearby fronto-parallel array of vertical rods (28-35 cm away) as they binocularly fixated a point about 1 meter away. The wallpaper illusion was perceived under these conditions, i.e. the rods appeared farther away than their physical location. We found that although binocular fixation at an appropriate distance was needed to begin perceiving the wallpaper illusion (at least for naive observers), once established, the illusion was quite robust in the sense that it was not affected by changing vergence. No connection between the apparent localization of the rods and vergence was observed. We conclude that it is unlikely that vergence, itself, is responsible for the perceived distance shift in the wallpaper illusion, making it unlikely that vergence contributes to the perception of distance as Bishop Berkeley suggested. We found this to be true even when vergence angles were relatively large (more than 2 deg), the region in which the control of vergence eye movements has been shown to be both fast and effective.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Public money, private control: a case study of hospital financing in Oakland and Berkeley, California.

Government support of public and private hospitals in Oakland and Berkeley, California was investigated. The private hospitals received government subsidies amounting to at least 60 per cent of their total revenues. The dollar amount of the subsidies to private hospitals was four and one-half times greater than government expenditures on the public hospital. In Oakland and Berkeley, as in many cities, public medical services have been reduced while both government health expenditures and private hospital revenues have increased sharply. The private hospitals, although all nominally non-profit, exhibit revenue maximizing behavior which results in socially unjust and medically irrational resource allocation. Funds might be found for public hospitals and clinics, and resources allocated more justly and rationally, if government expenditures in the private sector were brought under greater public scrutiny and control.

California↗
PubMed1995

HIV seroprevalence and risk behaviors among lesbians and bisexual women in San Francisco and Berkeley, California.

Few data are available on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and risk behaviors among lesbians and bisexual women. A total of 498 lesbians and bisexual women was sampled from public venues in San Francisco and Berkeley, Calif, during 1993. The overall HIV seroprevalence was 1.2%. Ten percent of participants reported injecting drugs since 1978. Forty percent of the participants reported unprotected vaginal or anal sex with men during the past 3 years, including unprotected sex with gay and bisexual men and male injection drug users. The high rates of injection drug use and unsafe sexual behaviors suggest that lesbians and bisexual women frequenting public venues in San Francisco and Berkeley are at risk for HIV infection.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1980

Current status of clinical particle radiotherapy at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.

Clinical experience with charged particle irradiation of human cancers has been underway at the University of California Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. Over 150 patients have been irradiated with heavy charged particle beams including helium, carbon, neon, and argon ions. Pilot studies have included such tumor sites as glioma of the brain, carcinoma of the esophagus, carcinoma of the pancreas, carcinoma of the stomach, ocular melanoma, and carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Prospective studies are planned to investigate the improved dose localization potential (helium) and the enhanced biologic and physical dose potential (carbon, neon) in a controlled trial against the best available megavoltage irradiation techniques.

Argon↗
PubMed1993

Lipoprotein subclasses in genetic studies: the Berkeley data set.

In conjunction with a study examining the inheritance of LDL subclass patterns in a healthy population, measurements of lipids, lipoproteins, and lipoprotein subclasses were performed in 301 individuals in 27 kindreds. Questionnaires were used to obtain information on use of medications, hormones, cigarettes, and alcohol. Laboratory data from this study (the Berkeley data set) include measurements of LDL and HDL size subclasses by nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, and measurement of apolipoprotein A-I by radial immunodiffusion.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Segregation analysis for high density lipoprotein in the Berkeley data.

Transmission models for high density lipoprotein (HDL) were evaluated in the Berkeley data set through segregation analyses using S.A.G.E. These preliminary analyses indicate that among the models fitted, an additive model with non-Mendelian transmission probabilities provides a good fit for HDL, suggesting the possibility of a significant environmental component in the transmission of HDL. After adjustment for triglyceride, however, Mendelian models for a major gene seem to provide as good a fit as non-Mendelian models but the results do not permit distinction between a dominant model and an additive model.

California↗
PubMed1984

The use of cervical caps at the University of California, Berkeley: a survey.

A survey of cap use and efficacy of women who initially purchased a cervical cap at the University of California at Berkeley Student Health Service is described. It reports the follow-up of 65 U.C. women students who purchased either Vimule or Cavity-rim cervical caps from May, 1978 through June, 1981 and raises questions about cervical cap use and efficacy. Participants were divided into two groups: regular and irregular users. Of the 33 regular users, 16 experienced unplanned pregnancy during the study. Survival probabilities were 80% at 6 months, 73% at one year and 52% after 2 years. Life table analysis of the 33 regular users indicated a 20% probability of pregnancy in the first 6 months of use, 27% by 1 year and 48% by the end of 2 years.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Telescience at the University of California, Berkeley.

The University of California at Berkeley (UCB) is a member of a university consortium involved in telescience testbed activities under the sponsorship of NASA. Our Telescience Testbed Project consists of three experiments using flight hardware being developed for the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer project at UCB's Space Sciences Laboratory. The first one is a teleoperation experiment investigating remote instrument control using a computer network such as the Internet. The second experiment is an effort to develop a system for operation of a network of remote workstations allowing coordinated software development, evaluation, and use by widely dispersed groups. The final experiment concerns simulation as a method to facilitate the concurrent development of instrument hardware and support software. We describe our progress in these areas.

Astronomy↗
PubMed1988

Charged particle irradiation of chordoma and chondrosarcoma of the base of skull and cervical spine: the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory experience.

Forty-five consecutive patients with chordoma or chondrosarcoma at the base of skull or cervical spine were treated at the University of California Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (UCLBL) and University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco (UCSF) between November 1977 and October 1986. All patients had undergone a subtotal surgical resection. Twenty-three patients were treated definitively with charged particles, 13 patients were treated with photons and particles, and 9 patients were treated for recurrent disease. Total doses ranged from 36 to 80 Gray equivalent (GyE). Thirty-three patients are alive with a minimum followup of 1 year. The actuarial survival and local control for all patients at 5 years is 62% and 59%, respectively. Patients treated for primary disease had a 78% actuarial local control rate at 2 years, whereas the rate for patients with recurrent disease was 33%. Patients with smaller visible tumor volumes (less than 20 cc) had a significantly better local control rate than patients with larger tumor volumes (80% vs 33% actuarial rate at 5 years). Patients with chondrosarcoma had the highest local control rate, as did patients treated with particles alone. Complications included 3 patients with unilateral visual loss, two patients who became blind, and 4 patients with radiation injury to the brainstem.

Actuarial Analysis↗
PubMed1994

Helium charged particle radiotherapy for meningioma: experience at UCLBL. University of California Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.

PURPOSE: Evaluate the use of helium charged particle radiotherapy in the treatment of residual or unresectable meningioma adjacent to critical structures. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Twenty-nine patients with meningioma of the skull base or spine were irradiated with helium charged particle radiotherapy at the University of California Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (UCLBL) during the period 1981-1992. Twenty-six patients were treated for intracranial and three for spinal tumors. Total doses of 53.0-80.4 Gray equivalent (GyE) with a mean of 63 GyE were delivered using the helium ion beam. RESULTS: Ten-year local control and survival rates calculated by the Kaplan-Meier product limit method were 84% and 80% respectively. Doses of 60.0 GyE were delivered with a low rate of complications. The only failures were in massive, recurrent tumors. CONCLUSION: High doses using helium charged particle radiotherapy can be safely and effectively delivered to large residual or unresectable meningioma near radiosensitive structures.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The Berkeley Contact Lens Extended Wear Study. Part I : Study design and conduct.

OBJECTIVE: The primary aim of the Berkeley Contact Lens Extended Wear Study (CLEWS) was to test the hypotheses that extended wear of rigid gas-permeable (RGP) contact lenses with greater oxygen permeability (Dk) reduces the incidence of contact lens-associated keratopathy (CLAK) and increases the survival rate in RGP extended wear (EW). In this article we describe the clinical trial design in detail, present the results of subject recruitment and retention, and provide the baseline demographic and ocular characteristics of the CLEWS subjects, whose data will be analyzed to address the study aims in a companion article. DESIGN: A randomized, concurrently controlled clinical trial. INTERVENTION: Subjects were fitted with day wear (DW) high-Dk RGP lenses and then adapted to EW. Subjects who adapted to EW were then randomly assigned to either high- or medium-Dk RGP lenses for 12 months of 6-nights/week EW. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Slit-lamp assessment and grading of 17 possible keratopathies, measurement of refractive error and corneal curvature, and symptoms. Follow-up data were collected every 3 months. RESULTS: From 545 subjects entering the DW adaptation phase, 201 adapted to EW and were randomly assigned to medium- or high-Dk lenses for 12 months of EW. The baseline characteristics of the two study groups were similar and did not differ from the 344 DW subjects who failed to adapt to EW. The distributions of oxygen transmissibility for the two study groups were disjoint, indicating that each group received distinctly different levels of hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS: We show that CLEWS was appropriately designed to address the study hypotheses, was conducted with regard for the safety of the subjects, and adhered to rigorous protocols designed to control for bias and ensure the integrity of study data. We establish the internal validity of between-group statistical comparisons and characterize our study population to permit informed evaluation of the applicability of our results to the contact lens-wearing population in general.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of height acceleration curves in the Fels, Zurich, and Berkeley growth data.

A new type of smoothing spline designed for nonparametric estimation of growth acceleration curves was applied to longitudinal measures of height from the Fels, Zurich, and Berkeley growth studies. Landmark features of the individual acceleration curves were located and examined for site effects and site by sex interaction. The curves in each group were structurally averaged by transforming the age scale of each child to align the landmarks with overall means. The modal shapes of the structural average curves were found to be highly similar in the three studies, although the relative number of children who conformed to the modal pattern differed among the studies. Significant site by sex interactions were found in the timing of the landmarks associated with the pubertal growth spurt and with the prepubertal 'midspurt'.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

The Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project gene disruption project: Single P-element insertions mutating 25% of vital Drosophila genes.

A fundamental goal of genetics and functional genomics is to identify and mutate every gene in model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster. The Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project (BDGP) gene disruption project generates single P-element insertion strains that each mutate unique genomic open reading frames. Such strains strongly facilitate further genetic and molecular studies of the disrupted loci, but it has remained unclear if P elements can be used to mutate all Drosophila genes. We now report that the primary collection has grown to contain 1045 strains that disrupt more than 25% of the estimated 3600 Drosophila genes that are essential for adult viability. Of these P insertions, 67% have been verified by genetic tests to cause the associated recessive mutant phenotypes, and the validity of most of the remaining lines is predicted on statistical grounds. Sequences flanking >920 insertions have been determined to exactly position them in the genome and to identify 376 potentially affected transcripts from collections of EST sequences. Strains in the BDGP collection are available from the Bloomington Stock Center and have already assisted the research community in characterizing >250 Drosophila genes. The likely identity of 131 additional genes in the collection is reported here. Our results show that Drosophila genes have a wide range of sensitivity to inactivation by P elements, and provide a rationale for greatly expanding the BDGP primary collection based entirely on insertion site sequencing. We predict that this approach can bring >85% of all Drosophila open reading frames under experimental control.

Alleles↗
PubMed1986

Heavy charged particle therapy of bone and soft tissue sarcoma. A phase I-II trial of the University of California Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and the Northern California Oncology Group.

At the University of California Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and the Northern California Oncology Group, a preliminary study of heavy charged particle radiotherapy in soft tissue and bone sarcoma has been carried out. Fifty-two patients with bone or soft tissue tumors were treated wholly or in part with heavy charged particles from 1978 to 1985. Eleven patients, considered inevaluable for purposes of this analysis, received less than 50 Gray-equivalents (GyE) because of the following: progressive disease (three patients); palliative treatment due to recurrent disease after previous radiation therapy (three patients); or since they were part of preliminary studies of relative biological effectiveness (RBE) (five patients). Forty-one patients received from 50 to 78.5 GyE, with a mean of 65 GyE. They had an average of 23 months follow-up, ranging from 4 to 78 months. In patients with paraspinal chondrosarcoma 9 of 11 had local control, with a mean follow-up time of 32 months. In the remaining patients with other histologies, 19 of 30 were controlled within the irradiated area, with a mean follow-up time of 20 months. Serious complications were encountered in the CNS (four patients), in the bowel (one patient), and in bone (one patient). Heavy charged particle radiotherapy appears to be of value in treating bone or soft tissue sarcoma; further trials are planned.

Actuarial Analysis↗